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1.
《地理学报(英文版)》2019,(4)
Farmland marginalization has become the main trend of land-use change in the mountainous areas of China. Using annual survey data of major agricultural production costs and earnings at national and provincial levels in China, this study aims to analyze the reasons and mechanism behind farmland marginalization in mountainous areas. We find that farmers on plains are able to reduce their per mu labor input effectively through intensive use of agricultural machinery, which has minimized the impact of the increase in labor price. However, it is extremely challenging for farmers in mountainous areas to use the same method owing to the rough terrain. Thus, per laborer farming area in these areas has increased relatively slowly, causing a widening gap in agricultural labor productivity between the two regions. With the rapid rise in labor costs since 2003, the marginalization of cultivated land in mountainous areas is evident. In 2013, the net profit of agricultural production in mountainous China fell below zero. Since 2000, the land-use and land-cover change in these areas was characterized by the reduction of farmland area, reforestation, and the enhancement of the NDVI value. The high correlation between the NDVI change rate and the ratio of change in farmland(r = –0.70) and forest(r = 0.91) in mountainous areas at provincial level further attests to the trend of farmland marginalization there. Finally, we summarize the mechanism of such marginalization against the backdrop of the rapid increase in the opportunity cost of farming and the rapid fall of agricultural labor forces in mountainous areas. This study contributes to a deep understanding of the development process of farmland marginalization and abandonment as well as forest transition in Chinese mountainous areas. 相似文献
2.
《地理学报(英文版)》2019,(10)
The cultivation of mountainous land results in water loss and soil erosion. With rapid urbanization and industrialization in China, labor emigration relieves the cultivation of mountainous areas in regions with high poverty and leads to a significant land use transition. This research built an analysis framework for "land use transition – driving mechanism – effects –responses" for mountainous areas of China undergoing land use transition and then proposed the direction of mountainous land consolidation. The results showed that the turning point of land use morphology was the core of rural land use transition in mountainous areas. The expansion of cropland and the contraction of forestland have transitioned to the abandonment of cropland and the expansion of forestland; this transition was the main characteristic of the dominant land use change. Land marginalization and land ecological functional recovery were the main characteristics of the recessive land use transition in mountainous areas. Socioeconomic factors were the primary driving forces during land use transition in mountainous areas, with labor emigration being the most direct force. The rising costs of farming and the challenging living conditions causing labor emigration were fundamental driving forces. Rural land use transition in mountainous areas reduced the vulnerability of the ecological function of land ecosystems. The advantages and disadvantages of the socioeconomic effects should focus on rural development of mountainous areas as well as the livelihood of farmers; this should be further supported by empirical and quantitative research. Rural land use transition of mountainous areas improves natural restoration and is related to socioeconomic development. Rural land consolidation of mountainous areas should conform to land use transition,with the goal of shifting from the increase of cultivated land to the synergies of ecological and environmental protection. 相似文献
3.
北京山区沟域经济发展的空间结构 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Valley economy is a new mode in mountainous area development that is defined by various characters of valley development,and is a distinguishing economical geographic pattern for mountainous area development.The special spatial coupling relations in the dis-tribution of different mountainous elements in valleys are new subjects for the mountain de-velopment studies,and such studies are meaningful both for researches and practices.Based on the long term researches on mountainous area development and following a brief exploration into the connotations and the spatial organizing process of valley economy,the authors analyzed the present situations of the development of valley economy in Beijing’s mountainous areas,studied the characteristics and the impacts of the spatial structural changes of the valley economy in Beijing’s mountainous areas,and finally proposed a rational arrangement of the spatial structure of the valley economy in Beijing’s mountainous areas.It is considered in this study that valley economy plays an important role in the development and functional transformation in Beijing’s mountainous areas in the new epoch.Firstly,valley economy is not outlined by the administrative boundaries,and it connects most of the villages in the mountainous areas roughly along the major transportation lines.Therefore,valley economy can exert positive influence on the development in the mountainous areas,at least in the aspects such as the rearrangement of industrial structure in the mountainous areas and the coordinated development of rural and urban areas.In addition,it is found that the valley economy in Beijing’s mountainous areas is evolved in a spatial organizing stage of secondary concentration,which is characterized by resource-saving,ecological protection and industrial optimization.Therefore,the development of valley economy will be helpful to the coordination between ecological protection and economic development in the mountainous areas,and will promote the integrated development of the mountainous areas.The developing mode of the valley economy in Beijing’s mountainous areas will provide the basis for the decision-making in the transformation of the functional roles of Beijing’s mountainous areas,and on the other hand,will present experiences for the studies in the mountainous areas outside of Beijing. 相似文献
4.
ZENG Ju-xin 《地理学报(英文版)》2000,(4)
1 IntroductionFor nearly half a century, in developed countries, the major problem of development has been lying in cities, but in underdeveloped ones, the problem lies in rural areas as well as in cities. Therefore, the development of both urban and rural areas is the theme of development of developing countries. China has the largest rural population in the world. With a high percentage of rural population, China is a developing country in which the rural social and economic activities take… 相似文献
5.
Uneven urban and rural development is one of the main reasons for the decline of the countryside. This imbalance could be measured by the urban-rural difference index(URDI). Existing studies on urban-rural differences have focused on single dimension between urban and rural areas, and lack a systematic multi-dimensional measurement. Based on the construction of an index system and model for measuring urban-rural differences, this study took the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain(HHHP) as the study area, explores the spatial pattern of urban-rural differences in the area, and used geographical weighted regression models to identify the factors affecting urban-rural development differences. Results show that the mean value of URDI in the HHHP was 0.295, and the URDI in its western region was higher than that in the east. The average URDI was relatively high in the western counties along the Beijing–Guangzhou Railway. The low level of urban-rural "population-land-industry" development in the HHHP is an important reason for the small differences between urban and rural areas. Improvements in road transportation infrastructure have led to an increase in the urban-rural development gap. However, the driving force of the road network on urban development is greater than that on rural areas. The role of county economic agglomeration is gaining strength. In the process of rapid economic development, more attention should be paid to the development of the rural economy and the overall revitalization of the countryside. The equivalent allocation of social service facilities is an effective way to solve the problem of urban-rural imbalance. Further analysis demonstrated that terrain factors have relatively little influence on the URDI. This study provides a new perspective and measurement method for understanding the integration of urban and rural development, and provides a useful reference for guiding the urban-rural integration development and the rural revitalization. 相似文献
6.
中国耕地和农村宅基地利用转型耦合特征与机制(英文) 总被引：16，自引：5，他引：11
Land use transition refers to the changes in land use morphology (both dominant morphology and recessive morphology) of a certain region over a certain period of time driven by socio-economic change and innovation, and it usually corresponds to the transition of socio-economic development phase. In China, farmland and rural housing land are the two major sources of land use transition. This paper analyzes the spatio-temporal coupling characteristics of farmland and rural housing land transition in China, using high-resolution Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper) data in 2000 and 2008, and the data from the Ministry of Land and Resources of China. The outcomes indicated that: (1) during 2000-2008, the cor-relation coefficient of farmland vs. rural housing land change is -0.921, and it shows that the change pattern of farmland and rural housing land is uncoordinated; (2) the result of Spear-man rank correlation analysis shows that rural housing land change has played a major role in the mutual transformation of farmland and rural housing land; and (3) it shows a high-degree spatial coupling between farmland and rural housing land change in southeast China during 2000-2008. In general, farmland and rural housing land transition in China is driven by socio-economic, bio-physical and managerial three-dimensional driving factors through the interactions among rural population, farmland and rural housing land. However, the spatio-temporal coupling phenomenon and mechanism of farmland and rural housing land transition in China are largely due to the "dual-track" structure of rural-urban develop-ment. 相似文献
7.
Suitable spatial morphology of cultivated land is a basic requirement for sustaining agricultural economic development in mountainous areas. Coordinated development efficiency of cultivated land spatial morphology and agricultural economy(CECA) is of great practical significance to measure the efficiency of cultivated land use, and thereby promote regional rural revitalization. However, few studies to date have focused on coordinated development efficiency between cultivated land use and agricul... 相似文献
8.
《地理学报(英文版)》2019,(4)
Topographical relief is a key factor that limits population distribution and economic development in mountainous areas. The limitation is especially apparent in the mountain-plain transition zone. Taking the transition zone between the Qinling Mountains and the North China Plain(i.e. the mountainous area in western Henan Province) as an example and based on the 200-m resolution DEM data, we used the mean change-point analysis to determine the optimal statistical unit for topographical relief, and thereafter extracted the relief degree. Taking the 1:100,000 land use data, township population and county-level industrial data, population and economic spatial models were constructed, and 200-m resolution grid population and economic density maps were generated. Afterwards, statistical analysis was carried out to quantitatively reveal the impact of topographical relief on population and economy. In addition, the impacts of other topographical factors were discussed. The results showed the following.(1) The relief degree in western Henan is generally low, where 58.6% of the regional topography does not exceed half the height of a reference mountain(relative elevation ≤250 m). Spatially, the relief degree is high in the west while low in the east, and high in the middle while low in the north and south. There is a positive correlation between relief degree and elevation, and a much stronger correlation between relief degree and slope.(2) The linear fitting degree between the population and economic validation data and the corresponding simulation data are 0.943 and 0.909, respectively, indicating that the spatialized results can reflect the actual population and economic distribution.(3) The impact of topographical relief on population and economy was stronger than that of other topographical factors. The relief degree showed a good logarithmic fit relationship with population density(0.911) and economic density(0.874). Specifically, 88.65% of the population lives in areas where the topographical relief is ≤0.5 and 88.03% of the gross regional product was from areas where the relief is ≤0.3. Compared with the population distribution, the economic development showed an obvious agglomeration trend towards low relief areas. 相似文献
9.
The security and quality of the livelihood of farmers is of paramount concern in rural areas of China. Livelihood stability would force the related polity to act coordinately while eradicating poverty and promoting resource sustainability. For this study, the livelihood approach was used as a framework of analysis that is based upon Sustainable Livelihoods Framework, the core of which is livelihood assets. Livelihood capitals provide substantial contributions to the well-being of numerous rural dwellers. However, the level and degree of reliance on livelihood capital differ across households. Factors that contribute to the economic reliance of households on a particular economic activity in general and on livelihood capital in particular may vary depending upon the type of resource endowment, household demographic, and economic characteristic as well as exogenous factors such as markets, prices, policies, and technologies. This study identifies factors that influence a household’s livelihood strategy choice with a particular focus on livelihood assets. The study applies a preliminary investigation concerning the relationship between livelihood assets and livelihood strategies, that is, the allocation of assets. Environmentally augmented household livelihood assets were collected from 300 sample households within the Heihe River Basin. Results show that physical assets possess a maximum value (0.609) for farmers and human assets possess a relatively high value (0.516) followed by social assets (0.354). Besides, financial and natural assets possess relatively low values (0.286 and 0.241, respectively). An increment of one unit should reduce the occurrence of choosing non-agricultural activities for natural capital while an increment of one unit should increase the occurrence of choosing non-agricultural activities for financial capital, while other variables remain constant. Governments, therefore, should enhance funding and technological support to achieve livelihood diversity and strengthen the facility of farmers by way of establishing relevant polity. It would enable farmers and provide themselves with the ability and asset reserves to transition from agricultural production to secondary and tertiary industries in order to improve the livelihood of farmers overall. 相似文献
10.
中国欠发达地区可持续减贫与绿色发展研究 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
In 2020, the decisive victory of building a moderately well-off society in all aspects means that absolute poverty in rural China has been completely eliminated. Consolidating and expanding the achievements of poverty alleviation and establishing a long-term mechanism to solve relative poverty have become key issues in high-quality development of underdeveloped areas. In this study, human-earth system is employed to analyze the element composition, structural organization and functional state of underdeveloped areas. The results show that poverty in underdeveloped areas stems from the lack of the coupling and coordinating mechanism among human, economic, resource and environmental elements, which is not conducive to transforming the ecological advantages into the advantages of regional development. In the antipoverty stage, underdeveloped areas innovate the human-earth coupling and coordinating mechanism through a series of targeted measures, promote the organic combination of poverty alleviation, ecological conservation and sustainable development, and boost the transformation of regional development and the increase of farmers’ incomes. Focusing on the 14 th Five-year Plan(2021–2025) and the long-term goal of 2035, governments in underdeveloped areas should make full use of the policy support to explore scientific methods of modern governance and sustainable development. In particular, it is necessary to practice the concept that "clear waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets" and take the road of the ecologicalization of industry and the industrialization of ecology by establishing a policy system of "green land", "green people", "green industry" and "green right", thus building an endogenous growth mechanism of sustainable poverty alleviation and green development in China’s underdeveloped areas. 相似文献
11.
三峡库区山区传统农业生态系统转型 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：11
三峡库区是集农村、山区、移民区为一体的典型生态脆弱区,研究其传统农业生态系统的变化对于库区的农村发展与乡村振兴具有重要意义。通过“理论分析—实证研究—趋势预测”的研究框架,以草堂溪流域为例,利用2012-2017年的Quick Bird高分遥感影像结合自然资源要素与农户行为从空间尺度上人地关系变化角度出发对三峡库区山区传统农业生态系统的转型及趋势进行解析。研究发现：① 利用100 m间隔范围的缓冲环将三峡库区的农业生态系统模式分为高低低、高低高、低高低与低低高4种类型,不同模式分别代表三峡库区不同的农业发展阶段,揭示了库区传统农业生态系统由传统耕作方式向现代农业转型的趋势。② 库区的农业生态系统正逐步由传统的耕作区域内粗放利用的纯农生计方式,通过坡耕地撂荒、经果林种植等生态恢复方式,向聚落周边300 m范围内种植结构合理化、物种多样化的集约利用方式转型。③ 以农户与坡耕地等系统要素为代表的三峡库区传统农业生态系统正在发生转型。其中坡耕地多由生产功能主导向生态与经济功能并重转变,农户生计方式趋于多样化,聚落系统生态活力逐渐增强,且农业生态系统转型的变化范围基本由高海拔山地区域向河谷平坝区迁移。此外,尽管在数据时限方面存在不足,但研究结果对于库区乡村土地利用、山区水土流失治理及农村人居环境改善均有启示意义。 相似文献
12.
Analyzing the agricultural landscape patterns in mountainous areas is critical to clarify the dynamic changes and development direction of agricultural landscapes. This also plays a significant role in the rational planning and management of agricultural land. A theoretical framework for agricultural landscape pattern transitions in mountainous areas is proposed to fill the gap of current research with an empirical study in the Caotangxi Watershed, Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA), China. The transition characteristics of agricultural landscape patterns from 2000 to 2018 as represented by sloping farmland, abandoned land, and orchards are analyzed from a holistic-local perspective. The results indicate that the orchards expanded along river valleys, and abandoned land expanded at high elevations, which led to reduced sloping farmland. This phenomenon gives regional landscape differences at the holistic and local levels. Namely, it enhances the region’s holistic landscape diversity but causes fragmentation and aggregation of landscape patches in local areas. The agricultural landscape pattern transitions within the farming range in the study area are manifested primarily in four modes: sloping farmland-orchard conversion type (FOCT), comprehensive conversion type (CCT), partially abandoned type (PAT), and wholly abandoned type (WAT). Each transition mode reveals different development stages of the mountainous agricultural landscape patterns. In general, the agricultural landscape pattern transition is driven by socioeconomic factors in mountainous areas of the TGRA and is bidirectional. This attribute is expressed as the transition from the traditional grain-planting landscape with an even distribution to the eco-economic win-win orchard in valleys and transitions from sloping farmland to abandoned land in high-elevation areas. Overall, the results of this study reveal the uniqueness of agricultural landscape pattern evolutions in China’s mountainous areas in recent decades, which has enlightened the in-depth understandings of rural land use and agricultural ecosystems in mountainous areas of the TGRA, as well as improvements in rural developments and ecological environments. 相似文献
13.
三峡库区腹地山区农业景观格局动态变化与转型 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
山区农业景观格局动态分析有利于厘清农业景观发展的动态轨迹与方向,对农地用途的合理规划和管理有重要意义。本文提出了山区农业景观格局转型理论框架,并在三峡库区草堂溪流域进行了实证研究,从整体—微观的角度解析2000—2018年期间,以坡耕地、撂荒地和果园为代表的农业景观格局转型特征。研究发现：① 果园沿河谷的扩张和撂荒地在较高海拔处的扩张明显压缩了坡耕地的空间,这导致区域景观多样性的整体增强,而在局部地形上的差异明显,斑块破碎但聚集度增强;② 研究区农户耕种范围内的农业景观格局转型主要表现为耕—果转换型、综合型、部分撂荒型和撂荒型4种模式,各模式揭示了山区农业景观格局的不同发展阶段;③ 在以社会经济因素为主的驱动下,三峡库区山区的农业景观格局转型具有双向性,表现为以传统均衡分布的纯粮种植景观向河谷生态经济双赢的经果林景观和较高海拔的撂荒地转变。研究结果揭示了近年来中国山区农业景观格局演变的独特性,对库区山区农村土地利用和农业生态系统的深入认识以及库区乡村发展和生态环境的改善均有启示意义。 相似文献
14.
Farmland resources in mountainous areas are important for regional food security and ecological security. Studies concerning changes in farmland use in mountainous areas are of considerable significance in China. Here, we analyzed marginalization characteristics of farmland in Renhuai city from 2005 to 2011 and driving factors using land information systems, surveys of farmer households and statistical data. Our results indicate that from 2005 to 2011, 3095.76 hm2 of farmland was converted to forest land and natural reserve, accounting for 5.45% of the total farmland area. This suggests significant marginalization of farmland. Marginalization of farmland in mountainous areas was affected by topography, labor forces and effectiveness of land management. Farmland with a greater slope gradient was more likely to be abandoned; among marginalized land in Renhuai, a slope greater than 15° accounted for 62.26%. A high non-agricultural employment rate of rural labor force and annual income per capita of farmer households in mountainous areas were consistent with high speed farmland marginalization. Low land management benefits were the key reason for farmland marginalization. Although farmland marginalization was advantageous for eco-environment protection and sustainable development in mountainous areas, it resulted in inefficient land resource utilization. A win-win model for the exploitation and utilization of sloping farmland should be explored for production development and environmental protection. 相似文献
15.
三峡库区规模农地时空变化特征及其驱动机制 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
探讨库区农地利用的转型及其机制,可反映中西部结合带、山区、库区的农村变化和人与环境关系的变化,为典型山区的农业多功能转型发展方向提供科学依据。选取三峡库区腹地5个区县为研究区,通过定义“规模农地”相关概念,利用ArcGIS 10.2软件并结合SPSS、地理空间探测器等技术手段对规模农地的变化与机制进行分析。研究发现：规模农地的转移来源主要由耕地和灌木林地组成,除部分高山反季节蔬菜,规模农地的增长一般发生在低海拔地区,且在坡度30°范围内均有分布;不同类型的规模农地空间变化有所不同,但均与道路和乡镇级行政中心的关系明显。斑块水平上,高程、坡度等自然因素对规模农地的贡献相对较大;乡镇水平上以道路交通、农业人口密度等社会经济与人文因素驱动力为主;区域水平上,各区县的驱动因子影响力较研究区整体尺度更为显著。规模农地的变化与发展受多种因素驱动,但农业政策始终是各驱动因素的主导,不同水平的行为主体会促使规模农地发展趋向不同的方向,但原则上均受国家农业发展现状与政府政策导向影响。 相似文献
16.
17.
山区农村土地利用转型与小农经济变迁耦合机理 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过山区土地利用转型与小农经济变迁的耦合关系分析,可以揭示山区人地关系的变化过程和机理。随着工业化、城镇化的快速推进,山区农村人地关系发生深刻变化,小农经济变迁驱动土地利用转型,土地利用转型进一步促进小农经济变迁。在阐述土地利用转型及小农经济变迁内涵和特征基础上,结合实证探讨二者间的耦合机理,以期为乡村振兴战略的实施提供理论支撑和现实参考。研究表明：① 山区农村土地利用转型与小农经济变迁相互影响,耦合演进。② 山区农村土地利用转型重点体现在农村宅基地、耕地及林地三类用地上。③ 中国小农经济已发生四次变迁,而山区小农经济变迁在第四次中表现较为明显,其阶段特征主要为农村人口向城镇迁移,土地流转频繁,土地规模经营趋势增强。④ 山区小农经济变迁引发耕地空间形态及功能转型,山区耕地转型进一步促进小农经济变迁。⑤ 山区小农经济变迁及农户生计策略非农化转变促使农户对宅基地结构及功能的需求发生变化;闲置废弃宅基地综合整治可显化农村土地资产价值,增加农民土地财产性收入,促进小农经济变迁。⑥ 通过云南省砚山县耕地利用转型案例剖析,验证了本文提出的山区农村土地利用转型与小农经济变迁的耦合机理。 相似文献
18.
乡村工业化对中国乡村城市转型的影响 总被引：7，自引：4，他引：3
本文从“乡村空间变化”的观点出发,分析了乡村工业化对新乡村经济空间,新乡村社会空间和新乡村地理空间形成和发展的影响,探讨了乡村工业化与乡村城市转的区域不平衡性,提出了中国乡村城市转型过程中几个应重视和研究的问题。 相似文献
19.
三峡库区山地特色农业与城乡协调发展探讨 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
三峡大坝蓄水淹没后,重构与资源环境特质和生态环境目标相适应,与区域经济社会相协调的库区特色产业体系,具有重要的战略意义和价值。三峡库区以山丘地为主,农业资源丰富多样,具有发展山地特色农业的有利条件。大力推进库区农业结构战略性调整,依托特色农业发展培育乡村发展新的经济增长点,不仅有助于库区生态环境建设和人地关系优化,也将有利于库区脱贫致富和统筹城乡协调发展。基于库区垂直地带性分异规律的分析,进行山地土地功能分区研究,提出发挥库区农业资源优势,大力发展山地高效特色农业的模式和对策。 相似文献
20.
中国山区乡村聚落空间重构研究进展与展望 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
中国山区面积大、经济社会发展水平低,促进山区可持续发展,是事关中国现代化进程的关键所在。山区乡村聚落作为山区人地关系地域系统的核心空间单元,是中国乡村地理学的研究重点和热点。论文基于文献回溯和归纳总结的方法,在对中国山区发展概况、乡村聚落空间分布影响因素、演变特征与驱动机制进行系统分析的基础上,明晰了山区乡村聚落空间重构概念内涵、重构思路和方法,总结了中国山区乡村聚落空间重构典型模式与调控策略;认为乡村聚落空间重构存在着主体多重、目标多元、模式多样等典型特征,是一个动态的、复杂的空间优化重组过程。新时代中国山区乡村聚落空间重构应加强以下5个方面的研究：① 山区乡村振兴背景下乡村聚落空间重构作用机理与模式;② 土地利用转型对山区乡村聚落空间重构作用机制;③ 农村宅基地制度改革对山区乡村聚落空间重构影响;④ 新兴业态发展与山区乡村聚落空间重构交互作用关系;⑤ 大数据时代山区乡村聚落空间重构研究方法革新。通过对山区乡村聚落空间重构时代背景、经济社会驱动因素与作用机理、研究方法等方面的实证分析,进一步丰富和完善山区乡村聚落空间重构理论,以期促进中国山区可持续发展和助推现代化实现进程。 相似文献