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1.
R.F. Lee B. Dornseif F. Gonsoulin K. Tenore R. Hanson 《Marine environmental research》1981,5(2):125-143
Addition of a heavy oil to a Spartina salt marsh in the autumn resulted in high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment and benthic animals. The highest concentrations of phenanthrene, chrysene and fluoranthene in the sediment were 112, 105 and 75 ng/g sediment, respectively. These concentrations rapidly decreased during the 20 week period following the spill. The times for these hydrocarbons to decrease to 50% of their highest values, i.e. half-life, were approximately 100, 70 and 30 days in sediment, mussels and oysters, respectively. Benthic macrofauna species showed three responses to oil addition which included no change, an increase, or a decrease in the population. No changes were noted in populations of fiddler crabs (Uca pugnax), oysters (Crassostrea virginica), and mussels (Modiolus demissus). Mud snails (Nassarius obsoleta) increased in density after the spill due to immigration of adult snails from untreated areas to scavenge on animals killed by the oil. Many of the adult periwinkles (Littorina irrorata) were killed by the oil. In the spring, juvenile periwinkles recolonised to oiled areas as a result of larvae settling. 相似文献
2.
Y.S. Soliman T.L. Wade 《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》2008,55(24-26):2577
The bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by a dense population of ampeliscid amphipods (12,094±2499 ind m−2) in the head of the Mississippi Canyon at a depth of 480 m is examined and compared with estimation for amphipods from a shallow-water location, the Houston Ship Channel. The distribution of individual PAHs in sediments varies from the distribution in the organisms both in deep and shallow water, suggesting preferential uptake/depuration or uptake from pore or bottom waters. The average bioaccumulation factor (4.36±2.55) and the biota sediment accumulation factor (0.24±0.13) of total PAHs by the ampeliscid amphipods at the canyon's head are within the range reported for other benthic invertebrates. The average bioaccumulation factors are highest for dibenzothiophenes (up to 132 for C1-dibenzothiophenes) and alkylated PAHs and lowest for parent high molecular weight PAHs (HPAHs). Shallow-water amphipods are similar to deep-water amphipods in showing high preference to bioaccumulate alkylated PAHs and low preference to bioaccumulate parent HPAHs. 相似文献
3.
多环芳烃油指纹应用于船舶溢油鉴别研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
溢油种类主要包括船舶燃料油和原油,二者性质的差异决定了鉴别方法也相应不同,寻求适合于船舶溢油的鉴别方法具有重要意义。在使用柱色谱层析方法对样品进行分离前处理的基础上,以气相色谱/质谱方法(GC-MS)为主要分析手段,对溢油样品和可疑船舶溢油源样品的多环芳烃油指纹特征进行对比,并在多环芳烃油指纹参数的基础上进一步进行多环芳烃内组成三角图分布特征与聚类分析研究,成功为珠江口水域某船舶溢油事故追踪到肇事溢油源。结果表明:取自丁船的油样和现场溢油样芳烃油指纹特征最为相近,是此次溢油事故的溢油源。受风化作用后的船舶燃料油中饱和烃类化合物数量稀少,且含量极低,不适合用于溢油鉴别,而多环芳烃类化合物较饱和烃类化合物而言具有含量高、种类丰富的特点,是该类溢油鉴别的主要油指纹依据。使用油指纹参数进行可疑溢油源识别时,充分考虑油品中有机分子所受风化影响程度的不同是风化条件下溢油鉴定的关键。因此,多环芳烃油指纹可以有效应用于船舶燃料油溢油的鉴别。 相似文献
4.
PM Ross RM Fairweather DP Culliford S Park CA Pilditch CN Battershill 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2016,50(1):56-69
ABSTRACTTo investigate the uptake and depuration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with the Rena oil spill we sampled the surf clam Paphies subtriangulata at two open coast locations (6?km apart) just prior to oil coming ashore (7 October 2011), then at 1–3 week intervals for the next 4 months. Total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (tPAH) increased at both sites from 1 to 96–124?µg?kg?1 (wet weight) by 18 October before declining to low levels (<4?µg?kg?1) by February 2012. Ongoing sampling throughout 2012–2014 included three additional sites to the north east (up to 30?km away) and a site 5?km to the south east revealing tPAH levels generally <10?µg?kg?1 except in October 2013 where levels ranged between 39–45?µg?kg?1 at all sites. A comparison of PAH component profiles with oil-contaminated beach sediment indicated that the high levels observed in surf clams between October–December 2011 were clearly associated with the Rena spill. However, the October 2013 peak had a PAH profile inconsistent with weathered Rena oil, suggesting an alternative source of contamination. Our results highlight the potential for P. subtriangulata as a PAH monitoring tool but recognise more study is needed to better quantify baseline levels and uptake and depuration dynamics. 相似文献
5.
Deep-sea ecosystems are fragile yet diverse habitats that are sensitive to disturbance. In the northern Gulf of Mexico deepwater extraction of hydrocarbons led to the accidental release of four million barrels of oil from the Macondo wellhead in 2010. The release of oil combined with the addition of dispersant at depth and the resulting delivery of oiled “marine snow” led to dramatic disruptions of diversity and ecosystem services within the near field deep-sea benthic communities. Analysis of the biological trait diversity of the surrounding megabenthos reveals notable loss of traits that may explain the stunted recovery of communities within 2 km of the wellhead. The present megafauna show complete loss of some traits relating to tier, motility, and feeding mechanisms. Functional evenness was higher than in surveyed unaffected sites, highlighting some loss of trait space, reflecting increasing abundances of scavengers and the loss of sessile invertebrates. Loss of biological traits that aid in ecosystem resilience has impeded recovery of benthic communities severely impacted by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. 相似文献
6.
《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(1):155-162
Results of depuration studies of mussels collected from chronically polluted sites and those collected after a fuel oil spill tend to confirm laboratory-deduced indications that the rate of depuration decreases as the exposure time increases. Chronically polluted mussels lost their accumulated hydrocarbons with half-lives for depuration that varied between 25 and 45 days whereas, after the oil spill, mussels lost 90 per cent of their accumulated burden within two weeks with a depuration half-life of 3,5 days. These results indicate that information concerning the type of exposure could be obtained from depuration studies of mussels collected during monitoring programmes. 相似文献
7.
Gilbert Mille Yan Yu Chen Gérard Giusti Henri Dou Evelyne Vacelet Marie-Reine Plante-Cuny 《Marine environmental research》1984,11(3):213-232
The evolution of hydrocarbons in sediments was studied from 1978 to 1980 at eight stations in the Ile Grande marshes (Brittany) polluted by the Amoco Cadiz oil spill. Generally, in 1980 (except for one heavily polluted site) the amounts of hydrocarbons were found to be far less important than in 1978 and sometimes biogenic hydrocarbons were found. In the superficial layer of the sediments biodegradation processes were generally important with the preferential degradation of n-alkanes. On the other hand, aromatic hydrocarbons seem not to have been altered after three years. Degradation of percolated hydrocarbons proceeds more slowly than in the surface layer. The number of degrading bacteria decreases when n-alkanes disappear. 相似文献
8.
Oil spills can have significant, short-term, negative impacts on coastal marshes, but the long-term effects and eventual recovery are not well documented, particularly in brackish marshes. The goals of this investigation were to: (1) document the long-term recovery of a Louisiana brackish marsh plant community impacted by a 1985 oil spill; (2) separate the effect of the oil spill on marsh deterioration from ambient rates of marsh deterioration; and (3) assess the relative importance of residual oil in the sediment and decreased marsh surface elevation in the failure of certain areas to recover. A total of 68 permanent plots previously established in 1985 were re-surveyed for plant and soil recovery in the fall of 1989. Although substantial (and near total) vegetative recovery was evident by significant increases in live and total vegetative cover, many of the plots that were initially heavily impacted by oil still displayed elevated levels of total saturated hydrocarbons in the soil. August 1990 measurements of plant photosynthetic response and edaphic variables revealed no significant differences between control plots and plots heavily impacted by oil that displayed vegetative regrowth. Rates of wetland land loss in the oiled marsh during an 8-year period that bracketed the time of the spill were within the historical range measured for this site and similar to the land loss rates of adjacent reference marshes. Results from a manipulative field transplant experiment indicated that the long-term failure of certain small areas to revegetate was primarily due to a decrease of marsh surface elevation (increased flooding stress), not a residual oil effect. 相似文献
9.
A simulation of a chronic input of petroleum into an estuarine environment was investigated using the facilities at the Marine Ecosystems Research Laboratory at the University of Rhode Island. An oil-water dispersion of No. 2 fuel oil was added to the system (twice weekly for 24 weeks) and the saturated hydrocarbons from this oil were measured in suspended material and sediments. After the initial chronic oil addition, trace amounts of hydrocarbons were detected in the sediments within two weeks, but substantial accumulation was not detected for approximately 135 days. The oil appeared to enter the sediment via the suspended material, with most of the saturated hydrocarbons associated with smaller size sediment particles (< 45 μm to > 0·3 μm). With time, the fuel oil saturated hydrocarbons in the sediments were mixed to a depth of 3 to 4 cm. Although only 12% of the total saturated hydrocarbons added to the system were found in the sediments, these hydrocarbons appear to be relatively stable and were still detectable in these sediments for at least six months after the last oil addition. 相似文献
10.
Following the Amoco Cadiz crude oil spill in March 1978, marine animals in coastal and estuarine environments along the north shore of Brittany, France became heavily contaminated with crude oil. The resident benthic fauna in the oil-impacted area which survived the spill were severely stressed by the pollution. The objectives of our investigation were to document long-term trends in petroleum hydrocarbon contamination and sublethal stress in oysters and plaice from the estuaries, Aber Benoit and Aber Wrac'h. Oysters in the estuaries accumulated aliphatic and aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons to high levels and remained heavily contaminated for the duration of the 27 month investigation. Plaice, on the other hand, retained only low concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons in muscle and liver tissue. Nevertheless, the oysters exhibited very few histopathologic and biochemical responses to the oil, whereas the plaice from the estuaries exhibited a variety of sublethal histopathologic and biochemical alterations. 相似文献
11.
Changes have been determined in the concentrations of volatile saturate and aromatic hydrocarbons in Prudhoe Bay Crude Oil (PBC) weathered under three different simulated environmental conditions. A combination of light and water sprayed upon the surface of the oil produced the largest relative decreases in volatile saturate and most aromatic hydrocarbons. After 24 days, detectable amounts of monoaromatic hydrocarbons were absent in all three weathered oils, as were the saturate hydrocarbons from C8 to C10. Retention of aromatic hydrocarbons appeared to be related to molecular weight, as enrichments of triaromatics (phenanthrenes) were observed in weathered PBC relative to the original crude oil. These data are discussed with respect to effects resulting from spilled oil impacting benthic organisms residing in intertidal and shallow subtidal communities. 相似文献
12.
13.
黄河口大型底栖动物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的耦合分析 总被引：6，自引：4，他引：2
为探究复杂环境下的河口大型底栖生物群落结构特征,研究了黄河口及其毗邻海域内14个站位的底栖生物群落结构及其与主要环境因子的耦合关系。研究结果表明调查海域底栖生物群落组成和结构的空间异质性较高。底栖生物优势度不明显,优势物种集中于河口附近站位。生物多样性随离河口距离增加而增加,物种丰富度和生物多样性指数等的高值区均出现在远离河口的渤海湾和渤海中部站位,低值区位于近河口站位。对底栖生物群落的非参数多维排序(nMDS)和等级聚类分析显示,底栖生物群落结构相似性较低。丰度/生物量曲线(ABC曲线)分析显示,黄河口底栖生物群落整体上处于稳定状态,但近河口和莱州湾中西部站位受到干扰影响,群落结构不稳定。研究还表明生物量大的底栖生物(软体动物)倾向于向重金属含量较高的站位聚集。综合沉积物化学、预测毒性和底栖生物群落结构变化的评价结果可知,远离黄河口的沉积物环境质量普遍较好,而河口附近的沉积物环境质量较差。 相似文献
14.
On 19 January 1996, the North Cape oil barge ran aground near Moonstone Beach, RI, and spilled over 2700 metric tons of No. 2 fuel oil during a severe winter storm. High winds and rough seas drove the oil into the water column, and the oil spread throughout Block Island Sound and into several coastal salt ponds. Over 50 water samples were collected from Point Judith Pond (PJP) and the southern coast of Rhode Island for four months after the spill and analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs). These analyses revealed that at least 60 km2 of coastal waters were impacted from the spill. Maximum concentrations of sigmaPAHs and TPHs were 115 and 3940 microg l(-1), respectively. The percentage of sigmaPAHs relative to the TPHs for all samples varied from 0.2 to 43%, showing that there was no clear relationship between sigmaPAHs and TPHs for the whole dataset and likely resulting from spatial and temporal partitioning over the course of the spill. However, within the dataset, there were stronger correlations for distinct samples collected at similar locations and times. In PJP, water column concentrations of individual PAHs decreased at rates of 0.08-0.24 day(-1) and lower-molecular weight PAHs were removed faster than higher-molecular weight PAHs. 相似文献
15.
In the light of increasing oil exploration and production in the northern North Sea, the Brent, Beryl and Forties oil fields, representing three different types of operation, and a number of stations between the Forties field and the Firth of Forth, were sampled to determine the levels of total (by fluorescence), alkane (by glass capillary gas chromatography) and aromatic (by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) hydrocarbons in water and sediments. Close to the Beryl platform, where diesel-washed drill cuttings have been dumped, there was an accumulation of petrogenic hydrocarbons in the sediment, resulting in a build up of certain aryl hydrocarbons, notably the dibenzthiophenes and 3- and 4-ring aromatic compounds. In all the sediment samples analysed for aromatic hydrocarbons, relatively large amounts of 5- and 6-ring compounds were found in areas expected to be free of pollution, as well as from areas around oil platforms and from the Firth of Forth. Their source is likely to be windborne combustion products. 相似文献
16.
大连新港"7.16"输油管道爆炸溢油事故发生后,为探究石油污染与细菌群落结构变化之间的关系及在石油生物降解过程中起重要作用的细菌菌群,本研究对大连湾表层沉积物中石油烃含量和细菌宏基因组16SrDNA V3区进行分析。结果表明:溢油初期2010年8月DLW01站位表层沉积物石油烃含量高达1 492mg/kg,符合第三类沉积物质量标准,随着时间推移,2011年4月、2011年7月、2011年12月航次各站位沉积物中石油烃含量基本呈下降趋势,且均符合第一类沉积物质量标准;16S rDNA PCR-DGGE方法分析表明,石油烃含量高的区域优势细菌种类少,反之则较丰富;海洋环境中同一地点的细菌群落能保持一定稳定性;大连湾石油污染沉积物中变形菌门γ-变形菌纲和拟杆菌门一直保持较高的优势度,是在石油生物降解过程中起重要作用的细菌菌群,而厚壁菌门只在石油烃含量低的区域出现;此外,出现的对污染物敏感的嗜冷杆菌可作为石油污染指示生物进行深入研究。 相似文献
17.
鉴于溢油及其风化产物的组分复杂性,本文应用计算毒理学方法对溢油中的主要毒性特征污染物进行甄选。首先结合美国溢油事件中的主要污染物分类方法,针对溢油事故的潜在特征污染物进行持久性、生物富集性和毒性判别,然后建立基于密度泛函理论(DFT)分子结构参数的定量结构-活性相关模型,尝试筛选出海洋溢油事故的12种特征污染物,包括3种多环芳烃(PAHs)、8种烷基化PAHs及1种PAH的氧化衍生物。本文首次应用DFT方法进行溢油中特征污染物的甄选研究,研究结果可为海洋环境管理部门在溢油污染物监管和灾后处置等方面提供参考。 相似文献
18.
In the identifying process of an oil spill accident, manual integral and artificial visual comparison are commonly used at present to determine the oil spill sources, these methods are time-consuming and easily affected by human factors. Therefore, it is difficult to achieve the purpose of rapid identification of an oil spill accident. In this paper, an intelligent method of automatic recognition, integration and calculation of diagnostic ratio of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC/MS) spectrum are established. Firstly, four hundreds of samples collected around the world were analyzed using a standard method and Retention time locking technology (RTL) was applied to reduce the change of retention time of GC/MS spectrum. Secondly, the automatic identification, integration of n-alkanes, biomarker compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and calculation of the diagnostic ratios were realized by MATLAB software. Finally, a database of oil fingerprints were established and applied successfully in a spill oil accident. Based on the new method and database, we could acquire the diagnostic ratios of an oil sample and find out the suspected oil within a few minutes. This method and database can improve the efficiency in spilled oil identification. 相似文献
19.
Hydrocarbons in the sediments of Port Valdez,Alaska: Consequences of five years' permitted discharge
David G. Shaw Thomas E. Hogan Douglas J. McIntosh 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1985,21(2):131-144
Hydrocarbons have been investigated in the sediments of Port Valdez, Alaska after three to five years of oil terminal operation with a routine daily discharge of 170 kg of petroleum residue in an otherwise undeveloped area. Surficial benthic sediments (0–5 cm) and core segments down to 30 cm have been analyzed. Information about total hydrocarbons, unresolved complex mixture, normal alkanes, pristane, phytane, hopanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons indicates that petroleum, biogenic hydrocarbons, and combustion-derived aromatic hydrocarbons are present in sediments around the terminal at concentrations up to 218 μg g?1 dry sediment. The vertical, horizontal and temporal distributions of anthropogenic hydrocarbons indicate that most of the sedimentary hydrocarbon accumulation has occurred within 1 km of the terminal. A simple calculation suggests that less than 3% of the total oil discharged during routine operations of the terminal has entered the sediments of Port Valdez. For comparison sediment hydrocarbon accumulation associated with a nearby small boat harbor was also examined. 相似文献
20.
Howard W. Armstrong Ken Fucik Jack W. Anderson Jerry M. Neff 《Marine environmental research》1979,2(1):55-69
Field studies have established the concentrations of naphthalenes in bay sediments and water in the vicinity of an oil separator platform and their effects on the benthic fauna. Fifteen stations were occupied monthly, from July, 1974 to December, 1975, along three transects extending from the separator platform outfall outwards for a distance of 4·0 to 5·6 km. A lesser number of stations were occupied from April, 1974 to June, 1974. Bottom sediments at each station were analysed for total naphthalenes content and for number of species and individuals. All stations were located in 2 to 3 m of water. The outfall was located 1 m off the bay bottom.There was a definite correlation between sediment naphthalenes concentration and number of species and individuals. As expected, the first station, located 15 m from the outfall, had the highest concentration of naphthalenes of all stations sampled. The naphthalenes levels dropped sharply from the outfall to the stations located 75 m from the platform where levels were about 20–50% of those found 15 m from the outfall. Naphthalenes concentrations then decreased gradually to near background levels at stations farther out. Hydrocarbon concentrations in bottom water 15 m from the outfall were three orders of magnitude lower than those in the full strength effluent, but sediments 15 m from the outfall had hydrocarbon concentrations four times as great as in the full strength effluent. There were approximately four orders of magnitude more hydrocarbons in the sediment than in the overlying water.The bay bottom was almost completely devoid of organisms within 15 m of the effluent outfall. Stations located 150 m from the outfall had severely depressed benthic faunas but not to the extent of stations nearer the outfall. Stations located 455 m from the platform were unaffected. Both numbers of species and individuals increased with distance from the platform and reached a peak at the first station medial to the control on each transect (685 to 1675 m from the platform) and then dropped at the control station. Physical environmental factors such as temperature, salinity, water depth and sediment type were essentially the same at all stations.The temporary use of a second outfall located 275 m from the main platform outfall resulted in a rapid build up of naphthalenes in surrounding sediments which persisted for at least six months following the termination of use of the second outfall. The benthic fauna was also severely depressed in the vicinity of the second outfall. The use of multiple outfalls, located some distance apart, appears to be more harmful than the use of a single outfall.Trinity Bay, Texas, the site of this investigation, has a mean depth of 2·5 m. The bay water is highly turbid due to the presence of a high concentration of clay-sized particulate material. The brine outfall was located approximately 1 m above the bay bottom. These special conditions undoubtedly contributed significantly to the observed impact of the brine. Therefore, extrapolations from the results of this study to offshore oil production and brine disposal should be made with extreme caution. 相似文献