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现代海底热液块状硫化物矿床的资源潜力评价 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
现代海底热液活动及其资源效应是近30年来地球科学中的重要研究方向。调查研究表明,有200多个现代海底热液块状硫化物矿床分布于现代海底的各种构造环境中,其中以洋中脊和弧后环境居多,这些矿床中有40多个还具有较大的规模和储量,其中的10个在目前阶段是可以进行勘探和开采利用的。由于巨大的资源潜力,一些国际著名的矿业公司开始关注并投资于现代海底热液块状硫化物矿床的商业性勘探与开发,并希望在5年内获得商业性效益。而在我国,对于海底热液硫化物矿床的调查与研究才刚刚起步。在收集和整理世界各国调查研究资料的基础上,总结分析了现代海底热液硫化物矿床的产出特征、矿物和元素组成等,分析了海底热液硫化物矿床的资源潜力,并对我国的调查与勘探工作提出了展望。 相似文献
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对大洋中硫化物、Ｍｎ和Ｆｅ氧化物等热液沉积物进行地质年代学研究,可以了解热液矿化作用随时间的演化历史,提示海底热液矿床是长期性的、间歇性的、多期次叠加的热液事伯的产物。也为东太平洋海隆与大西洋脊热液矿床规模的差异提供了一个较为合理的解释。 相似文献
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华南寒武纪海洋中沉积矿床及其古环境 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
寒武纪早期是华南的一个重要的沉积矿床形成阶段。在华南扬子板块下寒武统黑色岩系中产有大量的金属及非金属矿床,其中倍受关注的矿床有Ni-Mo-PGE多金属硫化物矿床、磷矿床与重晶石矿床。Ni-Mo-PGE多金属硫化物矿床的形成可能与海底热液喷流作用有关,成矿元素除海水源外,有部分来自深部热液;磷矿床形成于特定的浅海环境,成矿物质的聚集可能与有机质和含铁胶体有关;重晶石矿床的形成也与海底热液和有机质有关。这些矿床保存了大量的古海洋信息,对其进行深入研究可以揭示华南寒武纪大爆发时期的古海洋环境变化特征。 相似文献
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海底热液成因含金属沉积物广泛分布于全球各大洋与弧后活动扩张中心、大洋玄武岩上覆沉积层的底部以及板内火山的顶部等区域。块状硫化物烟囱体经氧化蚀变发生再沉积作用、热液羽流的扩散和沉降作用或低温弥散流的直接沉淀均可形成含金属沉积物。尽管不同热液区的含金属沉积物在矿物和化学组成上具有一定的差异,但其相对正常远洋沉积物均表现为富含Fe、Mn并亏损 Al 和Ti等组分,其中的主要矿物通常为结晶程度较差的铁锰氧化物/氢氧化物和富铁蒙脱石（绿脱石）。自上世纪七十年代末发现现代海底热液活动以来,大量的研究不仅基本明确了含金属沉积物的形成机制,还在与之相关的微生物矿化作用和自生粘土矿物的成因研究等方面取得了重要的进展。对含金属沉积物开展综合研究,确定其鉴别分类标准,既能丰富人们对海底热液循环系统、热液活动对全球海洋热和化学通量的贡献以及对海底深部生物圈的认识,也可为寻找多金属硫化物矿床、揭示古板块中类似矿床的成因和分布规律以及探索古海洋环境演化等提供重要信息。 相似文献
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海底热液多金属硫化物分布及控矿因素 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
基于最新公布的全球热液矿点数据讨论了海底热液多金属硫化物矿体形成的构造环境,探讨了深部岩浆活动、断裂构造以及沉积物盖层等控矿因素对洋中脊多金属硫化物矿体成矿的影响。研究结果表明:海底热液多金属硫化物矿点主要分布于离散型板块边界和汇聚型板块边界;深部岩浆活动和断裂构造是洋中脊热液多金属硫化物成矿最主要的控矿因素;快、慢扩张洋中脊环境深部岩浆活动和断裂构造的差异导致在海底形成了不同规模的多金属硫化物矿体。对认识海底热液多金属硫化物矿床分布与成矿规律、以及开展海底多金属硫化物资源勘查具有一定的指导意义。 相似文献
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浊度计在现代海底热液活动调查中的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
无论是深入认识海底热液活动的规律,还是了解海底热液硫化物资源的分布情况,首先需要做的是发现海底热液活动及其产物.因此,用于发现和调查海底热液活动及其产物的技术手段非常重要.目前,进行海底热液活动调查的技术手段有电视抓斗、ROV、AUV和载人深潜器等.但由于使用这类技术设备需要相对高的投入和较复杂的附加装置,而且从电视抓斗、ROV、AUV和载人深潜器本身来讲,它们也有一定的技术限制,调查活动范围有限,不能胜任大面积海底热液活动异常调查工作.因此,载有各种物理、化学传感器和分析仪器的拖曳式走航连续观测系统仍是海底热液活动调查技术方面的一个重要发展方向.例如,美国、英国等先后投资研制了多种拖曳式设备,可进行海底地貌成像、电磁场、CTD、以及化学和物理多参数的测量,为发现和确定海底热液喷口位置起到了巨大的作用. 相似文献
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大西洋中脊胶状黄铁矿的特征及其成因 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
大西洋中脊热液硫化物（矿床）中广泛出现松散粒状和胶状黄铁矿，利用1988年所采样品通过其形态、成份和热电性质的研究，对这种黄铁矿的成因、环带成因和热液演化特征进行初步探讨。结果表明，松散粒状和胶状黄铁矿是热液进入海底与海水混合后沉积形成，与固结粒状黄铁矿分属不同矿化阶段（期），反映热液活动的多阶段成矿特征；胶状黄铁矿环带和微环带是黄铁矿胶体沉淀后重结晶作用形成的；松散粒状黄铁矿和胶状黄铁矿同时出现是已经停止活动的烟囱物特征。 相似文献
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海底热液矿床具有重要的经济价值和科学意义。其产出构造背景包括洋中脊、弧后扩张中心及板内热点处。处于不同构造环境的热液矿床具有不同的地质和地球化学特点。系统总结了海底热液矿床产出的地质和地球化学特点,主要包括热液矿床产出的构造背景、围岩类型、矿区的矿物及矿物组合特点以及不同热液区矿床的元素组成、稀土和硫同位素特点等,对各构造环境中热液矿床的特点进行了对比,指出不同热液区热液矿床地质和地球化学特点差异的根本原因在于所处构造环境的不同和扩张速率的差异。文章最后提出了今后应着重研究的几个问题。 相似文献
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Abstract Considerable effort has been expended in studying the Izu–Bonin Arc over the past 15 years. In particular, 43 dives of the Shinkai 2000 have been undertaken there to discover and evaluate the extent of submarine hydrothermal activity and mineralization. Most effort has been focused on Myojin Knoll (23 dives), Suiyo Seamount (6 dives), and Kaikata Caldera (10 dives). The Izu–Bonin Arc is divided in two by the Sofugan Tectonic Line. Eight submarine caldera are located north of this line but only one is south of it. The physiography of the northern sector of the arc is quite different from that of the southern sector. Volcanic rocks from the northern sector are more acidic than those from the southern sector. Evidence for submarine hydrothermal mineralization has been observed at four seamounts along the Izu–Bonin Arc (Myojin Knoll, Myojinsho, Suiyo Seamount, and Kaikata Caldera), and submarine hydrothermal activity is evident at another three seamounts along the arc (Kurose Hole, Mokuyo Seamount, and Doyo Seamount). The most extensive submarine hydrothermal mineral deposit so far located on the Izu–Bonin Arc is the Sunrise deposit at Myojin Knoll. This deposit, at least 400 m in diameter and 30 m high, is associated with black smoker venting, inactive sulfide chimneys, massive sulfides, hydrothermal Mn crusts, and a hydrothermal vent fauna. The maximum recorded temperature of the hydrothermal vents there was 278°C. Some of the sulfide chimneys contained as much as 49 μg/g Au and 3,400 μg/g Ag. The sunrise deposit is one of the largest submarine volcanic massive sulfide deposits so far discovered in midocean ridge, backarc, or arc settings and has an estimated mass of 9 × 106 t. This deposit may be of the Kuroko-type. The discovery of the Sunrise deposit in 1997 gives hope that other, similarly large, sulfide deposits may be found in other caldera along the Izu–Bonin Arc. The geological variability along the arc, the high seismicity, the occurrence of active volcanism and submarine hydrothermal venting, and a proven submarine hydrothermal mineral potential coupled with the proximity of the region to Japan suggest that the Izu–Bonin Arc could profitably serve as a natural laboratory for the long-term monitoring of the seafloor. 相似文献
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热液羽状流是海底热液活动的重要标志,海底多金属硫化物是热液活动的产物。现阶段洋中脊多金属硫化物勘探工作的第一步是开展热液羽状流的近底探测;综合各类异常信息,实现从发现热液活动喷口到发现矿床的突破。本文以热液羽状流为研究对象,从羽状流的近底探测、扩散机制和分布特征3个方面,概述了最新的研究进展和有待完善的方面,阐述了羽状流在洋中脊多金属硫化物找矿中的指示作用,最后总结性地指出时空连续性、参数多元化将是热液探测的发展趋势,有助于提升对热液羽状流分布特征的认识,将为热液区分布模式的研究提供更加精细的探测资料。 相似文献
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G. P. Glasby 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(4):290-307
At divergent plate margins, black smoke forms immediately on contact of ascending hydrothermal solutions with sea water. The black smoke, consisting mainly of black ore (BO) and barite ore (BaO), is rapidly dispersed in seawater leaving behind a dominantly yellow ore (YO). At convergent plate margins, on the other hand, zinc sulfides and associated chalcophilic elements start depositing within the hydothermal mound at mesothermal temperatures, and are largely trapped there to form a mixed yellow, black and barite ore (YO-BO-BaO). The abundance of individual chalcophilic elements within the mixed ore varies by more than four orders of magnitude, with Zn-Pb-Ba-Cu-As-Sb-Cd being the elements most enriched in these deposits. The differing patterns of element deposition in these two tectonic settings is related to the temperature of the hydrothermal fluids, which is a function of water depth and therefore of tectonic setting (mid-ocean ridge vs volcanic arc). In highly sedimented basins, such as the JADE hydrothermal field in the Okinawa Trough, Pb and other chalcophilic elements are leached from the sediment by slowly migrating hydrothermal fluids to form a mixed black-yellow-barite ore (BO-YO-BaO). This type of deposit is the most enriched in Zn-Pb-Ba-As-Sb-Ag in decreasing order of element abundance. These results indicate that black ore (sphalerite plus galena) is most enriched in sedimented-hosted deposits such as the JADE deposit, is moderately enriched in submarine hydrothermal mineral deposits from convergent plate margins and is poorly enriched in submarine hydrothermal mineral deposits from divergent plate margins. 相似文献
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James R. Hein Ann E. Gibbs David A. Clague Michael Torresan 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(2):177-203
This is the first article to describe mineralization of midplate submarine rift zones and hydrothermal manganese oxide mineralization of midplate volcanic edifices. Hydrothermal Mn oxides were recovered from submarine extensions of two Hawaiian rift zones, along Haleakala and Puna Ridges. These Mn oxides form two types of deposits, metallic stratiform layers in volcaniclastic rocks and cement for clastic rocks; both deposit types are composed of todorokite and bimessite. Thin Fe‐Mn crusts that coat some rocks formed by a combination of hydrogenetic and hydrothermal processes and are composed of δ‐MnO2. The stratiform layers have high Mn contents (mean 40%) and a large fractionation between Mn and Fe (Fe/Mn = 0.04). Unlike most other hydrothermal Mn oxide deposits, those from Hawaiian rift zones are enriched in the trace metals Zn, Co, Ba, Mo, Sr, V, and especially Ni (mean 0.16%). Metals are derived from three sources: mafic and ultramafic rocks leached by circulating hydrothermal fluids, clastic material (in Mn‐cemented sandstone), and seawater that mixed with the hydrothermal fluids. Mineralization on Haleakala Ridge occurred sometime during the past 200 to 400 ka, when the summit was at a water depth of more than 1,000 m. Hydrothermal circulation was probably driven by heat produced by intrusion of dikces, magma reservoirs, and flow of magma through axial and lateral conduits. The supply of seawater to ridge interiors must be extensive because of their high porosity and permeability. Precipitation of Mn oxide below the seafloor is indicated by its occurrence as cement, growth textures that show mineralizing fluids were introduced from below, and pervasive replacement of original matrix of clastic rocks. 相似文献
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According to the exploration contract about polymetallic sulfides in the SWIR （Southwest Indian Ridge） signed by China with the International Seabed Authority, to delineate sulfide minerals and estimate resource quantity are urgent tasks. We independently developed our first coincident loop Transient Electromagnetic Method （TEM） device in 2010, and gained the TEM data for seafloor sulfide at South Atlantic Ridge 13.2°S in June 2011. In contrast with the widely applied CSEM （Marine controlled-source electromagnetic） method, whose goal is to explore hydrocarbons （oil/gas） of higher resistivity than seawater from 102 to 103 m below the sea floor, the TEM is for low resistivity minerals, and the target depth is from 0 to 100 m below the sea floor. Based on the development of complex sulfide geoelectrial models, this paper analyzed the TEM data obtained, proposing a new method for seafloor sulfide detection. We present the preliminary trial results, in the form of apparent resistivity sections for both half-space and full-space conditions. The results cor- respond well with the observations of the actual hydrothermal vent area, and the detection depth reached 50-100m below the bed, which verified the capability of the equipment. 相似文献
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“潜龙二号”水下自主航行器（QianlongⅡ AUV）为深海资源尤其是海底多金属硫化物调查而设计,其已在西南印度洋脊热液区进行成功的调查运用。本文系统地概述了“潜龙二号”的热液系统探测功能实现、数据管理、快速成图等工作;阐述了如何利用AUV转圈数据有效的校正载体对磁测干扰的。基于“潜龙二号”获取的热液异常,发展了热液喷口快速定位方法。以具体一潜次为例,系统地展示了热液探测数据的处理分析与热液异常定位工作,证实了该方法的有效性。 相似文献
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北冰洋中脊海底热水活动研究及展望 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
海底热水活动是当前海洋地质研究的热点,北极是全球变化研究的理想地区,发生在北极地区的海底热水活动不仅对大洋矿产资源研究有着现实意义,而且对全球变化研究也有重要意义。在介绍北冰洋中脊的地质背景和北冰洋Gakkel海岭的海底热水活动特征的基础上,从地球物理、海洋矿产、海洋化学、海洋热结构、海洋生物研究等角度提出了一些研究展望,认为北极地区热水活动的发现和研究必将提升对海底热水活动研究的认识,而且对北冰洋乃至全球的热结构、气候变化以及极端环境下的生命活动的研究起到重要作用。 相似文献