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1.
1998年夏第二阶段梅雨期乌拉尔山阻塞形势的维持 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
１９９８年夏季长江流域发生了近５０年来最严重的洪水。洪水形成最直接、最主要的原因是梅雨异常。异常梅雨的形成与东亚夏季风偏弱及热带外环流持续异常有关，其中一个明显特征是乌拉尔山地区长时间维持阻塞形势。本文结合诊断分析和数值试验，从瞬变对基本流的强迫（大气内部强迫）及热带热源强迫（外源强迫）两方面，分析了与第二段梅雨相对应的乌拉尔长时间阻塞的维持机制。利用共轭敏感性分析方法，计算了最有利于乌拉尔阻塞发展和维持的敏感扰动，发现扰动的分布位置，刚好与观测到的，从东大西洋到欧洲区域的异常增强的瞬变活动区相重叠。Ｅ矢量及斜压线性静止波模式的诊断进一步表明，异常期间的增强瞬变活动有利于乌拉尔出现正高度异常。计算了持续异常期间的高空急流及大气加热场，发现北美到大西洋的高空急流及热带加热都出现明显异常。中期天气预报模式 ＩＡＰ Ｔ４２Ｌ９的集合预报试验表明，热带地区的加热异常，尤其是热带中西太平洋和大西洋的加热异常，有利于乌拉尔正高度异常的形成。最后，提出了一种热带异常热源驱动下，瞬变波与定常波双向相互作用的阻塞形成与自维持的可能机制。 相似文献
2.
2000/2001年冬季北欧异常流型形成机理及其对我国北方天气的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
从Rossby波能量的频散和瞬变斜压扰动的正压反馈角度,探讨了2000/2001年冬季盛行的斯堪的纳维亚环流型(正位相)的维持机理,并讨论了其对我国北方地区天气气候的影响。该环流型上游部分,即北大西洋和斯堪的纳维亚半岛的两个活动中心主要由瞬变斜压扰动的正压反馈所形成,部分由Rossby波能量频散所维持。而下游部分,即贝加尔湖附近的气旋式环流异常主要由Rossby波能量从上游频散所形成和维持。与该环流型对应,冷空气在西、中西伯利亚堆积,并在其南侧的西风气流区中平流,使得我国华北部分地区和东北地区比常年冷。该环流型导致新疆北部地区、内蒙古东部及东北地区降雪量显著增强。大西洋急流的东伸及对应斜压扰动的显著加强是预报北疆和内蒙古东部及东北地区多雪的一个重要前兆因子。 相似文献
3.
本文采用Plumb三维波活动通量和局地Eliassen-Palm通量诊断方法,利用欧洲中期天气预报中心的逐日再分析资料ERA-Interim,分析了超强厄尔尼诺背景下2016年1月下旬中国南方超级寒潮的动力学机制：瞬变波对大气长波异常的调制。前期2015年12月的北大西洋海表热通量正异常,有助于后期大西洋阻塞形势的维持。大气长波能量沿大圆路径从大西洋阻高经乌拉尔地区向东亚中低纬度传播并在此辐合,导致了乌拉尔阻高和华北横槽的经向结构,更多强冷空气聚集在异常偏南的纬向槽线附近。寒潮爆发前夕,2支瞬变波列活跃在亚欧大陆。北支瞬变波列调制了北方的大气长波,使横槽转竖;南支瞬变波列协同调控了南方的大气长波,使南支印缅槽减弱;两者共同作用,促使冷平流大举南下,直达华南沿海,南方寒潮发生。 相似文献
4.
北极海冰对2008年1月乌拉尔高压异常的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
2008年1月我国南方发生了大范围的雨雪冰冻灾害天气,造成此次灾害的一个重要原因是乌拉尔高压异常的长期维持,而作为下垫面的海洋,2007/2008冬季环北欧海海冰异常偏少。观测资料合成分析表明,乌拉尔山地区出现高压异常与巴伦支海和喀拉海的海冰偏少存在密切对应关系。利用大气环流模式试验研究了(90°W~60°E)区域海冰异常对大气的影响,模拟结果显示海冰对乌拉尔高压异常有正的贡献,线性模式诊断表明天气尺度瞬变波是海冰影响乌拉尔高压异常的一种重要机制。 相似文献
5.
北半球环状模波流相互作用动力学研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
总结了国内外学者对于北半球环状模（NAM：Northern Hemisphere Annular Mode）及其活动中心形成原因的研究成果。主要从NAM的天气、气候影响,波流相互作用原理对NAM形成的解释,NAM在北太平洋、北大西洋和北极3个区域活动中心的天气尺度波和行星尺度波活动等方面论述。NAM在对流层的变化与天气尺度波有关,北太平洋和北大西洋两个活动中心是天气尺度波活跃的区域,其峰值区表现为风暴轴,其中北大西洋天气尺度波破碎过程会使得NAM指数急剧变化。NAM在平流层的变化和准定常行星波关系密切,冬季准定常行星波会上传并与高纬平流层纬向流发生相互作用,从而引起北极极涡发生改变。准定常行星波将NAM 3个活动中心有机联系起来：对流层准定常行星波的纬向传播会影响北太平洋风暴轴的位置,而风暴轴的变化会影响下游北大西洋波破碎过程,同时准定常行星波的上传可以影响极涡活动。 相似文献
6.
选用1961~2011年中国南方地区降水、气温和ERA-Interim再分析资料,采用旋转EOF方法,对发生低温雨雪的台站进行分析,发现南方地区的低温雨雪天气可大致划分为4个区域。筛选出1月4个典型低温多雨雪年和高温少雨雪年,将高度场进行滤波,滤出2.5~6天的天气尺度瞬变波动部分来研究我国南方地区持续性低温雨雪天气与天气尺度瞬变扰动的关系。发现大西洋上空强天气尺度瞬变扰动在欧亚大陆以波列的形势向下游传播,在频发年,瞬变扰动的强度较少发年强,且较少发年有更多的扰动波列东传;波动能量的向东频散为下游的槽脊活动提供了源源不断的能量,有利南方地区大气斜压不稳定维持和持续低温雨雪天气的维持。 相似文献
7.
夏季乌拉尔地区环流持续异常及其背景流特征 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
在 Dole持续异常界定方法的基础上提出了一种适用于全球分析的界定方法 ,并利用NCEP/NCAR 1 980～ 1 998年 6月 1日～ 8月 31日逐日再分析资料 ,分析了全球大气环流持续异常的分布 ,重点研究了乌拉尔地区反复出现的、维持较长时间的强环流异常的背景流及其演变特征 ,得到以下结论 :1 )文中提出的界定方法能较好地识别全球地区持续异常分布 ;2 )乌拉尔地区环流正、负持续异常形成时 ,背景环流的发展不具有对称性 ,负异常并不是正异常的简单相反过程。正异常的发展与位于西南方的正距平扰动向东北移动、及与位于中西伯里亚的正距平扰动西移有关 ,这些扰动具有相当正压结构的 ,而负异常则主要是局地发展而形成的 ;3)正压过程对乌拉尔持续异常的形成起着主要作用 ,明显不同于北太平洋环流持续异常的发展 ;4)乌拉尔正、负持续异常期间的背景流不仅在北半球中高纬有明显差异 ,而且在南、北半球其它地区也有明显差异 ,热带的差异在低频环流上表现得更为清楚 ;5)在异常发生前 ,中纬度急流已发生了有利于异常建立的改变。 相似文献
8.
2003年淮河大水期间亚洲北部阻塞高压的形成特征 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
利用观测资料和NCEP再分析资料分析2003年淮河大水期间亚洲北部阻塞高压的形成维持机制, 结果表明, 2003年淮河梅汛期亚洲中高纬地区阻塞高压的异常活动中, 波流作用十分显著。6月上旬, 阻高建立前期和维持过程中, 上游地区天气尺度波动活跃, 欧洲斜压区不断有瞬变动能生成, 并在阻塞区向阻高平均流转化。从瞬变涡动的作用来看, 上游传播而来的瞬变波不断将较低纬度的低位涡空气向阻塞区输送, 有利于阻塞高压的建立维持; 平均流则使位涡呈相反形势发展, 引导阻塞高压向东频散, 削弱了扰动位涡输送的作用, 对阻高的维持起到耗散作用。阻高建立前, 瞬变涡位涡输送作用强于平均流位涡平流, 造成阻塞区位涡降低, 有利于阻高生成; 阻高维持期间, 瞬变涡位涡输送与平均流位涡平流输送量相当; 6月25～30日, 阻塞高压明显西退, 该阶段瞬变涡动明显强于平均耗散作用, 引导低位涡场向西移动。研究表明, 大气内部的波波作用对阻高的建立维持也十分重要。1波与5波在一定范围内的共同作用可能是阻高建立维持的决定因素, 而天气尺度波动扰动则对阻塞高压的建立、 维持和崩溃起到重要的作用。波波作用表明, 2003年6月份阻塞高压建立、 维持时, 尺度较长的波一般从平均动能得到扰动动能的转化, 尤其5波, 斜压能的转换不但是其能量的来源, 同时非线性作用也使得尺度更小或更长的波向其提供能量; 阻高衰退时, 5波则通过非线性作用向其他波动输送能量, 同时也存在斜压耗散, 能量逐渐失去。 相似文献
9.
阿留申低压低频变化及其相关的瞬变动力学过程分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用NCEP/NCAR 1979—2013年的再分析资料,研究了冬季阿留申低压低频变化的环流特征,探讨了阿留申低压低频变化形成和维持的相关天气尺度瞬变强迫机制。冬季阿留申低压的低频变化在850 h Pa环流场上表现为北太平洋海盆区一个异常气旋/异常反气旋在局地强弱变化的过程,即阿留申低压在低频尺度上先异常增强/减弱随后逐渐恢复正常态的演变过程;850 h Pa上大气温度低频变化表现为低频冷中心在西北太平洋建立并逐渐东移的过程。对天气尺度瞬变扰动活动及其强迫的异常进行分析表明,北太平洋海盆区上空的瞬变动力强迫在阿留申低压异常增强的时期为负异常,有利于阿留申低压低频变化异常空间型的形成和维持。由瞬变热力强迫异常引起的温度倾向异常场表现为北太平洋中部以40°N为界南正—北负的空间分布,其南部正异常在一定程度上抑制和削弱了低频冷中心向南的扩张。 相似文献
10.
利用NCAR大气模式CAM3.0探讨了包括山脉和海陆分布等下边界条件对北极涛动(AO)或北半球环状模(NAM)形成的影响.主要进行了控制试验和两个地形敏感性数值试验,对比了控制试验结果与资料分析结果.控制试验和NCEP/NCAR资料分析结果对比指出,CAM3.0模式能够较好地模拟出AO的水平环状结构和垂直相当正压结构.在去除山脉的敏感性试验中发现,AO中纬度北太平洋和北大西洋两个活动中心的强度、范围和位置发生变化.在水球敏感性试验中发现,AO两个大洋上的活动中心被环绕极地主活动中心的环状结构代替.两个敏感性试验共同表明,AO是大气内部某种过程作用的结果,它的存在本身不取决于下边界条件的改变.山脉和海陆分布主要影响的是AO的具体形态.通过控制试验和两个敏感性试验对比,又分析了准定常波和瞬变波对AO的影响.去除山脉和海陆分布热力差异共同强迫的准定常波,AO纬向平均纬向风高纬地区平流层异常最大值活动中心消失,这表明在平流层准定常波和纬向平均流的相互作用与AO活动关系密切.在只有对流层瞬变波作用时,AO仍然存在,表明准定常波不是AO存在的必要条件.平流层准定常波与平均流的相互作用和对流层瞬变波与平均流的相互作用与AO形成之间的具体关系有待通过E-P通量诊断进一步确定. 相似文献
11.
Four observed blocking anticyclones in different regions of the Northern Hemisphere are investigated.Analyses show that there exist distinct differences in the maintenance of the time-mean quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity(PV) low in 300 hPa within blocking areas.In two Pacific blocking cases,the PV advection by time-mean flow tends to flow the PV low to northwestern part of the blocking highs,and thus is beneficial to the maintenance of the blockings'strength.The transfer by transient eddies acts to balance the effect of the time-mean flow.In the Atlantic and Alaska blocking cases,however,the advection of mean flow tends to flow the PV low eastward.The PV transfer by transient eddies acts to flow potential vorticity low to the western part of the blocking ridges and also to balance the time-mean flow's effect.Thus,in the latter two cases,it is the transfer by the transient eddies that acts to maintain the blockings. 相似文献
12.
Four observed blocking anticyclones in different regions of the Northern Hemisphere are in-vestigated.Analyses show that there exist distinct differences in the maintenance of the time-meanquasi-geostrophic potential vorticity(PV)low in 300 hPa within blocking areas.In two Pacificblocking cases,the PV advection by time-mean flow tends to flow the PV low to northwestern partof the blocking highs,and thus is beneficial to the maintenance of the blockings'strength.Thetransfer by transient eddies acts to balance the effect of the time-mean flow.In the Atlantic andAlaska blocking cases,however,the advection of mean flow tends to flow the PV low eastward.The PV transfer by transient eddies acts to flow potential vorticity low to the western part of theblocking ridges and also to balance the time-mean flow's effect.Thus,in the latter two cases,it isthe transfer by the transient eddies that acts to maintain the blockings. 相似文献
13.
Regional anomalies of the surface climate over Europe are defined by a simultanous EOF-analysis of the normalized monthly mean sea level pressure, temperature and precipitation fields of 100 winters (December–February, 1887–1986) at 40 stations. The monthly amplitudes of the first EOF (about 25% of the total variance) are used as an index for the monthly winter climate anomaly. They characterize a high (low) pressure cell over central Europe associated with a positive (negative) temperature and precipitation anomaly over northern (central-southern) Europe as indicated by a northward (southward) shift of the tail end of the cross-Atlantic cyclone track. These patterns resemble the phenomenological anticyclonic (cyclonic) Grosswetter classification and the European blocking (enhanced zonal flow) regime. The second EOF is of similar magnitude and gives latitudinal corrections to these two basic flow regimes. The joint probability distribution of both amplitudes shows a weak bimodality mainly associated with the first EOF. Further insight into the underlying physical processes of the climate anomaly patterns in Europe is obtained from the extended Eliassen-Palm flux diagnostics of the barotropic transient eddy-mean flow interaction (Hoskins et al. 1983) and the stationary wave propagation (Plumb 1985). The diagnostics confined to the barotropic components and applied to the regression and the composite anomaly fields of the transient and stationary eddy flows of the 500 hPa geopotential (1946–87, north of 20°N) leads to the following results: (1) The bandpass filtered transient eddy variances of the 500 hPa geopotential show a shift of the cross-Atlantic storm track: In high (low) pressure situations over Europe the cross-Atlantic storm track intensity is enhanced (reduced) and its tail end is shifted northward (remains zonal); the North Pacific storm track extends further (less) eastward and thus closer to the west coast of North America. (2) The extreme high pressure system over Europe tends to be supported by an anomalous transient eddy forcing of the mean flow stream-function: it enhances the zonal wind to its north and generates anticyclonic vorticity about 10° upstream from its center. In the low pressure composite the anomalous cyclonic vorticity is generated reducing the zonal flow to its north. (3) The occurrence (lack) of a strong eastward stationary wave activity flux over the Atlantic is associated with the high (low) pressure situations over Europe. Finally, a positive feedback is conjectured between the stationary wavetrain modifying the tail end of the cross-Atlantic storm track and the transient eddies intensifying this anomaly. 相似文献
14.
The Role of Warm North Atlantic SST in the Formation of Positive Height Anomalies over the Ural Mountains during January 2008 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
The most severe snowstorm and freezing-rain event in the past 50 years hit central and southern China in January 2008. One of the main reasons for the anomalous climate event was the occurrence of atmospheric circulation anomalies over middle and high latitudes, particularly the persistent blocking that occurred over the Ural Mountains. Along with atmospheric anomalies, a strong La Nia event in the Pacific and warm sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) in the North Atlantic were the most significant in the lower boundary. Since a brief analysis suggests that La Nia exerts no significant impact on the Urals, the key point of focus in this study is on the role of the warmer SSTAs in the North Atlantic. Based on an observational composite, North Atlantic SSTAs pattern when the height anomaly over the Urals is strongly positive is found similar to that in January 2008, but no significant SSTAs occurred elsewhere, such as the Pacific. Using an atmospheric general circulation model, ECHAM5, the impact of North Atlantic SSTAs on the extratropical atmosphere circulation in the event was investigated. The results show that the warm SSTAs strengthened the blocking high over the Urals, through anomalous transient eddies. The consistency between the study model and the observational composite indicates that the warm SSTAs in the North Atlantic were indeed an important factor in the formation of the snowstorm disaster of January 2008. 相似文献
15.
An Observed Connection Between Wintertime Temperature Anomalies over Northwest China and Weather Regime Transitions in North Atlantic 
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下载免费PDF全文 In this study, the association between wintertime temperature anomalies over Northwest China and the weather regime transitions in North Atlantic on synoptic scale is analyzed by using observational surface air temperature(SAT) data and atmospheric reanalysis data. Daily SAT anomaly and duration time are used in order to define SAT anomaly cases. Differences with regard to the circulation anomalies over the Ural Mountains and the upstream North Atlantic area are evident. It is found that the colder than normal SAT is caused by the enhanced Ural high and associated southward flow over Northwest China. Time-lagged composites reveal possible connections between the SAT anomalies and the different development phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO). The Ural highs tend to be strengthened during the negative phase of NAO(NAO–) to Atlantic ridge transition, which are closely related to the downstream-propagating Rossby wave activity. The opposite circulation patterns are observed in the warm SAT cases. A cyclonic circulation anomaly is distinctly enhanced over the Urals during the positive phase of NAO(NAO+) to Scandinavian blocking transition, which would cause warmer SAT over Northwest China. Further analyses suggest that the intensified zonal wind over North Atlantic would favor the NAO– to Atlantic ridge transition, while the weakened zonal wind may be responsible for the transition between NAO+ and Scandinavian blocking. 相似文献
16.
Impact of the North Atlantic sea surface temperature tripole on the East Asian summer monsoon 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
A strong (weak) East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) is usually concurrent with the tripole pattern of North Atlantic SST anomalies on the interannual timescale during summer, which has positive (negative) SST anomalies in the northwestern North Atlantic and negative (positive) SST anomalies in the subpolar and tropical ocean. The mechanisms responsible for this linkage are diagnosed in the present study. It is shown that a barotropic wave-train pattern occurring over the Atlantic-Eurasia region likely acts as a link between the EASM and the SST tripole during summer. This wave-train pattern is concurrent with geopotential height anomalies over the Ural Mountains, which has a substantial effect on the EASM. Diagnosis based on observations and linear dynamical model results reveals that the mechanism for maintaining the wave-train pattern involves both the anomalous diabatic heating and synoptic eddy-vorticity forcing. Since the North Atlantic SST tripole is closely coupled with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the relationships between these two factors and the EASM are also examined. It is found that the connection of the EASM with the summer SST tripole is sensitive to the meridional location of the tripole, which is characterized by large seasonal variations due to the north-south movement of the activity centers of the NAO. The SST tripole that has a strong relationship with the EASM appears to be closely coupled with the NAO in the previous spring rather than in the simultaneous summer. 相似文献
17.
On the relationship between the winter Eurasian teleconnection pattern and the following summer precipitation over China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Eurasian teleconnection pattern(EU) is an important low-frequency pattern with well-known impacts on climate anomalies in Eurasia. The difference of low-level v-winds in several regions in the Eurasian mid–high latitudes is defined as the EU index(EUIV). In this study, the relationship between the winter EUIVand precipitation in the following summer over China is investigated. Results show that there is a significant positive(negative) correlation between the winter EUIVand the following summer precipitation over North China(the Yangtze River–Huaihe River basins). Meanwhile, an interdecadal variability exists in the interannual relationship, and the correlation has become significantly enhanced since the early 1980 s.Thus, the proposed EUIVmay have implications for the prediction of summer precipitation anomalies over China. In positive winter EUIVyears, three cyclonic circulation anomalies are observed—over the Ural Mountains, the Okhotsk Sea, and the subtropical western North Pacific. That is, the Ural blocking and Okhotsk blocking are inactive, zonal circulation prevails in the mid–high latitudes, and the western Pacific subtropical high tends to be weaker and locates to the north of its normal position in the following summer. This leads to above-normal moisture penetrating into the northern part of East China, and significant positive(negative) precipitation anomalies over North China(the Yangtze River–Huaihe River basins), and vice versa. Further examination shows that the SST anomalies over the Northwest Pacific and subtropical central North Pacific may both contribute to the formation of EUIV-related circulation anomalies over the western North Pacific. 相似文献