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1.
Groundwater quality is often evaluated using microbial indicators. This study examines data from 12 international groundwater studies (conducted 1992–2013) of 718 public drinking-water systems located in a range of hydrogeological settings. Focus was on testing the value of indicator organisms for identifying virus-contaminated wells. One or more indicators and viruses were present in 37 and 15% of 2,273 samples and 44 and 27% of 746 wells, respectively. Escherichia coli (E. coli) and somatic coliphage are 7–9 times more likely to be associated with culturable virus-positive samples when the indicator is present versus when it is absent, while F-specific and somatic coliphages are 8–9 times more likely to be associated with culturable virus-positive wells. However, single indicators are only marginally associated with viruses detected by molecular methods, and all microbial indicators have low sensitivity and positive predictive values for virus occurrence, whether by culturable or molecular assays, i.e., indicators are often absent when viruses are present and the indicators have a high false-positive rate. Wells were divided into three susceptibility subsets based on presence of (1) total coliform bacteria or (2) multiple indicators, or (3) location of wells in karst, fractured bedrock, or gravel/cobble settings. Better associations of some indicators with viruses were observed for (1) and (3). Findings indicate the best indicators are E. coli or somatic coliphage, although both indicators may underestimate virus occurrence. Repeat sampling for indicators improves evaluation of the potential for viral contamination in a well. 相似文献
2.
Three wells in New Hampshire were sampled bimonthly over three years to evaluate the temporal variability of arsenic concentrations and groundwater age.All samples had measurable concentrations of arsenic throughout the entire sampling period and concentrations in individual wells had a mean variation of more than 7 μg/L.The time series data from this sampling effort showed that arsenic concentrations ranged from a median of 4 μg/L in a glacial aquifer well(SGW-65)to medians of 19μg/L and37 μg/L in wells(SGW-93 and KFW-87)screened in the bedrock aquifer,respectively.These high arsenic concentrations were associated with the consistently high pH(median≥8)and low dissolved oxygen(median0.1 mg/L)in the bedrock aquifer wells,which is typical of fractured crystalline bedrock aquifers in New Hampshire.Groundwater from the glacial aquifer often has high dissolved oxygen,but in this case was consistently low.The pH also is generally acidic in the glacial aquifer but in this case was slightly alkaline(median = 7.5).Also,sorption sites may be more abundant in glacial aquifer deposits than in fractured bedrock which may contribute to lower arsenic concentrations.Mean groundwater ages were less than 50 years old in all three wells and correlated with conservative tracer concentrations,such as chloride;however,mean age was not directly correlated with arsenic concentrations.Arsenic concentrations at KFW-87 did correlate with water levels,in addition,there was a seasonal pattern,which suggests that either the timing of or multiple sampling efforts may be important to define the full range of arsenic concentrations in domestic bedrock wells.Since geochemically reduced conditions and alkaline pHs are common to both bedrock and glacial aquifer wells in this study,groundwater age correlates less strongly with arsenic concentrations than geochemical conditions.There also is evidence of direct hydraulic connection between the glacial and bedrock aquifers,which can influence arsenic concentrations.Correlations between arsenic concentrations and the age of the old fraction of water in SGW-65 and the age of the young fraction of water in SGW-93 suggest that water in the two aquifers may be mixing or at least some of the deeper,older water captured by the glacial aquifer well may be from a similar source as the shallow young groundwater from the bedrock aquifer.The contrast in arsenic concentrations in the two aquifers may be because of increased adsorption capacity of glacio-fluvial sediments,which can limit contaminants more than fractured rock.In addition,this study illustrates that long residence times are not necessary to achieve more geochemically evolved conditions such as high pH and reduced conditions as is typically found with older water in other regions. 相似文献
3.
This study describes a low-cost method for sampling individual fractures in open wellbores in crystalline bedrock utilizing naturally occurring flow conditions in the well. The method entails using the dissolved oxygen alteration method (DOAM) to identify transmissive fractures and vertical flow direction. After obtaining information about relative hydraulic gradients, flow direction in the well is modified using a single control pump to isolate fractures of interest for sampling. Additional dissolved oxygen, injected during the DOAM procedure, serves as a tracer to ensure the water quality in the sampling zone is characteristic of the fracture of interest by requiring a tracer-free zone prior to sampling. Sampling procedures are described conceptually for nine bedrock wells with varying flow conditions containing one, two, or three transmissive inflowing fractures. The method was demonstrated in two crystalline bedrock wells containing one and two transmissive inflowing fractures. 相似文献
4.
通过对柴达木盆地昆北地区8口重点井共计55.89 m长基岩段岩心的观察,统计了岩心裂缝的产状、类型、频数及分布特征,并结合岩相学、物性以及钻井、录井、测井等资料,在岩心裂缝标定测井资料的基础上,拾取基岩裂缝发育处的测井响应特征,构建对裂缝响应更为灵敏精准的新参数曲线,识别出昆北16口井基岩段247个裂缝,最后在裂缝识别的基础上分析其分布规律。结果表明：昆北基岩具有垂向分带特征,顶部为原地堆积物理风化而成的残积段,厚度0~60 m,裂缝类型以差异风化缝为主;中部为部分风化基岩段,厚度40~180 m,该段厚度在区域上变化较大,主要发育节理缝和溶蚀孔缝,是基岩中孔缝发育物性最好的储层部位;底部为新鲜基岩段,仅存在极少数的构造缝。计算裂缝分布参数表明,裂缝密度和裂缝发育率随着井点与断裂距离的逐渐变远都呈减小趋势,但裂缝密度这种减小的反相关性明显低于裂缝发育率,分析认为这可能与裂缝密度受断裂以外其他因素的共同影响有关。 相似文献
5.
深部煤层渗透性普遍较差,直井压裂开发单井产量低效果不甚理想,而U型水平井分段压裂开发煤层气技术已取得很好的效果。该项技术试验前必须进行适合该井型的地质评价。以鄂尔多斯盆地东缘延川南区块为例,首先分析影响水平井压裂产能的地质因素,主要为单井控制资源量、储层渗透性和煤层气解吸难易程度,其中单井控制资源量受含气量和煤层厚度影响,渗透性与煤层埋深、构造及煤体结构等有关,碎裂煤发育区渗透性相对好。而后假定吸附性能不变的前提下,利用数值模拟方法分别模拟了不同渗透率、含气量和煤层厚度条件下水平井压裂的产气情况,模拟结果表明水平井压裂后累计产气量与渗透率、含气量、煤层厚度正相关。最后在经济效益评价的基础上,查明适合水平井压裂的地质条件:渗透率>0.25×10–3μm2,含气量>12.3m3/t,煤层厚度>2.9m。该地质适用性评价标准在现场得到广泛应用,并收到了良好的开发效益。 相似文献
6.
Widespread agricultural activity may threaten water quality in fractured bedrock aquifers having little overburden protection. A study in Canada improves the understanding of the potential impact of agriculture on water quality in bedrock aquifers, focusing on spatial and temporal variability of nitrate and bacteria. A research site was developed in and adjacent to a hay field where a gneissic aquifer is overlain by a thin veneer of unconsolidated glacial material. Ten wells were installed, hydraulically tested and completed as multilevel piezometers. Results of monthly sampling for nitrate, dissolved organic carbon, and E. coli show significant temporal and spatial variation in concentrations. Intensive 5-day sampling rounds conducted during baseflow and recharge conditions indicate that bacterial concentrations vary daily, with higher concentrations during recharge periods. The location of the impacted monitoring wells is correlated to an upgradient cattle pasture that is used periodically each summer. It is evident that periodic upgradient sources, dilution from recharge, and heterogeneous flow systems lead to varied and unpredictable contaminant concentrations. The temporal and spatial variability of contaminants in bedrock aquifers with minimal overburden must be considered for the protection of human health, as annual or even monthly groundwater monitoring may not capture unsafe concentrations. 相似文献
7.
The use of resistivity sounding and two-dimensional (2-D) resistivity imaging was investigated with the aim of delineating and estimating the groundwater potential in Keffi area. Rock types identified are mainly gneisses and granites. Twenty-five resistivity soundings employing the Schlumberger electrode array were conducted across the area. Resistivity sounding data obtained were interpreted using partial curve matching approach and 1-D inversion algorithm, RESIST version 1.0. The 2-D resistivity imaging was also carried out along two traverses using dipole–dipole array, and the data obtained were subjected to finite element method modeling using DIPRO inversion algorithm to produce a two-dimensional subsurface geological model. Interpretation of results showed three to four geoelectrical layers. Layer thickness values were generally less than 2 m for collapsed zone, and ranged from 5 to 30 m for weathered bedrock (saprolite). Two major aquifer units, namely weathered bedrock (saprolite) aquifer and fractured bedrock (saprock) aquifer, have been delineated with the latter usually occurring beneath the former in most areas. Aquifer potentials in the area were estimated using simple schemes that involved the use of three geoelectrical parameters, namely: depth to fresh bedrock, weathered bedrock (saprolite) resistivity and fractured bedrock (saprock) resistivity. The assessment delineated the area into prospective high, medium and low groundwater potential zones. 相似文献
8.
在低渗透油藏开发中普遍采用菱形反九点井网,但采油井等缝长压裂将导致非均匀驱替,当油藏物性各向异性时,非均匀驱替现象更加明显。以往针对菱形反九点井网的研究主要基于等缝长压裂,未考虑利用不等缝长设计改善开发效果。根据某各向异性低渗透油藏基本参数建立数值模型,进行不等缝长设计,分析油藏渗透性各向异性及油水井压裂情况对菱形反九点井网水驱效果的影响。随着储层Kx∶Ky的增加,角井裂缝优化穿透比减小,而边井裂缝优化穿透比增大。在相等Kx∶Ky条件下,注水井是否压裂对角井裂缝优化穿透比影响较小,对边井裂缝优化穿透比影响较大。数值模拟结果表明,在各向异性低渗透油藏中进行不等缝长优化设计,能有效改善菱形反九点井网的开发效果,优化结果对于各向异性低渗透油藏的水力压裂设计以及井网布置具有一定的指导意义。 相似文献
9.
以淮南矿区远程卸压煤层气地面井抽采工程实践为依托,通过工程试验和系统分析,探讨了远程卸压煤层气地面井的产能特点及其影响因素。研究结果表明,远程卸压煤层气地面井的产能曲线可分为两个阶段,在较短时间内顺利完成第Ⅰ阶段的井才能有较高产能。研究还显示,煤层气地面井产能受地层结构和采动影响较大。在研究区,当地层结构为松散层厚度<406 m,基岩与松散层厚度比值>0.74,下保护层与被保护层间距为6670 m,且平均采高≤2.2 m,平均产煤低于3 898 t/d时,利于远程卸压煤层气地面井抽采;当松散层厚度>430 m,11-2煤和13-1煤层间距>74 m,基岩与松散层厚度比值<0.7时,卸压煤层气地面直井成功率较低,此时,可通过改变井位和优化井身结构来适应地层结构的变化,提高地面井抽采成功率。 相似文献
10.
Characterization of fracture connectivity in a siliciclastic bedrock aquifer near a public supply well (Wisconsin, USA) 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
Christopher A. Gellasch Kenneth R. Bradbury David J. Hart Jean M. Bahr 《Hydrogeology Journal》2013,21(2):383-399
In order to protect public supply wells from a wide range of contaminants, it is imperative to understand physical flow and transport mechanisms in the aquifer system. Although flow through fractures has typically been associated with either crystalline or carbonate rocks, there is growing evidence that it can be an important component of flow in relatively permeable sandstone formations. The objective of this work is to determine the role that fractures serve in the transport of near-surface contaminants such as wastewater from leaking sewers, to public supply wells in a deep bedrock aquifer. A part of the Cambrian aquifer system in Madison, Wisconsin (USA), was studied using a combination of geophysical, geochemical, and hydraulic testing in a borehole adjacent to a public supply well. Data suggest that bedrock fractures are important transport pathways from the surface to the deep aquifer. These fractured intervals have transmissivity values several orders of magnitude higher than non-fractured intervals. With respect to rapid transport of contaminants, high transmissivity values of individual fractures make them the most likely preferential flow pathways. Results suggest that in a siliciclastic aquifer near a public supply well, fractures may have an important role in the transport of sewer-derived wastewater contaminants. 相似文献
11.
12.
摘要：针对特低渗油藏中多段压裂水平井注水开发的可行性问题,论文采用流线模拟方法,研究了多段压裂水平井在一注一采下的生产动态特征,探讨了影响压裂水平井注水开发的主控因素。模拟结果表明：在不发生水窜的情况下,压裂水平井注水能增大单井注入量,提高采油速度和阶段采出程度。同时,交错部署裂缝,裂缝穿透比为02~04时利于注水开发。裂缝水窜增大压裂水平井注水风险,边部水窜、多条裂缝水窜,加速油井水淹,从而丧失压裂水平井注水的优势。在地质条件稳定,裂缝规模可控的条件下,可以尝试开展多段压裂水平井注水实验。研究结果可为特低渗油藏中多段压裂水平井注水提供理论支持。 相似文献
13.
Hydrogeoenvironmental studies were carried out at the sewage-disposal site of Obafemi Awolowo University campus, Ile-Ife,
Nigeria. The objective of the survey was to determine the reliability of the electrical-resistivity method in mapping pollution
plumes in a bedrock environment. Fifty stations were occupied with the ABEM SAS 300C Terrameter using the Wenner array. The
electrical-resistivity data were interpreted by a computer-iteration technique. Water samples were collected at a depth of
5.0 m in 20 test pits and analyzed for quality. The concentrations of Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu are moderately above the World
Health Organization recommended guidelines. Plumes of contaminated water issuing from the sewage ponds were delineated. The
geoelectric sections reveal four subsurface layers, with increasing depth, lateritic clay, clayey sand/sand, and weathered/fractured
bedrock, and fresh bedrock. The deepest layers, 3 and 4, constitute the main aquifer, which has a thickness of 3.1–67.1 m.
The distribution of the elements in the sewage effluent confirms a hydrological communication between the disposal ponds and
groundwater. The groundwater is contaminated, as shown by sampling and the geophysical results. Thus, the results demonstrate
the reliability of the direct-current electrical-resistivity geophysical method in sensing and mapping pollution plumes in
a crystalline bedrock environment.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
14.
裂缝发育程度及其平面展布是影响低孔特低渗储层有效、高效注水开发的关键。鄂尔多斯盆地樊学油区长8油藏及周边油藏投产油井存在砂岩裂缝发育区含水上升快、裂缝侧向油井水驱开发效率低等问题。本文基于岩心、声电成像测井资料标定常规测井资料,选取特征参数构建裂缝识别综合指数,实现樊学油区长8储层中砂岩裂缝的识别。依据识别结果绘制砂岩裂缝平面展布图,进而结合区域构造应力场及沉积特征分析裂缝发育的控制因素及其对生产开发的影响。研究表明,基底断裂中生代以来的重新活动控制了樊学油区裂缝的形成与展布,裂缝优势展布方位为北北西向和北东东向,砂岩裂缝的发育程度受区域构造应力场、砂体厚度以及岩层组合等因素影响。裂缝发育区油井具有初产高、产量递减快的特点,因此,在实际生产开发中,需要选择合适的注采井网,尽量采用大井距、小排距的方式提高驱油效率。上述认识为油藏开发部署提供一定的参考。 相似文献
15.
多段压裂水平井能有效地提高致密油藏单井产量,双水平井的使用则会增大增产效果,但其压后产量影响因素并不是很明确。基于渗流力学理论,分析压裂双水平井流体流动机理,建立了考虑启动压力影响的油藏—裂缝系统分段压裂双水平井数值模型,采用网格加密方法和控制变量法,计算分析了地质因素和工程因素对双水平井压后产量的影响,并使用正交试验方法把不同的裂缝参数和特征对水平井产量的影响进行了主次排序。结果表明:地质因素中的基质孔隙度和渗透率对压后单井产量影响最大;工程因素中的水平井筒长度和裂缝导流能力对水平井产量影响较大,并且相关因素的影响力排序为:水平井筒长度>裂缝导流能力>裂缝长度>水平井筒间距>裂缝条数。研究结果对致密油藏双水平井压裂理论及优化设计具有现实的实践指导意义。 相似文献
16.
Oderson Antônio de Souza Filho Adalene Moreira Silva Armando Zaupa Remacre Sérgio Sacani Sancevero Anne Elizabeth McCafferty Mônica Mazzini Perrotta 《Hydrogeology Journal》2010,18(4):905-916
Geostatistical modeling, using airborne and borehole electromagnetic data, was used to estimate electrical conductivity in groundwater within fractured paragneisses and migmatites in a semi-arid climate in northeastern Brazil. Despite the geologic heterogeneity of crystalline aquifers, the use of high resolution helicopter electromagnetic (HEM) data enabled the characterization of groundwater electrical conductivity where data from drilled wells were insufficient. The tacit assumption is that HEM measurements can be used to relate rock electrical conductivity to groundwater electrical conductivity. In this study, the HEM data were used as an external drift variable in non-stationary estimation and stochastic simulation to identify the variability of groundwater electrical conductivity. Validation tests, comparing predicted values for groundwater conductivity with measurements in new wells, confirmed the success of these models in locating fresh groundwater sources in crystalline bedrock. 相似文献
17.
近年来,浅层取样(心)钻探技术与地表基岩水平钻探技术作为新时期地质找矿工作手段,受到越来越多地勘单位的关注与试用。本文通过对浅层取样(心)钻探技术与地表基岩水平钻探技术在槽(井)探工程上的应用分析,从设备工艺、布孔要求、产状测量、样品规划及测试成效上探讨这两种技术替代槽(井)探工程的可行性和特点。笔者认为浅层取样(心)钻探技术通过合理布孔在一定范围内可以实现部分替代槽(井)探工程的功能,从而达到减少布设槽探工作量的目的;地表基岩水平钻探技术在异常查证及厘定标志层产状、矿(化)体深部延伸情况上成效显著,可较好替代槽(井)探工程。作为技术可行、经济可控、社会效益显著的新型矿产勘查方法,合理选用上述方法将势必成为新时期地质找矿工作行之有效的绿色山地工程手段。 相似文献
18.
Delineation of capture zones for municipal wells in fractured dolomite, Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin, USA 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
A wellhead protection study for the city of Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin, USA, demonstrates the necessity of combining detailed
hydrostratigraphic analysis with groundwater modeling to delineate zones of contribution for municipal wells in a fractured
dolomite aquifer. A numerical model (MODFLOW) was combined with a particle tracking code (MODPATH) to simulate the regional
groundwater system and to delineate capture zones for municipal wells. The hydrostratigraphic model included vertical and
horizontal fractures and high-permeability zones. Correlating stratigraphic interpretations with field data such as geophysical
logs, packer tests, and fracture mapping resulted in the construction of a numerical model with five high-permeability zones
related to bedding planes or facies changes. These zones serve as major conduits for horizontal groundwater flow. Dipping
fracture zones were simulated as thin high-permeability layers. The locations of exposed bedrock and surficial karst features
were used to identify areas of enhanced recharge. Model results show the vulnerability of the municipal wells to pollution.
Capture zones for the wells extend several kilometers north and south from the city. Travel times from recharge areas to all
wells were generally less than one year. The high seasonal variability of recharge in the study area made the use of a transient
model necessary.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
19.
物质平衡法在煤层气藏生产动态预测中的应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
针对煤层气井的生产特点,综合考虑煤层甲烷吸附/解吸特性、煤岩基质膨胀/收缩特性和储层有效应力的影响,通过引入等效半径模型,结合真实气体拟压力函数,建立了基于物质平衡法的压裂直井与水平井生产动态预测数学模型。实例计算结果表明:基于物质平衡法的压裂直井与水平井生产动态预测方法,能够利用少量现有数据完成生产动态预测,并对相对渗透率的变化趋势进行分析,可减少计算所需参数,降低计算量。通过对比煤层气压裂直井和水平井生产动态预测结果发现,在相同地质条件下,水平井的单井产能高于压裂直井(前者约为后者的2.3倍),且水平井的开采周期比压裂直井短。因此,在针对具体储层条件选择井型时,应在经济评价的基础上,综合分析两种井型的适用性,优选完井参数。 相似文献
