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1.
Patrick D. Nunn 《The Australian geographer》2000,31(1):21-39
The islands Ovalau and Moturiki in central Fiji are selected for the investigation of coastal change over the past c. 200 years. Although having coastal environments typical of many tropical Pacific Islands, Ovalau and Moturiki are also atypical because they experienced urban and infrastructural developments before most other parts. The associated records enable recent coastal changes to be discerned more clearly here than has been possible elsewhere. The islands are surrounded by coral reef, the configuration of which accounts for variations in vulnerability of their coasts to erosion. Interviews were conducted in each of 22 settlements along the islands' coasts and information obtained about recent coastal change. Mangroves are concentrated along leeward coasts, although they have been cleared from many windward coasts in the last 40 + years, causing shoreline erosion to be initiated/accelerated. Most shoreline-protection initiatives (vegetation planting and seawall construction) have failed. Three major management implications of the study are discussed. Firstly, there is a need to redefine the nature of the interactions between coastal inhabitants and coastal ecosystems, so that environments are sustainably developed; and specifically that reefs are conserved and shoreline vegetation (especially mangroves) is effectively replanted. Secondly, information about appropriate design and composition of artificial structures for shoreline protection needs to be made available to the local communities who construct most of them. Thirdly, alternative sources of sand and rock aggregate to those whose extraction aggravates shoreline erosion should be sought. 相似文献
2.
城市山洪灾害风险评价——以云南省文山县城为例 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
山洪灾害风险评价对于减灾防灾决策和管理非常重要。本文介绍基于遥感和GIS方法的应用,探讨一种快速、简便而且较为准确的城市山洪灾害风险评价方法。以发生于1998年7月26日文山城20年一遇山洪灾害为实例,将GIS的数字高程模型与实测的山洪水位和洪峰流量结合进行淹没分析,研究表明采用该方法可以模拟准确山洪泛滥范围,并计算淹没水深分布。根据不同水深指标,应用GIS工具完成了山洪灾害危险分区。本研究利用高分辨率遥感影像提供承灾体类型的可靠和准确数据用于易损性分析和期望损失评估的价值计算。根据典型区财产损失的抽样调查,建立了不同承灾体类型与水深的关系,并确定其损失率;应用GIS空间数据处理和分析的集成方法完成了复杂的损失评估。在此基础上,按期望损失程度进行分区划分而完成山洪风险评价。研究结果表明基于GIS和RS方法进行山洪风险评价效果良好,值得推广应用于其他洪水泛滥区。 相似文献
3.
杭州湾位于长三角平原,该区域分布着大量的潮滩与湿地。未来随着海平面不断上升,更易引发自然灾害,尤其是风暴潮灾害,将使该地区社会经济发展面临巨大冲击。论文以多年土地利用与资产数据为基础,基于土地利用和资产的未来变化预测,结合多种未来极端洪灾情景,开展杭州湾北岸承灾体与暴露时空演化模拟,评估了上海市杭州湾北岸洪涝灾害风险。研究结果表明：从空间分布格局上看,现状情景下单位面积损失资产值的高值出现在浦东新区南部,而未来情景下单位面积损失值的高值覆盖整个杭州湾北岸南部沿海区域和金山区北部区域。就整个研究区而言,随着GDP的增长及极端洪灾情景下的暴露和淹没范围的增大,暴露资产和损失资产都在增长,年期望损失从现状情景的0.65亿元增长到未来典型浓度路径(RCP8.5H)情景下的3.04亿元。从风险评估结果来看,杭州湾北岸易遭受特大洪灾,必须实施洪灾风险敏感的城市规划,更新该地区的居民点和基础设施规划标准和规范。同时,应采取综合防范措施,加强杭州湾沿岸防洪能力。论文可为该区域未来城市规划、洪水风险应对措施和城市的韧性建设提供有效参考。研究方法相比传统的仅以当前土地利用及资产价值情景评估未来经济损失的方法更为合理有效,可为其他沿海地区的风险评估提供方法借鉴。 相似文献
4.
Dhia Al Bakri 《Geomorphology》1996,17(4):323-337
The coastal zone in Kuwait has been under a considerable pressure from conflicting land uses since the early 1960s, as well as from the destruction and oil pollution caused by the Gulf War. To avoid further damage and to protect the coastal heritage it is essential to adopt an environmentally sustainable management process. This paper shows how the study of coastal geomorphology can provide a sound basis for sustainable planning and management. Based on coastal landforms, sediments and processes, the coastline of Kuwait was divided into nine geomorphic zones. These zones were grouped into two main geomorphic provinces. The northern province is marked by extensive muddy intertidal flats and dominated by a depositional and low-energy environment. The southern geomorphic province is characterised by relatively steep beach profiles, rocky/sandy tidal flats and a moderate to high-energy environment. The study has demonstrated that pollution, benthic ecology and other environmental conditions of the coast are a function of coastline geomorphology, sedimentology and related processes. The geomorphological information was used to determine the coastal vulnerability and to assess the environmental impacts of development projects and other human activities. Several strategies were outlined to integrate the geomorphic approach into the management of the coastal resources. 相似文献
5.
海岸是陆、海、气相互作用的地带。海岸风沙沉积是这一特殊动力环境的产物,是研究海岸环境演变及海平面变化的良好信息载体。中国海岸主要存在3种风沙沉积,分别为“老红砂”、沙丘岩及海岸沙丘。本文通过比较已报道的风沙堆积的物质组成、地层变化等,进一步总结了海岸风沙沉积的特征;选择已开展绝对测年的沉积剖面,利用概率密度函数分析了风沙沉积年代的分布特征,考察了中国海岸风沙活动历史,结合其他气候记录,探讨了不同地质历史时期海岸风沙堆积的关键影响因素。结果表明：“老红砂”沉积主要记录了冰期-间冰期尺度的风沙活动,在120 ka BP前后、73—55 ka BP等时期,风沙活动主要与海平面下降时陆架提供的丰富沙源和强盛的冬季风有关;而在105 ka BP、80 ka BP前后,风沙活动与高海平面时期丰富的沙源或季风气候的季节性增强有关;55 ka BP以来风沙活动强度降低更多地反映了沉积记录保存环境的变化,末次冰期海岸风沙沉积大多分布在现代海面之下,并不代表实际的海岸风沙活动减弱。相比之下,海岸沙丘沉积所记录的风沙活动主要发生在近3 000 a,可能与中国海岸冬季风的增强有关。 相似文献
6.
海平面上升对长江三角洲和苏北滨海平原海岸侵蚀的可能影响 总被引：33，自引：5，他引：33
本区海岸现有30％的岸段为侵蚀海岸,海平面上升将使海岸侵蚀加剧。海平面上升因素在海岸侵蚀诸因素中的比重较国外同类研究结论偏小,这与本区海岸的特殊演变原因有关。海平面上升通过潮流、波浪和风暴潮作用增强,海岸潮滩和湿地损失,岸滩消浪和抗冲能力减小等途径引起海岸侵蚀加剧。其结果是,侵蚀岸段扩大,淤涨岸段减少甚至转为侵蚀,潮间带宽度变窄,坡度加大,从而使沿岸海堤等挡潮工程的标准要相应提高。 相似文献
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8.
COASTAL PHENOMENA AND ISOSTATIC UPLIFT AROUND FILDES PENINSULA OF KING GEORGE ISLAND, SOUTH SHETLAND ISLANDS, ANTARCTICA 
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下载免费PDF全文 《极地研究》1992,3(2):45-55
After a field work on recently raised coastal features in South Shetland Islands, we conclude that there are three kinds of recent coastal features, i. e, fragmental coast, rock coast, and ice cliff coast. The processes and forms of the fragmental cost formed by wave action with floating ice are studied. Systermtic study of the raised coasts enables us to distinguish two groups of the coasts by an elevation of 20m a. s. l. The raised coasts above 20m a. s. l. belong to older group and those below 20m a. s. l. belong to younger group. Mean uplift rate of coast in this area is 6.7 mm/a. 相似文献
9.
Where Have All the Beaches Gone? Coastal Erosion In The Tropics 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
P.P. Wong 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2003,24(1):111-132
From a physical geography perspective, tropical coasts are characterised by coral reefs, mangroves and carbonate beaches on atolls and low reef islands. They face threats not only from sea level rise, but also from human activities that destroy mangroves, degrade coral reefs and accelerate beach erosion. Physical conditions in the tropics are suitable for the ideal tourist beach. Conceptually, the tourist coast can be considered as the integration of a physical system (the coast) and a human system (tourism). Studies have been carried out on various types of tourist coasts in Southeast Asia. For many atoll island states, sea level rise is more than just a threat to their tourism; it also determines their survival. In recent years, assessments of their vulnerability and adaptation have favoured a more integrative approach of physical and human sciences. Hopefully, this should result in a better analytical tropical geography that could play an important role in reducing coastal erosion and assist the small island states. 相似文献
10.
Fridtjof Mehlum 《Polar Science》2012,6(1):143-153
The breeding performance of high-arctic bird populations shows large inter-annual variation that may be attributed to environmental variability, such as the timing of snow melt and break-up of the landfast sea ice that surrounds breeding colonies on islands and along coasts. In the Kongsfjorden area (79°N) on Svalbard, the number of breeding pairs and the average egg clutch size vary considerably among years. In this study, data on breeding performance are presented from 15 years in the period 1981–2000. The results showed that early break-up of sea ice in Kongsfjorden resulted in larger numbers of nests and larger average clutch sizes than late break-up. Also, individual islands with early break-up of sea ice in a particular year had more nests and larger clutch sizes compared to other islands surrounded by sea ice during a longer period in spring. Thus, the inter-annual variation in the break-up of sea ice in the fjord has considerable implications for the inter-annual variability of recruitment to the population. The results indicate that the effects of global warming on changes in the sea ice melting regime in coastal regions are important for the reproductive output of island-nesting eiders. 相似文献
11.
广东沿海赤潮发生与城市发展的关系 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Red tides are one of the main coastal catastrophic events in Guangdong Province of southern China. The comparison between the number of red tide events and the development indexes of cities along the coasts of the province shows that the regional differences in red tide outbreaks has close relations with the coastal urban developments. The cause for an initiation of red tide blooms may be natural factors, while wastewater caused by the fast development of population, industry and aquiculture of the coastal cities enhanced the blooms. It may explain why the two periods of frequent outbreaks of the red tides over the last two decades matched the urban developments in the coastal areas of Guangdong not only spatially but also temporally. The red tides in the first period were restricted only to the coasts of middle Guangdong, where urbanization process was at a higher speed than the other coastal areas of the province. In the second period, fast development of the coastal cities in eastern Guangdong led to an increase in the occurrence of red tides in local sea areas of the same coasts. 相似文献
12.
MICHAEL BIRD SUSAN COWIE REA HAWKES† BEN HORTON† COLIN MACGREGOR JIN EONG ONG‡ AILEEN TAN SHAU HWAI§ TEH TIONG SA¶ ZULFIGAR YASIN§ 《The Geographical journal》2007,173(2):103-117
We report the results of a study of the physical characteristics and socio-economic impacts of the Indian Ocean Tsunami of 26 December 2004 on the tourist island of Langkawi, Malaysia. In comparison with many other locations struck by the tsunami, the immediate physical and socio-economic impacts in Langkawi were relatively minor. A detailed survey of the watermark and ground elevations was undertaken in the worst affected area between Sungei Kuala Teriang and Sungei Kuala Melaka. Here, the tsunami reached a maximum elevation of 4.29 m as it crossed the coast, with a maximum flow depth of 2.0 m and a very consistent run-up elevation relative to mean sea level of 300 ± 10 cm. The tsunami inundated inshore areas for 300 m and penetrated inland along creeks for 500–1000 m. Structural damage to buildings was confined to within 50–150 m of the shoreline where about 10% of the houses were completely destroyed and 60–70% suffered significant structural damage. Damage was particularly severe in areas where there was no engineered coastal protection, but while coastal revetments did provide enhanced protection for houses at the waterfront, the coastline in the study area appeared to be more heavily impacted than elsewhere in Langkawi because wave energy was focused on the area by offshore breakwaters built to protect the Langkawi port and airport. Emergency response after the tsunami was rapid and efficient but would have been improved if the local police station had not been rendered inoperative by the first wave, and if a mechanism had been in place to ensure that informal advance warnings transmitted between Phuket (Thailand), Langkawi and Penang (Malaysia) by tourist operators could have been more widely disseminated. 相似文献
13.
Red tides are one of the main coastal catastrophic events in Guangdong Province of southern China. The comparison between the number of red tide events and the development indexes of cities along the coasts of the province shows that the regional differences in red tide outbreaks has close relations with the coastal urban developments. The cause for an initiation of red tide blooms may be natural factors, while wastewater caused by the fast development of population, industry and aquiculture of the coastal cities enhanced the blooms. It may explain why the two periods of frequent outbreaks of the red tides over the last two decades matched the urban developments in the coastal areas of Guangdong not only spatially but also temporally. The red tides in the first period were restricted only to the coasts of middle Guangdong, where urbanization process was at a higher speed than the other coastal areas of the province. In the second period, fast development of the coastal cities in eastern Guangdong led to an increase in the occurrence of red tides in local sea areas of the same coasts. 相似文献
14.
喀什地区生态脆弱性时空变化及驱动力分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
生态脆弱性评价对认识、保护和改造生态环境,促进人与自然的和谐具有重要意义。为了合理利用生态资源,在开发建设中保护环境,故研究喀什地区生态脆弱性时空动态变化,为社会经济与生态保护和谐发展提供科学依据。基于“暴露度-敏感性-恢复力”的评价框架,从自然条件和人为活动方面选取13个指标构建2000-2016年喀什地区生态脆弱性评价指标体系,采用空间主成分方法分析喀什地区生态脆弱性等级的时空变化,并用地理探测器模型分析其驱动因素。结果表明:喀什地区北部区域生态脆弱性高于南部地区,高度脆弱区面积增多且集中在叶尔羌河中下游和喀什噶尔河下游,脆弱性呈现整体增加并向东北方向转移。2000-2016年喀什地区各县市生态脆弱性最低值在塔什库尔干塔吉克自治县,其次为喀什市和泽普县,均属于微度脆弱;最高的是莎车县、伽师县和巴楚县,属于高度脆弱地区。气温、地形和植被覆盖度因素造成喀什地区南北地带生态脆弱性空间分异;耕地面积、牲畜头数的增长引起景观破碎度变大,与区域恶劣的自然环境相互耦合加重了喀什地区的生态脆弱性,导致了喀什地区整体生态环境脆弱性向东北方向扩大。 相似文献
15.
高温热浪作为一种常见的气象灾害,对人们的生产、生活、健康产生很大的影响。为探索福建省沿海与内陆城市高温热浪脆弱差异性及其形成机制,本文构建了包含暴露性、敏感性、适应性3个维度的高温热浪脆弱性评估模型(Vulnerability Scoping Diagram, VSD)。利用1994-2013年逐日极端高温数据和经济社会统计数据,分别对处于沿海和内陆的福州和南平市辖区进行高温热浪脆弱性及其3个维度(暴露性、敏感性、适应性)的评估与比较,并试图解释分析福州市辖区与南平市辖区高温热浪脆弱性的差异及其原因。结果显示：由于地理环境与社会经济系统的显著差异,近20年来,沿海地区高温热浪的脆弱性低于内陆地区,但随着经济发展导致的敏感性增加,前者不断攀升的脆弱性可能会超越后者;内陆地区的人类活动对环境的干扰程度相对较弱,其敏感性不断降低而适应性有所上升,使得其高温热浪的脆弱性不断降低。降低高温热浪脆弱性的关键在于同时增强区域适应性与降低敏感性,这对制定适应性措施具有积极的现实意义。 相似文献
16.
基于情景模拟的天津市滨海新区2020年暴雨内涝风险评估 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
基于多灾种复合动态风险评估理论,依据滨海新区2020年人口规划、土地利用规划以及社会经济发展计划,根据地面沉降和海平面上升预测结果设计了最不利、适中和最理想化三种情景;在此基础上,自行开发了基于GIS的洪水淹没区计算模块,模拟计算不同重现期暴雨内涝的淹没范围、淹没深度及淹没损失。结果表明:2020年,发生1 000 a一遇、200 a一遇和50 a一遇暴雨时,在最不利的情景一下:天津市滨海新区分别将有32.73%,29.34%和26.01%的土地不同程度受淹,受淹人口分别为338万、305万和264万,淹没损失分别达220.89亿元、181.39亿元和139.12亿元。 相似文献
17.
大鹏半岛位于广东省深圳市东部,海岸地貌类型多样,可分为基岩海岸、堆积海岸和生物海岸3大类型。文章根据野外调查和室内实验分析的结果论述了大鹏半岛海岸地貌类型、分布和成因,并在前人的研究基础上讨论了大鹏半岛海岸地貌演化过程：由于大鹏半岛处在构造隆升区,海岸类型以基岩海岸为主。多处基岩海岸保留了完好的海蚀崖、海蚀平台、海蚀槽穴、海蚀柱等各类典型的海蚀地貌。该半岛的堆积海岸主要发育于岩石岬角间的海湾内,在有河流流入的海湾处形成岬湾沙坝―澙湖海岸,在无河流的海岸处则形成湾顶海滩。半岛中段狭窄的呈哑铃状腰部的东岸,因深入内凹、波浪减弱,有淤泥质海岸发育;红树林发育于淤泥质海岸以及各澙湖内,而半岛周边浅海区有珊瑚群落生长。大鹏半岛以及邻近地区海岸地貌特征和海岸沉积物年代数据显示：1）地质构造与海平面升降是塑造该半岛海岸地貌的主要因素;2）该半岛的海岸地貌是在中全新世早期以后才开始发育的;3）该半岛全新世以来不存在强烈的地壳抬升;4）该半岛海岸中全新世出现过高于现代海平面的高海面。 相似文献
18.
中国海岸风沙沉积的成因与特征 总被引：11，自引：4，他引：7
东部和南部沿海是我国风景优美、气候宜人, 工农业与交通事业发达和人口密集的重要经济区。在16, 000多公里的海岸上, 风沙作用的海岸线就有近3, 000公里, 目前它们都在不同程度上处于风沙作用而后退或大大改观的状态。 相似文献
19.
将广东沿海划分成粤东、珠江口和粤西3个区域,采用每个区域主要城市有关经济指标与广东沿海1980~2002年赤潮发生频率的统计数据进行对比分析。研究结果表明：22年间广东沿海出现了2次赤潮高峰期,分别为1987~1992年和1998~2000年;珠江口海域为珠江水系入海口集中区域,广东陆源污染物集中于此出海,是赤潮发生的敏感区域。随城市的发展,陆源污染物进入海洋的数量加大,临近城市化发展较快的珠江口海域赤潮出现的频率高于其他城市化相对较慢的海域,同时沿海城市经济快速发展的时期也是赤潮出现的高峰期。 相似文献
20.
中国雾区的分布及其季节变化 总被引：57，自引：0，他引：57
用中国范围604个台站1961年1月~2000年12月的地面观测雾日资料,分析了雾的地理分布,讨论了不同区域雾的月年变化特征。结果表明：中国地区主要有6个雾区：长江中游区、海岸区、云贵高原区、陇东-陕西区、淮河流域、天山及其北疆区。大多数区域雾日年际变化有下降的趋势,特别是20世纪80年代之后下降趋势更明显,雾日显著趋势区呈西南-东北走向,上升和下降趋势区相间分布,自东南向西北呈波列结构;中国大多数雾区秋冬季雾日最多,春夏季雾日较少。黄海岸区和北疆月际变化相似,都呈双峰型分布,其他区域为单峰型分布。 相似文献