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1.
黑龙江省松嫩平原南部大气颗粒物地球化学特征及来源解析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究采集了黑龙江松嫩平原南部28个夏季大气颗粒物样品,分析了不同粒径(TSP、PM10、PM2-5)样品中常量和微量元素含量,对元素浓度含量特征、元素间相关性和空间分布特征进行了分析,并使用富集系数法和因子分析法进行元素来源解析。研究表明：在PM10-100中富集的元素多在地壳中含量很高,重金属元素在PM2-5中高度富集,不同粒径大气颗粒物中各元素质量浓度整体水平为：大庆>绥化>哈尔滨>齐齐哈尔。富集因子分析表明：Fe、K、Ti、Mn、Co的富集因子小于1或非常接近1,Ca、Mg、Ni、Cr的富集因子大于1但仍小于10,Na、Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb、Se的富集因子大于10,表现出较为明显的人为来源特征。参照颗粒物不同源主要标识元素,对各元素进行主因子分析结果表明：松嫩平原南部大气可吸入颗粒物的主要来源是土壤扬尘,此外还有燃煤、垃圾焚烧、汽车尾气、碱尘大气传输、燃油和工业来源。 相似文献
2.
Climatic changes,desertification and the Republic of Sudan 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Shamsul Haque Alvi 《GeoJournal》1994,33(4):393-399
Meteorological data for a period of 30 to 50 years was analysed to ascertain the climatic changes in the Republic of Sudan. The study confirms that the temperatures are rising and rainfall declining. Rigorous analysis of relative humidity, clouds, rediation and evaporation also confirms the changing pattern, a trend which may accelerate environmental degradation and desertification in Sudan.The author acknowledges the assistance of Nadir Ahmad El-Agib in completing this study. He is also thankful to Dr. Ahmad El-Agib for his help in getting the Meteorological data from Sudan. 相似文献
3.
An empirical approach for evaluation of the potential of debris flow occurrence in mountainous areas 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
Debris flows can occur relatively suddenly and quickly in mountainous areas, resulting in major structural damage and loss of life. The establishment of a model to evaluate the occurrence probability of debris flows in mountainous areas is therefore of great value. The influence factors of debris flows are very complex; they can basically be divided into background factors and triggering factors. Background factors include the mechanical characteristics of geo-materials, topography and landscape, and soil vegetation; and triggering factors include hydrological and rainfall conditions, and human activities. By assessing the dynamic characteristics of debris flows in mountainous areas, some important influence factors are selected here for analysis of their impacts on the occurrence probability of debris flow. A mathematical model for evaluation of the occurrence probability of debris flows is presented and combined with probability analysis. Matlab software is used for the numerical implementation of the forecasting model, and the influences of rainfall, lithology and terrain conditions on the occurrence probability of debris flows are analyzed. Finally, the presented model is applied to forecast the occurrence probability of debris flows in the mountainous area around Qingping Town; the simulation results show that many loose landslide deposits and heavy rainfall are the key factors likely to trigger debris flows in this region. 相似文献
4.
The efficiency of a facility to remove non-point source pollution is likely to fluctuate according to conditions such as facility type and rainfall events; therefore, it is required to use a proper method to estimate removal efficiency. This study was conducted to estimate the efficiency of a facility with vegetative filter strips to remove pollutants by using methods previously used for the estimation of removal efficiency and compensate for weaknesses of the known methods. Other ways were presented to estimate an efficiency by which rainfall events were classified according to meteorological condition and amount of rainfall. Rainfall of frequency and summation of load as rainfall of frequency, where the frequencies per rainfall class were considered in efficiency ratio and summation of loads, respectively, seemed to have higher removal efficiencies than those estimated with the previous methods. Although it rained at the basin site, often in small quantity (below 10 mm), the rainfall events of below 10 mm were less frequent, during the monitored rainfall events, which accordingly resulted in low removal efficiencies. However, if the frequencies per rainfall class were considered, overall removal efficiencies of VFS might be increased because the removal efficiencies of the rainfall class under 10?mm was higher than other rainfall classes. Therefore, it is desirable to take into account such factors as effects of rainfall when it comes to measuring the removal efficiency of a non-point source pollutant of a factor, because those facilities are likely to be influenced by meteorological conditions including rainfall characteristics. 相似文献
5.
为研究岩溶大泉动态变化的影响机制,以济南泉域为例,根据2003年关闭地下水供水水源地以来趵突泉及黑虎泉的泉水位、泉域内降水量、地下水开采及人工补源资料,采用分形理论中时间序列分形维数法,计算各要素数据序列分维值及稳定性指数,结果表明:旬尺度下泉水位分维值大于月尺度下泉水位分维值;奥陶系灰岩分布区雨量站降水量分维值较小,但奥陶系灰岩降水入渗补给条件好,因此与泉群的水位波动关系更为密切。各泉水位影响因素中,人工补源因素的稳定性最差,极易受外界因素干扰发生改变。利用灰色关联度验证分析表明降水量、人工开采量、人工补源量与趵突泉泉水位的关联度分别为0. 858、0. 647、0. 667,与黑虎泉泉水位的关联度分别为0. 859、0. 646、0. 668;关联度总体排序为:降水量>人工补源量>人工开采量,说明2003年以来影响泉水位动态的首要因素是大气降水并非人工开采,即泉水动态主控因素发生转变。在分析了泉域资源量的演化基础上,对各影响因素的分维值与泉水位动态分维值进行回归分析认为,为保持泉水持续喷涌奥陶系灰岩分布区更适宜作为泉水人工补源地带。研究结果为济南岩溶大泉的保护提供科学依据。 相似文献
6.
Shamsul Haque Alvi 《GeoJournal》1995,37(4):483-488
It is generally believed that more than 100 tropical countries are suffering from desertification or land degradation as a result of climatic changes. There is also concern that the rising temperature would lead to further environmental degradation and cause economic, social and other environmental impacts (1) in the Middle East. This paper is a modest attempt to investigate temperature and rainfall data in three countries of the Middle East (Oman, Bahrain, and Sudan) to determine if any change has taken place in the weather conditions. The short term environmental impact of the GulfWar in 1991 has been included in the study.The study confirms that temperatures are rising and rainfall is decreasing in Oman (2, 3) and other two countries, leading to increasing desertification processes. Here, following Hume and Kelly (4) desertification is taken to mean degradation in dryland regions or the permanent decline in the potential of the land to support biological activity and hence human welfare. A brief geographical discussion of Oman, Bahrain, and Sudan precedes a detailed analysis of temperatures and rainfall regimen in all three countries. 相似文献
7.
Impact of extreme rainfall in the central Sudan during 1999 as a partial analogue for reconstructing early Holocene prehistoric environments 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The year 1999 was an exceptionally wet year, with severe floods in China, India and Australia and very high flow in the Nile. In Sudan, the July rainfall was unusually early and heavy, and persistent rains throughout August and early September caused severe floods in much of central Sudan, including Khartoum.The synoptic conditions historically associated with extreme rainfall events in central Sudan include a warm equatorial Indian Ocean, a strong summer monsoon over both Africa and India, a northward shift of the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone earlier and further north than usual, and the presence of deep, well-developed westerly air masses accompanied by a strong Tropical Easterly Jet that allowed more moisture transport into Africa from the South Atlantic via the Congo basin, leading to very heavy precipitation in the Ethiopian uplands and the central Sudan.The intense late wet season rains in 1999 caused a major canal in the Gezira Irrigation Area to break its banks and filled normally dry depressions between dunes with water, providing a partial analogue of early Holocene environments in this region when small groups of Later Stone Age peoples occupied the sandy ridges seasonally. Global Circulation Models cannot provide such detailed local information. 相似文献
8.
Fumie Murata Toru Terao Taiichi Hayashi Haruhisa Asada Jun Matsumoto 《Natural Hazards》2008,44(3):399-410
To improve flood forecasting, the understanding of the atmospheric conditions associated with severe rainfall is crucial.
We analysed the atmospheric conditions at Dhaka, Bangladesh, using upper-air soundings. We then compared these conditions
with daily rainfall variations at Cherrapunjee, India, which is a main source of floodwater to Bangladesh, and a representative
sample of exceptionally heavy rainfall events. The analysis focussed on June and July 2004. June and July are the heaviest
rainfall months of the year at Cherrapunjee. July 2004 had the fourth-heaviest monthly rainfall of the past 31 years, and
severe floods occurred in Bangladesh. Active rainfall periods at Cherrapunjee corresponded to “breaks” in the Indian monsoon.
The monsoon trough was located over the Himalayan foothills, and strong westerly winds dominated up to 7 km at Dhaka. Near-surface
wind below 1 km had southerly components, and the wind profile had an Ekman spiral structure. The results suggest that rainfall
at Cherrapunjee strongly depends on the near-surface wind speed and wind direction at Dhaka. Lifting of the near-surface southerly
airflow by the Meghalaya Plateau is considered to be the main contributor to severe rainfall at Cherrapunjee. High convective
available potential energy (CAPE) also contributes to intense rainfall. 相似文献
9.
泥石流是一种多发的地质灾害,常对人民生命财产安全带来极大的威胁,其暴发不仅与降雨有关,还与众多地质环境因子相关。本文以流域面积、松散物质比率、沟床平均坡度为地质因子,以最大小时雨强（T）和总降雨量（R）的乘积作为降雨指数,在获取的泥石流地质因子和降雨指数因子综合样本库的基础上,采用遗传规划法建立了泥石流临界降雨指数智能预测模型,克服了以往以雨量为单一指标的预警模型的弊端,模型验证结果显示,泥石流预测精度高、适应性强。 相似文献
10.
Global climate change has increased the frequency of abnormally high rainfall; such high rainfall events in recent years have occurred in the mountainous areas of Taiwan. This study identifies historical earthquake- and typhoon-induced landslide dam formations in Taiwan along with the geomorphic characteristics of the landslides. Two separate groups of landslides are examined which are classified as those that were dammed by river water and those that were not. Our methodology applies spatial analysis using geographic information system (GIS) and models the geomorphic features with 20?×?20 m digital terrain mapping. The Spot 6 satellite images after Typhoon Morakot were used for an interpretation of the landslide areas. The multivariate statistical analysis is also used to find which major factors contribute to the formation of a landslide dam. The objective is to identify the possible locations of landslide dams by the geomorphic features of landslide-prone slopes. The selected nine geomorphic features include landslide area, slope, aspect, length, width, elevation change, runout distance, average landslide elevation, and river width. Our four geomorphic indexes include stream power, form factor, topographic wetness, and elevation–relief ratio. The features of the 28 river-damming landslides and of the 59 non-damming landslides are used for multivariate statistical analysis by Fisher discriminant analysis and logistic regression analysis. The principal component analysis screened out eleven major geomorphic features for landslide area, slope, aspect, elevation change, length, width, runout distance, average elevation, form factor, river width, stream power, and topography wetness. Results show that the correctness by Fisher discriminant analysis was 68.0 % and was 70.8 % by logistic regression analysis. This study suggests that using logistic regression analysis as the assessment model for identifying the potential location of a landslide dam is beneficial. Landslide threshold equations applying the geomorphic features of slope angle, angle of landslide elevation change, and river width (H L/W R) to identify the potential formation of natural dams are proposed for analysis. Disaster prevention and mitigation measures are enhanced when the locations of potential landslide dams are identified; further, in order to benefit such measures, dam volume estimates responsible for breaches are key. 相似文献
11.
This study demonstrated the use of fuzzy logic approach in mapping land limitations for agricultural land use planning using publicly available data for the province of Marinduque, Philippines. The paper focused only on the two major crops in the province, coconut, and banana. Based on the results, slope is the major factor limiting the production of these two crops. Slope is identified as a limitation in approximately 80% and 18% of the agricultural land of the province for coconut and banana production, respectively. Other land limitations for coconut production in the province include rainfall, soil, and combination of these factors with slope. In the case of banana, soil and combination of this factor with slope were identified as land limitations.
相似文献12.
Bilel Zerouali Mohamed Mesbah Mohamed Chettih Mohammed Djemai 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2018,11(14):392
This paper is proposed for the investigation of possible relationships between the large-scale atmospheric circulation phenomena such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Southern Oscillation (SOI), Mediterranean Oscillation (MO), Western Mediterranean Oscillation (WeMO) and rainfall of Sebaou river watershed (Northern central Algeria), covering a period of 39 years at monthly scale. Several time and scale-based methods were used: correlation and spectral analysis (CSA), continuous wavelet transform (CWT), multiresolution wavelet analysis (MRWA), cross wavelet analysis (XWT), wavelet coherence transform (WCT) and cross multiresolution wavelet analysis (CMRWA). The rainfall analysis by CSA and CWT has been clearly demonstrating the dominance of 1 year and 1–3-year modes, which they explain 30 to 51% and 25 to 28% of the variance respectively. However, the indices have shown that inter-annual fluctuations up to long-term explain between 60 and 90%. CWT and MRWA indicated significant fluctuations materialising a dry period more marked between the 1980s and 1990s with strong trend towards drier conditions starting from the 1980s, explained by the decadal components D7 and the approximation A7. In addition to the annual component, the XWT spectrums reveal strong coefficients for the SOI between 1992–2005 and 1986–2000 for the modes of 5–10 years and higher than 10 years respectively and less intense for NAO. The WCT between NAO and rainfall indicated the most significant relationship for 1 year, 1–3 years and 3–5 years approximately from the early 1980s corresponding to the dry period. However, the SOI affects rainfall only locally and with significant values more or less localised in the time-frequency space between MO, WeMO and rainfall, but this influence could be significant for low-frequency events. CWMRA shows that the components of 5–10 years and higher than 10 years are the most effective to represent climate index-rainfall significant relationships, where change in Daubechies wavelet properties can improve the correlation across the scales. Furthermore, has indicated that the short-term processes dominate the relationship index-rainfall, which masks the long-term phenomena whose influence can sometimes be very distant. As such, the rainfall variability of the study area has shown fairly significant links, at least locally with large-scale atmospheric circulation phenomena. 相似文献
13.
14.
This paper describes Earth Science Education in Sudan, with particular emphasis on the University of Khartoum. The first geological department in Sudan was founded in 1958 in the University of Khartoum. In the 1980s, six more geological departments have been added in the newer universities. The types of courses offered include Diploma, B.Sc. (General), B.Sc. (Honours), M.Sc. and Ph.D. The Geology programmes are strongly supported by field work training and mapping. Final-year students follow specialised training in one of the following topics: hydrogeology, geophysics, economic geology, sedimentology and engineering geology. A graduation report, written in the final year, represents 30–40% of the total marks. The final assessment and grading are decided with the help of internal and external examiners.Entry into the Geology programmes is based on merit and performance. The number of students who graduate with Honours and become geologists is between 20% to 40% of the initial intake at the beginning of the second year. Employment opportunities are limited and are found mainly in the Government's geological offices, the universities and research centres, and private companies. The Department of Geology at the University of Khartoum has long-standing internal and external links with outside partners. This has been manifested in the training of staff members, the donation of teaching materials and laboratory facilities. The chief problems currently facing Earth Science Education in Sudan are underfunding, poor equipment, laboratory facilities and logistics. Other problems include a shortage of staff, absence of research, lack of supervision and emigration of staff members.Urgent measures are needed to assess and evaluate the status of Earth Science Education in terms of objectives, needs and difficulties encountered. Earth Science Education is expected to contribute significantly to the exploitation of mineral resources and socio-economic development in the Sudan. 相似文献
15.
Spatial variations in the relationship between topography and mean annual and seasonal rainfalls in southwestern Saudi Arabia are examined using Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance. The topographic factors include physiographic features (topography), altitude, slope, proximity to a ridge or crest of mountains, and proximity to the Red Sea. There is a statistically significant effect of topographic factors on the mean annual rainfall, but the results are more significant for the mean seasonal rainfall. The largest amount of mean rainfall in the study area occurs during spring, when rainfall displays a significant relationship with topographic factors, in which more orographic rainfall patterns are associated with higher altitude, greater proximity to a ridge and steeper slopes. Higher altitudes do not necessarily receive more rain; some low altitude locations (i.e., the southern part of the study area) receive more rain during summer and fall because they are located on the windward side of the Asir Mountains and are exposed to the moist air masses brought by the southwest monsoonal system in summer and by the northwest air flow from the Mediterranean and Red Sea in the fall in addition to local convective rainfall patterns. Rainfall in winter increases in the foothills of the Asir Mountains above the coastal plain of the Red Sea. The steep western slopes (windward side) receive more rainfall than the gentle eastern slopes (leeward side): this may be due to the Asir Mountains forcing moist air masses carried by the westerly and northwest winds to rise and cool before they descend and warm on the leeward side. 相似文献
16.
为了研究不同降雨工况下的滑坡稳定性机理及变形规律,以兰原弃土场滑坡为例,首先在GeoStudio中建立二维剖面模型,然后从内因和外因两个角度出发,选取了内摩擦角、黏聚力、降雨强度、渗透系数、降雨入渗补给系数、饱和体积含水率等6个影响因子作为研究对象,设计了25组正交试验并采用极差分析法对滑坡影响因子进行敏感性分析,并结合监测数据对内摩擦角、黏聚力和渗透系数进行参数反演;同时,结合当地多年降雨数据资料,对滑坡进行了3种极端降雨工况条件下的稳定性影响规律研究。研究表明:兰原弃土场滑坡6个影响因子的敏感性大小为:内摩擦角>黏聚力>降雨强度>渗透系数>降雨入渗补给系数>饱和体积含水率;经参数反演计算后,得出的参数值较室内试验组有了进一步的修正,使得滑坡变形趋势更加符合实际监测资料分析的结果,同时得出双日降雨对滑坡稳定性影响更大,更易导致滑坡失稳破坏。通过本文的研究,可在后期不同极端降雨条件下对其采取针对性的防治措施及稳定性判别,并可为同类滑坡的研究提供借鉴意义。 相似文献
17.
The northeast monsoon rainfall (NEMR) contributes about 20–40 % of annual rainfall over the North Indian Ocean (NIO). In the present study, the relationship between the NEMR and near-surface atmospheric wind convergence (NSAWC) over the NIO is demonstrated using high-resolution multisatellite data. The rainfall product from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis and near-surface wind product from the Cross-Calibration Multi-Platform available at 0.25° × 0.25° spatial resolution are used for the study. Large-scale NSAWC and divergence maps over the tropical Indian Ocean are generated at monthly scale from the wind product for the period of 1988–2010. A preliminary analysis is carried out for two consecutive anomalous Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) years 2005 (negative) and 2006 (positive). The distinct spatial patterns of rainfall rate and NSAWC fields over the NIO clearly show the evolution of the anomalous IOD events in the south eastern equatorial Indian Ocean (EEIO). The spatially averaged time-series of pentad NSAWC over the south EEIO box suggests that the variability occurs in phase with rainfall rate during both the northeast monsoon years. Furthermore, the scatter plot between area-averaged pentad rainfall and convergence over the south EEIO box for the period of 1998–2010 shows statistically significant linear correlation which reveals that NSAWC plays a key role in regulating the NEMR. 相似文献
18.
岩溶湿地是西南岩溶生态系统的重要调节器,对该地区的可持续发展有重要意义,而水循环作为维系岩溶湿地健康运转的核心因素,已经成为当前的研究热点。2020年4月15日—5月30日野外监测了桂林会仙湿地狮子岩地下河系统参数,采用水文动态分析与水均衡等方法,开展了地下河系统水循环研究。结果表明:(1)地表径流、土壤水、表层岩溶带水和岩溶地下水均对大气降雨响应敏感,但敏感程度有差异,其中岩溶地下水的敏感性最高,地表径流和表层岩溶带水的敏感性较弱,土壤水的敏感性受深度影响较大。(2)不同等级降雨中地下河系统的各类水变化量的比例有差异。本次研究中,小雨(24 h累计降雨量范围为4.2～10 mm)时系统内土壤水变化量比例最大,约为75.87%;中雨(24 h累计降雨量为17.8 mm)时土壤水变化量和岩溶地下水变化量的比例最大,分别约为43.38%和44.12%,大雨(24 h累计降雨量为24 mm)和大暴雨(24 h累计降雨量范围为110.8～128.2 mm)时岩溶地下水变化量比例最大,约为66.48%。(3)研究区调蓄系数平均值约为0.53,明显高于其他岩溶地区,表现出较强的调蓄能力,且随着降雨... 相似文献
19.
采用基于网格的瞬态降雨入渗(TRIGRS)模型,以滑坡灾害频发的陕南安康市东部巴山东段白河县为研究区,探讨模型适用性及不同降雨条件下边坡稳定性空间分布规律。根据中国土壤分布图并结合已有研究,选取模拟所需的水土力学参数。将模拟所得研究区稳定性分布图与实际滑坡目录对比分析进行TRIGRS模型精度评估,分别模拟连阴雨和短时间强降雨两种降雨情景,探讨研究区边坡稳定性空间分布规律,结果表明:1)TRIGRS模型在模拟预测降雨诱发型浅层滑坡时,结合受试者特征ROC曲线进行精度评估,曲线下面积为0.752,说明此模型在白河县进行滑坡模拟时具有一定的合理性与准确性,能反应该地区滑坡灾害的空间分布特征;2)连阴雨情景模拟下,极不稳定区域主要集中在北部低山地貌区,以冷水镇和麻虎镇为主,随降雨历时增加向东部和南部增多,西部仓上镇、西营镇和双丰镇的极不稳定区域面积较少,能承受长时间连续性降雨。短时间强降雨对边坡稳定性的影响更为直接,极不稳定区域随降雨强度增大而增加,以冷水镇和麻虎镇为主要防范区域。结合地形分析,极陡峭区域边坡稳定性最差,无法承受持续性降雨和高强度降雨,较陡峭区域更易受到降雨历时和降雨强度的影响,而平缓区域则能承受长时间及高强度的降雨;3)TRIGRS模型根据不同降雨条件预测易发生滑坡灾害的区域,为滑坡实时预报警系统提供了新的可能方法。 相似文献
20.
Stephanie A. Ewing Brad Sutter Kunihiko Nishiizumi Steven S. Cliff William Dietrich Ronald Amundson 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2006,70(21):5293-5322
The soils of the Atacama Desert in northern Chile have long been known to contain large quantities of unusual salts, yet the processes that form these soils are not yet fully understood. We examined the morphology and geochemistry of soils on post-Miocene fans and stream terraces along a south-to-north (27° to 24° S) rainfall transect that spans the arid to hyperarid transition (21 to ∼2 mm rain y−1). Landform ages are ? 2 My based on cosmogenic radionuclide concentrations in surface boulders, and Ar isotopes in interbedded volcanic ash deposits near the driest site indicate a maximum age of 2.1 My. A chemical mass balance analysis that explicitly accounts for atmospheric additions was used to quantify net changes in mass and volume as a function of rainfall. In the arid (21 mm rain y−1) soil, total mass loss to weathering of silicate alluvium and dust (−1030 kg m−2) is offset by net addition of salts (+170 kg m−2). The most hyperarid soil has accumulated 830 kg m−2 of atmospheric salts (including 260 kg sulfate m−2 and 90 kg chloride m−2), resulting in unusually high volumetric expansion (120%) for a soil of this age. The composition of both airborne particles and atmospheric deposition in passive traps indicates that the geochemistry of the driest soil reflects accumulated atmospheric influxes coupled with limited in-soil chemical transformation and loss. Long-term rates of atmospheric solute addition were derived from the ion inventories in the driest soil, divided by the landform age, and compared to measured contemporary rates. With decreasing rainfall, the soil salt inventories increase, and the retained salts are both more soluble and present at shallower depths. All soils generally exhibit vertical variation in their chemistry, suggesting slow and stochastic downward water movement, and greater climate variability over the past 2 My than is reflected in recent (∼100 y) rainfall averages. The geochemistry of these soils shows that the transition from arid to hyperarid rainfall levels marks a fundamental geochemical threshold: in wetter soils, the rate and character of chemical weathering results in net mass loss and associated volumetric collapse after 105 to 106 years, while continuous accumulation of atmospheric solutes in hyperarid soils over similar timescales results in dramatic volumetric expansion. The specific geochemistry of hyperarid soils is a function of atmospheric sources, and is expected to vary accordingly at other hyperarid sites. This work identifies key processes in hyperarid soil formation that are likely to be independent of location, and suggests that analogous processes may occur on Mars. 相似文献