共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
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Erin D. Dascher 《The Professional geographer》2013,65(4):616-630
The rate of dam building has declined in the United States, but dam building is still considered an integral part of water supply management, particularly in arid and semiarid regions. Understanding how dams affect river connectivity is a key component of river basin management. This study analyzed the spatial and temporal patterns of fragmentation in the Guadalupe–San Antonio River System (GSARS) and how these patterns were related to dam size, age, and purpose. Using a shapefile of registered dams and the National Hydrography Dataset High Resolution (NHD-HR) as input data for the Barrier Assessment Tool (BAT), six successive connectivity models were created. The average length of functional river networks (FRNs) decreased over time but the number of FRNs over 100?km stayed relatively stable. Fragmentation in the GSARS was concentrated around urban centers, and the majority of fragmentation occurred gradually as dams separated small FRNs along tributaries and headwaters. This gradual decline in longitudinal connectivity was punctuated by sporadically large separations of river networks by particular dams based on their location and time of commissioning. The methodology presented here provides a way to analyze both the extent and the temporal evolution of fragmentation in a river system. Key Words: Barrier Assessment Tool (BAT), fragmentation, functional river networks, river connectivity. 相似文献
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塔里木河三源流区气候变化对径流量的影响 总被引：6，自引：4，他引：2
结合对近50年塔里木河源流区气象、水文资料的分析,探讨了过去半个世纪塔里木河源流区气候变化及其对河川径流的影响。研究结果显示,在过去50年里,塔里木河三源流径流流量总体呈现增加的趋势,期间有波动过程;对影响径流变化的气温、降水和蒸发等因子分析发现,降水量变化对塔里木河径流量变化影响最为显著,而温度的升高,加速了山区冰雪资源的消融,加大了冰雪融水对径流量的补给,但同时导致蒸发量增大,增加了地表淡水资源的消耗,对山区来水量的增大起到一定的削弱作用。 相似文献
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基于多源数据的皇甫川淤地坝信息提取 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
淤地坝是黄土高原水土流失防治的主要工程措施之一,明确淤地坝重要参数信息对流域水土保持研究具有重要意义。利用皇甫川流域不同数据来源资料包括地形图（1976年）、TM影像（1990年、2007年）、Google Earth影像（2010年）对其进行预处理获取矢量数据,利用遥感及GIS软件实现淤地坝数目、淤地坝位置、水面面积、控制面积等主要信息的提取并分析其动态变化,采用相关系数、NDAI和DAI进行提取误差评定。结果表明：皇甫川流域淤地坝数目随年代递增而增加,水面面积和控制面积也随之增大,流域西部淤地坝数目明显少于东部。TM数据上提取的淤地坝水面面积与通过Google Earth数据提取的结果相关系数为0.98,实测淤地坝控制面积与TM影像上提取结果相关系数为0.96,NDAI和DAI值平均误差绝对值均<5%。由此得出,基于多源数据淤地坝信息提取技术具有很好的可行性及较高的准确性,本文为淤地坝减水减沙效益及黄河粗泥沙来源研究提供必要的决策支持。 相似文献
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贡嘎山海螺沟水化学主离子特征及其控制因素 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
在系统采集贡嘎山海螺沟水样的基础上,综合运用描述性统计、相关性分析、Gibbs图、阴阳离子三角图和主成分分析法,对水化学主离子特征及其控制因素进行了分析。结果表明:Ca2+和HCO3-分别平均占阳、阴离子总量的78.63%和67.28%;源头区总溶解固体含量(TDS)与雨水的含量相当,全流域TDS平均值为128.36 mg/L;海螺沟流域水化学类型为Ca2+—HCO3-。在源头区,由于冰雪融水对径流量补给量较大,大气降水的输入作用对源头区水体化学离子的组成具有一定的影响。从全流域看,岩石的化学风化是海螺沟水化学主离子来源的主要控制因素,蒸发-结晶和大气降水的作用影响较小。而碳酸盐岩的风化则是海螺沟流域岩石风化的主要类型。 相似文献
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官厅水库近三十年的水质演变时序特征 总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17
基于过去的研究成果,综述了官厅水库近三十年来的水质演变过程,分阶段探讨了官厅水库水污染的来源和特征。与此同时,从污染物的角度探讨了官厅水库典型污染物的时空变化规律。研究结果表明,官厅水库的水质演变先后经历了四个阶段,依次为1972～1975年以有机毒物和重金属污染为特征的水体污染,1981～1992年以有机污染为主体的水体再污染,1992～1995年增加了大肠杆菌污染的水体复合污染,以及1996年至今以氮磷污染为明显特征的水体有机复合污染。从主要污染物的时间变化上看,库区COD和主要重金属含量均在缓慢上升,挥发酚的含量呈现波动趋势,氨氮和总磷的含量持续大幅度上升。污染物在库区的空间分布规律相似,入库处污染物浓度明显高于出库处的污染物浓度。 相似文献
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Studies of the effects of dams have emphasized large and very large dams; less well understood are the impacts caused by smaller dams. Using Texas as an example area, this article highlights the role of small- and medium-sized dams in affecting the surface hydrology of river systems. Analysis of data from the National Inventory of Dams (NID) in a geographic information system showed that small and medium dams comprise about 97 percent of the dams registered in Texas. A small-or medium-sized dam is found approximately every 100 km2 of area and about 120 km of river length. Different from large dams, which affect water storage the most, the major impact of these smaller dams is fragmentation of river landscapes. Analysis of data for dams extracted from digital orthoquads and for water bodies from the National Hydrography Dataset indicates that the extent of river fragmentation is likely greater than that suggested by data from the NID, because the NID underrepresents the smaller dams. Such extent of river fragmentation can degrade stream habitats and pose barriers to the migration of aquatic species and transport of sediment. Because small and medium dams are largely built for fire protection and stock ponds, mitigating the impacts associated with these dams likely involves working with the private individuals who own them. 相似文献
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关于长江正源的确定问題 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
江源水系诸河,地处青藏高原腹地,因人迹罕至,对那条河是长江正源,历史上并没有一个统一的认识可以遵循。通过考察后,在江源诸河中,论长度,沱沱河(包括源头冰川)最长,当曲稍次;论河道上下游的一致性,尕尔曲最顺,沱沱河其次;而论水量,当曲最丰,沱沱河其次。综合以上因素,我们认为沱沱河长度既长,方向又顺,应为长江正源。综合上述观点,我们算得:由沱沱河源至四川省宜宾,长3474公里;宜宾至长江口约为2806公里。由于长江中下游下流主泓经常摆动,入海口段已有相当延长,故长江全长约为6300公里。 相似文献
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AbstractSmall dams fragment river landscapes, disrupting channel connectivity and impacting water quality and quantity. Although they impound volumetrically less total water than large dams, the ubiquity of small dams suggests their cumulative impacts could be significant. Documenting the distribution and characteristics of small dams is necessary to understanding and mitigating their impacts. In this study, we compare datasets of small dams in Oregon, compile a new comprehensive dataset, and document geographic variations in small dam distributions between different ecoregions. We used Oregon Water Resources Department dam and Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife fish passage barrier datasets to compare dam heights and contributing drainage areas between different ecoregions. Over 61% of Oregon’s land area is above one or more small dam. We highlight the location of Oregon’s small dams at valley margins, transition zones between flat plains and mountains, and areas of high population density. Given the hidden nature of small dams, evaluation of small dam impacts using public imagery is not effective. However, knowledge of small dam distributions given their association with landforms can aid in finding unrecorded dams, assessing approaches for evaluating their geomorphic impacts, and informing their management. 相似文献
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深圳石岩水库污染状况及综合防治对策 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采集石岩水库各来水支流和坝前共计8个样点3种不同深度的水样,由深圳市水质检测中心检测,检测地表水环境质量标准基本项目(除COD)和补充项目,共计28项.水质评价采用单项标准指数法和富营养化评价法.结果表明:根据单项标准指数法,全部采样点均检出超标污染物,共有12种污染物项目超标,其中总氮超标最严重;污染最严重的前3个样点分别是石岩河和深坑坜支流、麻布支流和石岩湖温泉度假村;根据富营养化评价法,水库的整体水质为中营养水平,个别样点已达到富营养化水平,磷是该水库富营养化的限制性营养元素;一些污染物有逐步沉积的现象,其含量随深度逐渐增加,如不加以控制,长期积累也会导致下层首先超标而影响水质.文中提出了对石岩水库污染水质的治理技术方法,并针对各个支流水质的污染特点提出了对应的防治措施. 相似文献
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This paper attempted to identify fractal and chaotic characteristics of the annual runoff processes in headwaters of the Tarim River. Methods of fractal analyses were used to explore several aspects of the temporal changes from 1957 to 2002. The main findings are as follows: (1) The annual runoff processes of the three headwaters of the Tarim River are complex nonlinear systems with fractal as well as chaotic dynamics. (2) The correlation dimensions of attractor derived from the time series of the annual runoff for the Hotan, Yarkand and Aksu rivers are all greater than 3.0 and non-integral, implying that all three rivers are chaotic dynamical systems that are sensitive to initial conditions, and the dynamic modeling of their annual runoff process requires at least four independent variables. (3) The time series of annual runoff in each river presents a long-term correlation characteristic. The Hurst exponent for the period of 1989 to 2002 suggests that we may expect to see an increasing trend in the annual runoff of the Aksu and Yarkand rivers in the years after 2002, but a decreasing tendency for the Hotan River in the same period. 相似文献
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西北干旱区内陆河年径流过程的非线性特征——塔里木盆地三源河的实证分析 总被引：7，自引：4，他引：3
以塔里木盆地三源河为例,基于1957-2002年的时间序列,运用小波分析方法从不同的时间尺度上分析了年径流过程的非线性变化趋势,并运用关联维数和R/S分析方法揭示了其分形与混沌特征.主要结论如下:(1) 西北干旱区内陆河年径流过程,是复杂的非线性系统,它们具有波动性以及分形和混沌特征.(2) 从大的时间尺度,即16(24)年的时间尺度上来看,阿克苏河、叶尔羌河的年径流量,在整体上基本呈上升趋势,而和田河在整体上却基本呈轻微的下降趋势.如果把时间尺度缩小到8 (23)或4 (22)年,则各河流的年径流量就不再是上升或下降趋势,而是呈明显的波动变化,而且4(22)年尺度上的波动比8(23)年尺度上的波动更加明显.(3)和田河、叶尔羌河与阿克苏河的关联维数分别为3.222 7、3.211 8与 3.209 2,均为非整数,是分形,这说明三源河的年径流过程具有混沌特征.由于每一个关联维数都大于3,这就意味着,要从动力学角度描述三源河的径流过程,至少需要4个独立变量.(4) 从1989-2002年期间的Hurst指数可以判断,在2002年以后的14年里,阿克苏河与叶尔羌河的年径流量基本上将呈增加趋势,而和田河基本上将呈轻微的减少趋势. 相似文献
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二龙山水库水环境保护研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
文章在对二龙山水库水源地环境现状进行系统分析的基础上,划分水源地保护区,确定水质保护目标;并以此为依据,对水源地的水环境容量及主要污染物削减量进行了分析和研究,提出了二龙山水库水源地主要污染物总量控制目标及保护对策。 相似文献
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南水北调中线工程对汉江中下游的影响分析 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
本文分别计算了丹江口水库１９６９－１９９０年实际下泄流量过程和大坝加高向黄淮海地区调水１５×１０９ｍ３后下泄过程在２０２０水平年下汉江中下游各点的水位流量过程，比较了两者的水位流量差①，分析了丹江口水库调水对汉江中下游各点水位和流量的影响以及引起的灌溉用水和航运的变化。结果表明，丹江口水库调水后，丹江口水库下游各点的多年平均水位、流量将下降，流量过程趋于缓和，洪水流量减少，枯水流量增加；灌溉取水量减少，破坏状况加重，枯水期航运流量增加，但中水期航运时段减少。最后，作者对汉江中下游补偿工程提出了建议。 相似文献
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三峡水库重庆段一级支流回水河段富营养化潜势研究 总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21
本文采用箱模型法分析三峡水库蓄水对重庆段主要一级支流回水河段富营养化的影响。结果表明,对于所预测的2010年以前的污染负荷水平,由于回水段平均水深达到15m左右,三峡水库重庆段主要支流回水段整体上不会出现富营养化现象;但对于水深小于1m的库岸附近,可能出现局部富营养化。根据日本国立公害研究所的富营养化指标的标准,当总磷(TP)浓度在0.05mg/L-0.11mg/L区间时,属于中-富营养。由于三峡水库一些支流回水段的TP浓度肯定超过0.05mg/L,虽然还达不到富营养的程度,但也已接近富营养化 相似文献
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参照条件是开展河流生态学研究的基础,这些条件不受或很少受到人为干扰。为研究尼泊尔Andhi Khola河上一处河坝的生态影响,采用野外快速生物筛分(RFB)法预先划分出2个研究参照点或最少干扰参照点,于2013年1月和2月采集了生物学样品(大型脊椎动物)和物理-化学样品。对大型无脊椎动物区系使用多栖息地采样(MHS)法。通过一些指标对预选的研究点进行了确认,这些指标是:尼泊尔生物评价法(NEPBIOS)、生物监测评价法(BMWP)、兴都库什喜马拉雅生物评价法(HKHBIOS)、Hilsenhoff法(HILSENHOFF),以及国家卫生基金会水质指标法(NSFWQI)。NEPBIOS、HKHBIOS、HILSENHOFF、RFB以及NSFWQI指标预测2个参照点的河水水质都比较好,达到II级水准。只有BMWP/ASPT水质指标预测2个参照点的河水水质都很好,达到I级水准。如此,预选的这2个水质较好的点(II级)被确认为研究参照点。本研究表明,多度量法适用于即将修建水利工程的河流的监测与评价。 相似文献
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《自然地理学》2013,34(6):507-530
The advance of saltcedar from the American southwest to Montana between the mid-19th and mid-20th centuries crossed the Continental Divide—a major topographic and climatic barrier to natural dispersal by southern plants. Interviews, archival information, and field observations are used to explain this advance. According to archival documents, saltcedar was planted in communities adjacent to the Bighorn River in central Wyoming as part of urban beautification projects in 1936. Bureau of Reclamation reports describe tree plantings for erosion control between 1940 and 1953 within the Riverton Irrigation Project in the Wind-Bighorn River watershed. These introductions were followed by rapid natural dispersal northward by water and wind through the Wind/Bighorn system and into the Yellowstone and Missouri rivers in Montana before closure of Boysen and Bighorn dams in 1951 and 1967. Construction equipment and ornamental plantings further transported saltcedar to the Fort Peck Reservoir and the Musselshell River. We conclude that, without control at its advancing fronts, a complete ban of its sale, and removal of existing ornamental and erosion control trees, saltcedar will invade most suitable sites in the Missouri watershed and disperse northwards into western Canada. 相似文献
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丹江口水库向白洋淀补水生态调度方案研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
白洋淀是华北平原最大的淡水湖泊。近年来,入淀水量和降水量持续减少导致淀水位持续下降。尽管国家实施了多次的生态补水调度,但由于缺乏长效补水机制,白洋淀生态环境恶化趋势仍没有得到有效控制。南水北调中线一期工程的建设,使利用丹江口水库向白洋淀补充生态环境用水成为可能。本文通过研究丹江口水库不同运行调度方案,探讨了利用水文和气象预测、预报信息来指导水库生态调度的可行性。在分析生态预报调度方式内涵的基础上,结合丹江口水库相机补充白洋淀生态用水实例来说明该方法的实用性和可行性。研究表明,基于预报信息的生态优化调度方案,可使白洋淀多年平均补水量增加48%以上。 相似文献