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1.
An integrated program of ecosystem modeling and field studies in the mountains of the Pacific Northwest (U.S.A.) has quantified many of the ecological processes affected by climatic variability. Paleoecological and contemporary ecological data in forest ecosystems provided model parameterization and validation at broad spatial and temporal scales for tree growth, tree regeneration and treeline movement. For subalpine tree species, winter precipitation has a strong negative correlation with growth; this relationship is stronger at higher elevations and west-side sites (which have more precipitation). Temperature affects tree growth at some locations with respect to length of growing season (spring) and severity of drought at drier sites (summer). Furthermore, variable but predictable climate-growth relationships across elevation gradients suggest that tree species respond differently to climate at different locations, making a uniform response of these species to future climatic change unlikely. Multi-decadal variability in climate also affects ecosystem processes. Mountain hemlock growth at high-elevation sites is negatively correlated with winter snow depth and positively correlated with the winter Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index. At low elevations, the reverse is true. Glacier mass balance and fire severity are also linked to PDO. Rapid establishment of trees in subalpine ecosystems during this century is increasing forest cover and reducing meadow cover at many subalpine locations in the western U.S.A. and precipitation (snow depth) is a critical variable regulating conifer expansion. Lastly, modeling potential future ecosystem conditions suggests that increased climatic variability will result in increasing forest fire size and frequency, and reduced net primary productivity in drier, east-side forest ecosystems. As additional empirical data and modeling output become available, we will improve our ability to predict the effects of climatic change across a broad range of climates and mountain ecosystems in the northwestern U.S.A. 相似文献
2.
利用1983年7月～2001年9月国际卫星云气候计划ISCCP D2的月平均资料，对西北不同区域不同类型云的云量和云水路径的时空分布及其与降水的关系进行了研究。结果表明:高原气候区是各种云出现最多的地区，特别是积状云的云量明显高于其他两区，但这些云的云水路径值低；西北地区大多数云云量的高值区出现在天山山区、北疆地区、陕西东南部和青藏高原的部分地区。高云和部分中云云量空间分布特征与降水有着较好的一致性:沿着天山—昆仑山—祁连山一带以及陕南和／或陇南地区是高值区，低值区在塔里木盆地—内蒙古西部戈壁沙漠—黄土高原西北部一带；绝大多数云类春夏季节云量维持较高，秋冬季节云量较少。云水路径值较大的层状云类的云量多寡与降水多寡相一致；积状云类和层积云类云量多少与降水没有一定的关系，在降水偏少时，这类云的云量大多与降水正常时相近，有些云的云量甚至比降水偏多时还要多。 相似文献
3.
RECENT TRENDS IN TREE-RING RECORDS FROM HIGH ELEVATION SITES IN THE ANDES OF NORTHERN PATAGONIA 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
RICARDO VILLALBA JOSE A. BONINSEGNA THOMAS T. VEBLEN ANDREA SCHMELTER SIGFRIDO RUBULIS 《Climatic change》1997,36(3-4):425-454
A new set of tree-ring records from the Andes of northern Patagonia, Argentina (41° S) was used to evaluate recent (i.e., last 250 years) regional trends in tree growth at upper treeline. Fifteen tree-ring chronologies from 1200 to 1750 m elevation were developed for Nothofagus pumilio, the dominant subalpine species. Samples were collected along three elevational transects located along the steep west-to-east precipitation gradient from the main Cordillera (mean annual precipitation >4000 mm) to an eastern outlier of the Andes (mean annual precipitation >2000 mm). Ring-width variation in higher elevation tree-ring records from the main Cordillera is mainly related to changes in temperature and precipitation during spring and summer. However, the response to climatic variation is also influenced by local site factors of elevation and exposure. Based on the relationships between Nothofagus growth and climate, we reconstructed changes in snow cover duration in late spring and variations in mean annual temperature since A.D. 1750. Abrupt interannual changes in the mean annual temperature reconstruction are associated with strong to very strong El Niño-Southern Oscillation events. At upper treeline, tree growth since 1977 has been anomalously high. A sharp rise in global average tropospheric temperatures has been recorded since the mid-1970s in response to an enhanced tropical hydrologic cycle due to an increase in temperature of the tropical Pacific. Temperatures in northern Patagonia have been anomalously high throughout the 1980s, which is consistent with positive temperature anomalies in the tropical Pacific and along the western coast of the Americas at c.a. 40° S latitude. Our 250-year temperature reconstruction indicates that although the persistently high temperatures of the 1980s are uncommon during this period, they are not unprecedented. Tropical climatic episodes similar to that observed during the 1980s may have occurred in the recent past under pre-industrial carbon dioxide levels. 相似文献
4.
利用1960-2009年咸宁市3个地面气象站气象资料,统计分析近50 a来该区域气温、降水等主要气候要素的年变化、四季变化及年代际变化的趋势特征。结果表明：近50 a研究区气温有上升趋势,气候倾向率为0.23℃/10a,年平均气温在20世纪90年代末发生突变。春秋季平均气温分别在2002年和1999年发生突变,夏季平均气温在2006年发生突变,冬季平均气温早在1990年发生突变。春季与秋季平均气温的变化比较一致,冬季平均气温对全球变暖响应最敏感,春秋与秋季对气候变暖的响应是比较敏感,而夏季对气候变暖的响应最为迟缓。近50 a年降水量呈波动但无明显增降的趋势,其中春夏两季变化趋势较为一致并有下降的趋势,且春夏降水量的变化主导着年降水量的变化;而冬季降水量有上升的趋势。通过对气温与降水变化趋势的比较,发现冬季对气候变化的响应最显著、其余季节无明显相关性。 相似文献
5.
利用1960—2009年咸宁市3个地面气象站气象资料,统计分析近50 a来该区域气温、降水等主要气候要素的年变化、四季变化及年代际变化的趋势特征。结果表明：近50 a研究区气温有上升趋势,气候倾向率为0.23℃/10 a,年平均气温在20世纪90年代末发生突变。春秋季平均气温分别在2002年和1999年发生突变,夏季平均气温在2006年发生突变,冬季平均气温在1990年发生突变。春季与秋季平均气温的变化较一致,冬季平均气温对全球变暖响应最敏感,春季与秋季对气候变暖的响应较敏感,而夏季对气候变暖的响应最为迟缓。近50 a咸宁市年降水量呈波动但无明显增降的趋势,其中春夏两季变化趋势较为一致并有下降的趋势,且春夏降水量的变化主导着年降水量的变化;而冬季降水量有上升的趋势。通过对气温与降水变化趋势的比较,发现冬季对气候变化的响应最显著,其余季节无明显相关性。 相似文献
6.
以本溪地区4个站点数据为基础,同时选取气温和降水2个主要的气象要素指标,采用线性倾向估计、Mann-Kendall和累积距平法,对1958—2009年本溪地区的气候变化进行探讨。结果表明：近52 a来,本溪地区年和春、秋季及冬季平均气温均呈明显的增温趋势。夏季虽有增温趋势,但是不显著。本溪地区春和冬季降水量均呈弱增加趋势,而年夏季及秋季降水量均呈下降趋势。总体来说,近52 a来本溪地区降水量呈下降趋势。本溪地区年和各季平均气温均先后在20世纪80年代末发生了突变。20世纪80年代以来,本溪地区相对进入了明显的暖期。年和各季的降水量均没有发生突变。 相似文献
7.
根据1961—2012年陕西省均一化气温数据分析了秦岭南北两侧平均气温、最高气温、最低气温的年、季节变化特征,结果表明:秦岭南北两侧年平均气温、最高气温和最低气温均呈增加趋势,增加幅度南北分布不均,北麓温度增幅较南麓显著;气温季节变化存在一定差异,平均气温在春季和冬季增温显著,最高气温在春季增温显著,最低气温在冬季增温显著,秦岭南北两侧春季、秋季气温日较差变大,冬季和夏季气温日较差变小。为了进一步明确气温变化的原因,结合DMSP (defense mete-orological satellite program)/OLS (operational lines-can system) 数据将秦岭南北两侧分为5个区域,分别计算每个区域内城市化对气温变化的影响以及城市化影响的贡献率表明:秦岭北麓城市化过程较秦岭南麓快,城市化发展的差异,导致了城市化对秦岭南北两侧温度影响的不均匀性,秦岭北麓气温变化受城市化影响程度明显高于秦岭南麓,影响主要以平均气温和最低气温为主,城市化发展的差异加剧了秦岭南北两侧气温变化的非均匀性。 相似文献
8.
利用宁波四明山区域气象观测站逐日和逐小时气象要素观测资料,分析该区域气候条件,并以舒适度指标等评估其气候生态。结果表明,1961—2017年四明山区域气温持续上升,降水增多,日降水峰值集中在16—18时且未出现明显变化,小风日数增多,气候适宜日数明显增加。气温是影响该区域人体舒适度的主因,其次是相对湿度和风;春秋舒适日数多,气候温润,日晴夜雨特征明显;夏季凉爽,是理想的避暑休闲胜地;年舒适时数高山与平原相近,但季节差异明显,夏季高山地区非常舒适,其他三季平原更舒适。区域气候模式结果显示,未来四明山区域气温继续维持升高趋势,降水有所增加,极端高温事件增多,极端低温事件减少,人体舒适日数呈减少趋势,春、秋季略增加,夏季减少明显。 相似文献
9.
Eivind Uleberg Inger Hanssen-Bauer Bob van Oort Sigridur Dalmannsdottir 《Climatic change》2014,122(1-2):27-39
This study evaluates the effects of climate change on agriculture in Northern Norway. It is based on downscaled climate projections for six different municipalities combined with interviews with farmers, advisors and administrative personnel in these municipalities. The projections document large climatic differences both between and within the different municipalities. The main predicted climatic changes include increasing temperatures and precipitation as well as increased frequency of certain types of extreme weather events. Despite challenges such as unstable winters, increased autumn precipitation and possibly more weeds and diseases, a prolongation of the current short growth season together with higher growth temperatures can give new opportunities for agriculture here. The impacts are expected to differ both within and between municipalities and will require tailored adaptive strategies. Most of these however should pose no difficulty implementing, having an agronomical basis that farmers are accustomed to cope with. 相似文献
10.
Growth of trees at their altitudinal and latitudinal range limits is expected to increase as climate warms, but trees often exhibit unexplained spatial and temporal variation in climate-growth responses, particularly in alpine regions. Until this variability is explained, predictions of future tree growth are unlikely to be accurate. We sampled Picea glauca (white spruce) growing at forest and tree line on north and south aspects in two mountain ranges of southwest Yukon to determine how and why ring-width patterns vary between topographic settings, and over time. We used multivariate statistical analysis to characterize variation in ring-width patterns between topographic factors and time periods, and calculated correlations between ring-width indices and climate variables to explain this variation. Ring-width patterns varied more between mountain ranges than elevations or aspects, particularly in recent decades when ring-widths increased in one mountain range but not the other. Growth responses to summer temperature were notably weaker during warmer time periods, but growth was not positively correlated to summer precipitation, suggesting trees may not be suffering from temperature-induced drought stress. Rather, ring-width indices began responding positively to spring snow depth after 1976. We conclude that tree growth is unlikely to increase in synchrony with rising air temperatures across subarctic tree lines in southwest Yukon. Instead, they may decline in areas that are prone to thin snowpacks or rapid spring runoff due to the negative influence warming springs will have on snow depth and, consequently, early growing season soil moisture. 相似文献
11.
在天山北坡不同区域间隔海拔高度100 m左右采集5个树轮梯度年表,分析树木径向生长沿海拔高度变化的规律。结果发现:在树轮年表特征中,平均轮宽、树龄和敏感度等存在海拔梯度变化,平均轮宽和敏感度随海拔升高而降低,而平均树龄则与海拔高度呈正相关。高海拔采样点在同一区域和不同区域间一致性最好,低海拔采样点次之,而森林中部最差,东部和中部低海拔区域采样点的一致性要好于西部,坡向、坡度等小生境的差异也是影响树轮生长垂直变化规律的重要因素。存在同时影响不同海拔高度树轮生长的环境要素,西部和中部高海拔树木对该要素的响应更显著,在更为干旱的天山北坡中部和东部,对树木径向生长的影响较大的环境因子要多于西部伊犁地区。 相似文献
12.
位于西昆仑山北坡的叶尔羌河是塔里木河的三大源流之一,该流域山区分布的雪岭云杉为过去气候变化研究提供了理想的载体。本文建立了叶尔羌河流域4个雪岭云杉树轮宽度年表和区域合成年表,探讨了树轮年表对叶城气象站气温、降水等气候要素的响应特征。结果表明雪岭云杉树轮年表具有较高平均敏感度、缺轮率和序列间相关系数,年表的质量较高。区域合成年表与叶城站上年6月至当年5月降水量相关系数为0.393,与当年3—9月平均最低气温相关系数为0.624。一阶差相关分析表明,树轮年表与最低气温的高频变化特征并不一致,二者较高的正相关主要是由于温度升高趋势的贡献。树轮年表与乌恰站上年7月至当年4月降水量相关系数为0.535。西昆仑山北坡雪岭云杉树轮年表与周边对水分敏感的树轮气候记录对比表明,其低频变化趋势以及缺年集中出现的年份均具有较好的一致性。由于气候干旱、下垫面条件恶劣,位于叶尔羌河流域的西昆仑山北坡雪岭云杉树木径向生长的限制因子仍然为水分条件,而非气温。 相似文献
13.
1960-2005年湖南省降水的变化 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用线性回归、突变分析及小波分析方法,分析了湖南省1960-2005年86个地面台站降水量的变化。结果表明：46 a来湖南省年降水量呈增加的趋势,气候倾向率为21.8 mm/10a,其中春秋两季降水量呈减少趋势,夏冬两季降水量呈显著增加的趋势,11 a滑动平均曲线表明,今后湖南省降水量有减少趋势; 湖南省在1990年代初年降水量增多是一突变现象,主要是夏冬降水量发生突变,而春秋两季无突变现象;湖南省年降水量和四季降水量存在4个主要周期的变化。 相似文献
14.
1960-2005年湖南省降水的变化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用线性回归、突变分析及小波分析方法,分析了湖南省1960-2005年86个地面台站降水量的变化。结果表明：46 a来湖南省年降水量呈增加的趋势,气候倾向率为21.8 mm/10a,其中春秋两季降水量呈减少趋势,夏冬两季降水量呈显著增加的趋势,11 a滑动平均曲线表明,今后湖南省降水量有减少趋势; 湖南省在1990年代初年降水量增多是一突变现象,主要是夏冬降水量发生突变,而春秋两季无突变现象;湖南省年降水量和四季降水量存在4个主要周期的变化。 相似文献
15.
1964—2005年辽宁第一对流层顶温度变化特征分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
利用趋势分析、突变分析及小波分析方法对1964—2005年辽宁南部(大连)和北部(沈阳)第一对流层顶温度特征进行分析和比较。结果表明:近42 a,对于辽宁地区第一对流层顶温度,年、夏秋季平均值均呈升高趋势,春冬季平均值呈弱下降趋势;多年平均值的年变化表现为北部夏季最高、春季最低,南部秋季最高、春季最低;南部年、季的年际变化幅度均大于北部;年际变化幅度在南部夏季最大、春秋季次之、冬季最小,在北部夏季最大、冬季次之、春秋季差异不大;发生突变时段春夏季南部滞后于北部。在春季存在着3 a,6 a和18 a周期,其他季节周期变化南部较北部明显。 相似文献
16.
CMIP3与CMIP5模式对中国西北干旱区气温和降水的模拟能力比较 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过对15组CMIP3和CMIP5两代模式集合平均对中国西北干旱区气温和降水的模拟能力比较,发现CMIP5模式对气温和降水的模拟更接近观测值。CMIP5模式模拟年、春季、夏季、秋季平均气温的相关系数比CMIP3模式分别提升了0.15、0.13、0.24和0.02,冬季下降了0.07。CMIP5模式对西北干旱区的平均气温变化趋势的模拟效果比CMIP3有所提高,对年、春季、夏季、秋季、冬季趋势的模拟偏差比CMIP3分别减少了0.03℃/10a、0.10℃/10a、0.01℃/10a、0.06℃/10a、0.14℃/10a。对西北干旱区平均气温年、季的模拟偏差分布上,CMIP5模式的偏差均比CMIP3低1~2℃。但是天山区年、季节平均气温的模拟与整体模拟偏低情况相反,CMIP3和CMIP5分别偏高3~6℃和1~4℃,对夏季的模拟偏高最严重,分别达到6℃和4℃。CMIP5模式整体对西北干旱区降水量的模拟结果与观测值的平均相关系数与CMIP3相差不大,均不超过0.1,而且偏差仍然较大。CMIP5模式对西北干旱区的降水量的变化趋势模拟效果比CMIP3有所降低,对年、春季、夏季、秋季、冬季趋势的模拟偏差比CMIP3增加了0.67 mm/10a、0.23 mm/10a、0.51 mm/10a、0.11 mm/10a、0.14 mm/10a。CMIP5模式对年、春季、夏季、秋季和冬季的降水量模拟的均方根误差相比CMIP3分别减少77.6 mm、25.5 mm、25.0 mm、18.8 mm和13.9 mm。在空间上,CMIP5模式对年、季节降水模拟仍然偏高,但是比CMIP3有明显缓解;CMIP3和CMIP5模式对夏季天山区年降水量和夏季降水量的模拟也与大部分区域偏高的趋势明显相反,两代模式对夏季天山区的降水模拟均偏低50 mm左右。 相似文献
17.
Raphaël D. Chavardès Lori D. Daniels Patrick O. Waeber John L. Innes Craig R. Nitschke 《Climatic change》2013,116(3-4):593-611
We used dendroclimatology to quantify inter-annual to multi-decadal climatic variation effects on white spruce radial growth in southwest Yukon, Canada. Local climate is dry and cold, such that tree growth was primarily moisture- rather than temperature-limited, although the mechanisms varied temporally. During the 20th century, significant increases in precipitation countered warming temperatures, so that heat?moisture indices have not changed significantly. Directional climatic change, superimposed on variation due to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), resulted in unstable climate?growth relations. Prior to 1977, ring widths were positively correlated with previous growing season precipitation and warm temperatures had a negative impact, exacerbating moisture limitations in dry years especially during the cool, dry negative PDO phase (1946?1976). After 1977, correlations with previous growing season precipitation became negative and correlations with previous fall and winter precipitation and current year July and August temperatures became positive, although not statistically significant. These changes suggest precipitation and temperature increases over recent decades benefitted white spruce growth. Climate projections for this region include further temperature and precipitation increases, which may promote white spruce growth depending on the seasonality and interactions between temperature and precipitation. This study demonstrated the complexity of potential responses of white spruce to climate variation and change. 相似文献
18.
Changes of atmospheric circulation in central Europe and their influence on climatic trends in the Czech Republic 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
This work deals with the influence of changes of atmospheric circulation on observed trends of 11 climatic elements at 21 stations in the Czech Republic in the period 1961–1998. Atmospheric circulation in central Europe is described by the German (Hess-Brezowsky) and Czech-Slovak (Brádka’s) subjective catalogues of synoptic types. In the study period there is a strong downward trend in the occurrence of anticyclonic types in Brádka’s catalogue in all seasons, this trend being most prominent in autumn. Westerly and northwesterly types become more frequent in autumn and winter, less frequent in spring and summer under both classifications. In the Hess-Brezowsky catalogue, the occurrence of anticyclonic types increases in winter, spring, and summer. To assess the effect of circulation changes on observed climate trends we have used the method of “hypothetical” seasonal trends that are calculated from a daily series, constructed by assigning the long-term monthly average of the given climatic element under a specific circulation type to each day classified with this type. The ratio of these circulation-conditioned trends and observed seasonal trends shows that changes in atmospheric circulation are the primary cause of massive winter warming and autumn cooling, which is connected with increasing precipitation and humidity. Summer climate trends are unrelated to changes in atmospheric circulation. Simultaneous use of more circulation classifications for the detection of climatic changes is highly recommended, as the long-term circulation trends depend on the catalogue applied. 相似文献
19.
Karsten Grunewald Jörg Scheithauer Jean-Marie Monget Derek Brown 《Climatic change》2009,95(3-4):535-549
The Pirin Mountains in southwest Bulgaria spatially mark a transition between the Mediterranean and temperate climate zones. Therefore they are also particularly relevant for research on high mountain climate and the effect of landscape transformation. Historical climate records gathered in the area have been researched, checked and statistically examined. The mountainous climate has been characterised and trends in the evolution of temperature and precipitation since 1931 have been outlined. There are objective evidences for an increasing annual mean temperature, longer vegetative periods and local droughts in spring and autumn. Significant changes also appear in climatic threshold values such as the number of frost change days. This last parameter is very important for the sustainability of mountainous ecosystems. 相似文献
20.
Effects of global warming on radial growth were examined for the subalpine tree species Abies veitchii (1600–2200 m?a.s.l.), A. mariesii (2000–2500 m?a.s.l.) and Betula ermanii (1600–2500 m?a.s.l.) in central Japan, by using dendrochronological techniques. Chronologies of tree-ring widths were examined for the three species and of maximum latewood densities for the two Abies species at their upper and lower distribution limits (total 10 chronologies). We developed multiple regression models to reproduce these chronologies from the monthly mean temperature and sum of precipitation. Of the 10 chronologies, growth-climate relations could not be modeled for tree-ring width chronologies of the three species at their lower distribution limits because of low correlation. Annual mean temperature and annual sum of precipitation will increase about 3 °C and 100 mm, respectively, by 2100 in central Japan, according to 18 climatic change scenarios (6 general circulation models ×3 greenhouse gasses emission scenarios). We predicted tree-ring widths and maximum latewood densities by substituting 18 climatic change scenarios into the growth-climate models. Maximum latewood densities and tree-ring widths of A. mariesii at the upper and lower distribution limits increased by 2100. The rates of the increase tended to be greater for scenarios with more greenhouse gas emission. By contrast, maximum latewood densities of A. veitchii and tree-ring widths of B. ermanii were unchanged by 2100, irrespective of the three greenhouse gas emission scenarios. This study showed that radial growth of the three species responds differently to global warming and their responses are predictable by dendrochronological models. 相似文献