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1.
Agriculture has always been very important for the Bulgarian economy, but during the socialist period there was considerable
progress made in the diversification of employment opportunities in rural areas. While many people commuted to non-agricultural
jobs in the townships (and there was a large permanent transfer from rural to urban areas), there were additional opportunities
in small factories and local services in the villages themselves. The transition has seen these opportunities much reduced,
at precisely the time when full-time paid work in agriculture has declined due to market restructuring while complex problems
have emerged associated with liquidating the state-run cooperatives and establishing a viable alternative. The paper discusses
the general issues and presents a case study from the north-central part of the country. The rebuilding of a cooperative farming
system (along with other forms of consolidation) is a positive trend which could increase spending power in the villages and
help in the growth of employment in rural industries and services.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
The majority of rural communities have limited agricultural development opportunities within the hills and mountains of Nepal. While the dominant development model, which focuses on technology transfer and the evolution of commercial production systems, is effective when access to inputs and markets enables farmers to produce and trade successfully, many communities are marginalised from development opportunities by poverty and poor infrastructure. Complementary development approaches that value, conserve, develop and market agrobiodiversity could alleviate the extreme poverty where these conditions prevail as in the hills and mountains, the rural margins of Nepal. Formalised in situ approaches to agrobiodiversity conservation are in their infancy in Nepal, yet suggest that opportunities exist for a complementary agricultural development approach in the rural margins based on working with the local diversity, rather than its elimination. The obstacles of widespread poverty and inadequate infrastructure ensure that effective in situ agrobiodiversity conservation programs must provide for the needs of local people for sustainable development. 相似文献
3.
The majority of rural communities have limited agricultural development opportunities within the hills and mountains of Nepal. While the dominant development model, which focuses on technology transfer and the evolution of commercial production systems, is effective when access to inputs and markets enables farmers to produce and trade successfully, many communities are marginalised from development opportunities by poverty and poor infrastructure. Complementary development approaches that value, conserve, develop and market agrobiodiversity could alleviate the extreme poverty where these conditions prevail as in the hills and mountains, the rural margins of Nepal. Formalised in situ approaches to agrobiodiversity conservation are in their infancy in Nepal, yet suggest that opportunities exist for a complementary agricultural development approach in the rural margins based on working with the local diversity, rather than its elimination. The obstacles of widespread poverty and inadequate infrastructure ensure that effective in situ agrobiodiversity conservation programs must provide for the needs of local people for sustainable development. 相似文献
4.
Derek R. Hall 《GeoJournal》1998,46(3):283-287
This paper examines the prospects for Albanian rural diversification with particular reference to rural tourism. In the early
1990s, tourism was identified by the Albanian government and Western development consultants as a likely vehicle for an appropriate
and sustainable development strategy, given the relative wealth generated by international tourism in neighbouring Greece,
Italy and Croatia. Pressure has been exerted by commercial developers for mass coastal tourism and permission for around 40 new
tourist development has been granted. But Albania embraces a considerable wealth of natural and cultural heritage, which provides
opportunities for the development of small scale rural tourism carefully integrated into the local economy with respect to
organic farming, quality wine production and sustainable fishing. But sensitive social integration is vital where it is difficult
to identify rural communities where there is a conspicuous absence of local consensus. The resurgence of traditional social
systems and the empowerment of local actors in cases where organised crime has taken root pose major problems for rural diversification.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
5.
Institutional change and natural resource use in coastal Vietnam 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Cecilia Luttrell 《GeoJournal》2001,55(2-4):529-540
Vietnam is currently undergoing a rapid economic and social transition involving the dismantling of the co-operative system
and the official embracing of a market economy. The paper uses an institutional approach to examine adaptation to such changes
in two coastal communes in mangrove forest areas. Having provided the historical and policy context of reforms which have
taken place in Vietnam in the area of resource management, the paper goes on to discuss changes currently taking place in
access to resources. The complexity of property rights regimes are then examined in the light of such changes, with particular
focus on the effects of privatisation and the increased effects of integration with external markets. Using livelihood diversification
as a key concept for understanding local adaptation to such changes, the paper concludes with discussion of the socially differentiated
impacts of the process and the implications for future livelihoods.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
6.
Building sustainable livelihoods in Laos: untangling farm from non-farm, progress from distress 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Laos is one of the poorest countries in the world. The majority of households continue to rely on farming to meet their needs. However the country is also going through an important transition as the market extends into formerly remote rural areas. Drawing on surveys of nine villages in three districts, the paper elucidates how households are managing the transition from subsistence to market. Agriculturally resilient communities with considerable potential are contrasted with villages where the scope for increases in farm output are sharply constrained. The growing role of non-farm activities is highlighted and a distinction drawn between `distress' and `progressive' diversification. The paper argues that diversification is propelled by very different forces and has markedly different implications in livelihood terms. It is also suggested that while general statements can be made about livelihood transitions in the country, and the production and reproduction of poverty, at a household level it is often not possible to `read-off' likely livelihood conditions from a mere assessment of resources. 相似文献
7.
Katherine R. Metzo 《GeoJournal》2001,55(2-4):549-556
Economic reform in post-Soviet Russia has proceeded unevenly, resulting in broad variation between rural and urban areas.
In the case study presented here, I examine how Communism's `economy of favors' has been transformed into a localized quasi-capitalist
economy, which predominantly operates outside the national market economy. Using data from two villages in Tunkinskij Raion
of the Buriat Republic in Russia, I look at how people at a micro-sociological level have adapted to current economic conditions.
In particular I examine the relationships between informal networks and the ability to intensify agricultural production on
household plots, to gain access to a variety of forest resources, and to find seasonal, part-time, or one-time work outside
the household and the formal labor market.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
8.
Manufacturing rural finance in Asia: Institutional assemblages, market societies, entrepreneurial subjects 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Katharine N. Rankin 《Geoforum》2008,39(6):1965-1977
This paper takes up the proposition that institutions mediate market formation, through a comparative study of rural finance in Nepal and Vietnam. It explores how microfinance, as an iconic institution of ‘roll-out neoliberalism’, articulates political-economic and cultural-political milieux—with particular emphasis given to the ways in which the Vietnamese Party-state has engaged rural finance to further the socialist transition even as it has undergone significant ‘economic renovation’. In so doing, the paper adopts a processual interpretation of institutions not as bounded structures, but as arenas of ongoing debate over culturally constructed meanings and ‘practices of assemblage’ [Li, T.M., 2007a. Practices of assemblage and community forest management. Economy and Society 36 (2), 263–293] that are inextricably linked with wider-scale political-economic and cultural-political formations. A comparative approach is pursued here to emphasize spatio-temporal contingencies in the articulation of a market-led development institution with specific national regulatory frameworks and political cultures. A critical-geographical orientation helps to deepen Polanyi’s proposition that the economy is an instituted process, to challenge the prevailing binary opposition between state- and market-led development, account for the multiple scales at which power and interest reside in the formation of markets, and highlight the variable ways in which markets are embodied and enacted in particular places. 相似文献
9.
The rural in dispute: Discourses of rurality in the Pyrenees 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
There is a widespread assumption that associates the rural with the unchanged and unchangeable. However, what constitutes ‘the rural’ is under constant transformation. In rural Europe a rapid process of social recomposition and economic restructuring is taking place causing increasing social complexity and new disputes about what is and should become the rural. This is more apparent in mountain areas, being locations that are particularly vulnerable to change. This situation is reflected in the growing diversity of discourses of rurality, which struggle to impose their particular views and interests on others. Nevertheless, little attention is paid in understanding the multiplicity of representations and interests held by rural dwellers about their own world. This paper aims to explore the diversity of perceptions and perspectives held by the inhabitants of the county of El Pallars Sobirà, in the Catalan Pyrenees. The material provided by semi-structured interviews given to local residents has been analysed through the Q methodology. As a result, four discourses of rurality have been identified, namely: the agriculturalist, entrepreneurial, conservationist and endogenous development. Finally, we argue that an underlying social structure, derived from the experiences of local dwellers of the rural population movements and the tertiarisation of local economies, exists behind the organisation of the debate on the rural. This leads us to assume that not only perceptions, but also socioeconomic reorganisations are in dispute. 相似文献
10.
Zsuzsanna Varga 《GeoJournal》1998,46(3):215-219
Although agricultural work is declining in Hungary, farming remains an important source of employment. However, the agrarian
population should not be regarded as homogenous because many small farms are worked only for subsistence and family income
supplement. This is because of prolonged economic crisis which makes for a shortage of job opportunities in other sectors
of the economy. Until economic growth accelerates there is a need for transitional solutions to the problem of unemployment.
It is argued that the present farming system could be diversified through labour-intensive programmes to provide piped water
and drainage in small towns and villages and simultaneously engage many of the long-term unemployed who are no longer entitled
to benefit and lack the qualifications for jobs that require special skills. The environment could also be protected by the
afforestation of 300–400 000 ha of arable land or its conversion to grassland. Light industry could also generate employment
while stimulating the growth of local farm production and the improvement of the infrastructure. Training for unemployed young
people should also be a priority if the erosion of rural labour resources is not to become irreversible. A much more proactive
approach is needed from government to safeguard rural labour resources and achieve greater integration between forestry, farming
and processing.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
11.
The debate on genetic modification (GM) is persistent, polarized and mainly involves organized groups at the national level. With the European Union’s new policy of coexistence, commercial cultivation of GM crops is expected by the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality within the next few years, especially maize (BT) and potato (Phytophthera resistance and starch production). This makes the debate relevant for those directly confronted with this cultivation: the inhabitants of local rural communities. In The Netherlands, stakeholders formulated coexistence rules to prevent problems between conventional, organic and GM farmers that grow their crops in the same limited land area. Little is known, however, regarding the perceptions of the non-farming inhabitants of rural communities (“the neighbours”) in the debate. This paper presents the results of a focus group-based argumentative analysis of whether (and how) the GM issues play a decisive role among non-farming inhabitants of four rural communities in the Netherlands. We analysed the arguments in relation to a conceptual model that describes the potential rise and dynamics from a pre-Nimby ambivalence towards an outspoken Nimby position. We observed that the GM debate was given very little priority relative to other national issues on the political agenda and that more social cohesion correlates with fewer arguments in the national debate. It is argued that this mechanism keeps the Nimby ambivalence in an undetermined mode, which in turn diminishes the chances of radical rural-based protest against local GM cultivation of crops. 相似文献
12.
Developing ecotourism in First World, resource-dependent areas 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Deborah Che 《Geoforum》2006,37(2):212-226
Ecotourism, an economic diversification tool most commonly applied in the Third World as a means to protect ecosystems, preserve local cultures, and spur economic development, has recently been applied in First World resource-dependent areas. While ecotourism has traditionally focused on Third World ‘undisturbed’ protected lands, it has also been developed in their First World equivalents (i.e., old-growth forests) as well as in First World sites of past resource extraction and in places where current agricultural practices maintain cherished cultural landscapes. Forest County, Pennsylvania, a timber-dependent area, sought to diversify its economy by developing ecotourism based on its unique Allegheny hardwood forests, which are produced by timber harvesting. This ecotourism would encourage amenity-based, locally-driven economic development and maintain timber harvesting. While government and foundation supported ecotourism development efforts in areas dependent on resource extraction have incorporated some of ecotourism’s ideals, these operations have had mixed success. Such isolated areas, which have traditionally drawn visitors independently engaging in traditional outdoor recreation activities, have not been able to draw enough customers willing to pay for natural and cultural history tours. If ecotourism is to be successful, such areas may need further government support and destination branding to increase name recognition in order to counter the global orientation of the nature tour industry. For true community development, local collaborative efforts including resource and environmental interests are also required in which primary production is connected to processing and consumers through value-added and service sector activities such as tourism. 相似文献
13.
Entrepreneurship in the northern periphery in Israel should be viewed as a response to the crisis in rural agriculture during the 1980’s. Most entrepreneurs left their farms for salaried employment for a few years and they took professional courses in order to learn necessary skills before they opened their enterprises. They have developed new small entreprizes using local resources at times informally as means to reduce risks and they specialize mainly in internal tourism and construction related branches. While Jewish entrepreneurs develop mainly tourism activities oriented toward the national market, Arab entrepreneurs develop mainly construction related branches to local and home regional markets. Both represent two styles of peripheral activities. It seems that both styles has only limited potential to overcome their marginality. 相似文献
14.
The traditional peasant way of life has involved the maximum use of local resources for subsistence with a surplus for commercial activity where local supplies and market conditions allow. In the Subcarpathian region of Romania fruit constitute a major resource and plums have been valued for their usefulness in supplying jam, dried fruit and brandy. The latter product (tuica) is still finding a considerable commercial outlet despite the competition from urban-based distilleries and from imported spirits. Despite the discouragement of distilling in rural areas under communism (especially in areas that were collectivised) there are good opportunities today in the context of farm diversification and pluriactivity which is crucial for the survival of small farms in the hill regions of the country. The paper outlines the ways in which plums may be valorised, examines the particular significance of plum brandy and considers the potential for future expansion. 相似文献
15.
Population pressure, agricultural intensification and changes in rural systems in Bangladesh 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Abu Muhammad Shajaat Ali 《Geoforum》2007,38(4):720-738
Sustainable agricultural growth is the key to rural system changes that include changes in rural bio-physical environment, economic infrastructure and social conditions. The present study has examined the temporal changes in 18 selected indicators of rural systems in Bangladesh during the period 1975-2000, and explored the influences of demographic, market forces, environmental, institutional and technological factors inducing and mediating such changes. An analysis of 64 district level published census data showed significant increase in agricultural intensity, cropping patterns, land productivity and farm income; decline in labor and technological productivities; and major improvement in rural housing, economic and social conditions during this period. Spatially, major agricultural growth and rural development were observed in districts with high population density, less constrained environments, and better access to markets, irrigation canals, and capital loans. 相似文献
16.
Amenity migration: diverse conceptualizations of drivers,socioeconomic dimensions,and emerging challenges 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Rural communities throughout the postindustrial world are in the midst of a significant transition, sometimes referred to
as rural restructuring, as traditional land uses, economic activities, and social arrangements transition to those associated
with “post-productivist” or “multifunctional” landscapes. Amenity migration, the movement of people based on the draw of natural
and/or cultural amenities, can be thought of as both driver and implication of this transition, resulting in significant changes
in the ownership, use, and governance of rural lands, as well as in the composition and socioeconomic dynamics of rural communities.
In concert with other social, economic and political processes, amenity migration is contributing to the fundamental transformation
of rural communities throughout the world. This paper presents a review of the social science literature related to the concept
of amenity migration, focusing on the ways in which it has been conceptualized, theorized, and documented by different communities
of scholars. We then profile and summarize diverse perspectives on drivers and socioeconomic impacts, highlighting emerging
challenges and opportunities related to this type of migration occurring at multiple scales and in multiple sites. The paper
also identifies and discusses particular areas where further research is needed. 相似文献
17.
István Süli-Zakar 《GeoJournal》1998,46(3):193-197
Cross-border cooperation is starting to overcome the isolation of frontier regions where interaction under the socialist system
was minimal. Change has been particularly apparent in areas where trans-frontier organisations on the ‘Euroregion’ model have
emerged. The Carpathian Euroregion is the first exclusively East European example of this approach and it has already made
a positive impact in overcoming backwardness in an area where four East European countries were in contact with the Former
Soviet Union. The paper outlines the challenge facing the Euroregion – and the national and local governments in the five
countries concerned – in providing non-agricultural employment for a large rural population augmented by return-migration
from the towns since 1989. Many small farming businesses have been started as a survival strategy but they cannot be economically
viable in a market situation. Although most people are satisified with their rural lifestyle, the inevitability of radical
consolidation in a future EU context could be politically destabilising if more jobs are not generated in manufacturing and
in an expanding tertiary sector.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
18.
Governments and development organisations consider the involvement of poor forest managers in global value chains and markets as a most promising approach for resolving the social and environmental challenges of the Amazon. This paper intends to provide a clearer picture about opportunities and potentials of this market-approach, by analysing integrated forest based development initiatives in the Bolivian, Brazilian, Ecuadorian and Peruvian Amazon. Findings suggest that the externally promoted initiatives seldom correspond to local realities and that they suffer from limited financial viability due to competitive disadvantages of locals in comparison to more capitalized actors. Success stories remain isolated without replication, and depend on external support for continuation. Only a limited number of families provided with privileged support have been able to overcome the technical, institutional and financial hurdles and to benefit from existing market opportunities. In some cases, interventions have generated conflicts and even weakened social organisation. Instead of simply copying the mistakes of the past regarding the emerging markets for environmental services, it is deemed essential to question the current market focus and search for alternatives placing greater emphasis on the interests, cultures and capacities of local people. 相似文献
19.
Community mobilisation for improved livelihoods through tree crop management in Niger 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Effective natural resource management requires interrelated technical practices and social arrangements that are appropriate
to a region’s biophysical characteristics and that address protection and sustainable management of resources. This is illustrated
from our experience in the Republic of Niger, West Africa. In 1980 barren plains, infertile soils, drought, dust storms, severe
fodder shortages, and agricultural pest outbreaks were normal occurrences in Niger’s rural regions. In general, despite large
investments of time and funding, conventional reforestation efforts had little impact. However by 2008 over five million hectares
of once barren land had been transformed through wide adoption of an agroforestry method known as ‘Farmer Managed Natural
Regeneration’ (FMNR), introduced in 1983. In the Aguie Department, the practice of FMNR was formalized through the Desert
Community Initiative (DCI), addressing interrelated technical and social issues in resource management. New governance structures,
which include marginalized groups, implement monitoring and enforcement systems enabling communities to manage land and regenerating
trees. These, together with technical solutions that build on local knowledge and skills and use previously undervalued indigenous
tree species, have generated a sustainable fuel-wood market for the first time. Increased linkage and compatibility between
institutions at local and national levels and strengthened social capital have been crucial to these impacts. Food security
and community resilience to drought have been markedly enhanced and local incomes have increased. The experience provides
important lessons for approaches to addressing environmental degradation and poverty in other semi arid areas and facilitating
the spread and adoption of new agroforestry systems. 相似文献
20.
There are two antagonistic, but equally influential traditions in the study of the nexus between resource use and violent conflict. One works through a Malthusian frame linking resource scarcity with violence, the other school of thought establishes a nexus between resource abundance and the incentives to use violence for rent monopolisation in a political economy of war or markets of violence. The tacit essentialism inherent in both schools of thought has increasingly come under critical scrutiny by geographers and anthropologists. To escape such essentialism requires a more detailed study of the dynamism of the political economy of (civil) war and its spatial dynamics, the political geographies of violence. In this paper, we study endowments and entitlements of people depending on common-pool or open-access resources in war-affected areas of Sri Lanka. Rural spaces in the war-affected areas became both a strategic retreat for fighters and an important common-pool resource on which a large part of the rural populace depended for their survival. Our research illustrates how the political geographies of war affect access regimes and entitlements to common-pool resources and thereby confine the livelihood opportunities of resource users. These dynamics of the political economy of war cross different scales and go beyond simple place-based struggles, for they are rooted in broader spatial dynamics of warfare creating place-space tensions in the sense that spatial dynamics of military control impinge changing access regimes upon specific places. 相似文献