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1.
The Saalian sequence of Belchatów, central Poland, is exceptionally thick and complete. Five tills, two from the older Saalian (Odranian, Drenthe) and three from the younger Saalian (Wartanian, Warthe), which are separated by the fluvial Chojny Formation, have been identified. The Saalian sequence at Be?chatów is underlain by Holsteinian and overlain by Eemian sequences, both palaeobotanically analysed. The Chojny Formation contains deposits of meandering (lower member) and braided (upper member) rivers, with occasional aeolian deposits. The lower member of the formation contains numerous organic layers. Pollen analysis indicates temperate (sub-boreal) to cold (sub-arctic) climatic conditions, with coniferous to mixed forests in the optimum phase of the interstadial. The interstadial floras of the Chojny Formation are interpreted as representing the intra-Saalian Pilica Interstadial. Profiles from Belchatów are designated as the stratotype profiles of this substage. The data from Be?chatów show clearly that reforestation occurred between the major advances of the Saalian ice sheet, although only interstadial rank, not interglacial, may be inferred from the pollen data.  相似文献   

2.
A three–till section in eastern Overijssel, eastern Netherlands, represents the most complete till sequence of the Older Saalian glaciation presently known from The Netherlands and adjacent Germany. On the basis of structural analyses, four different glacial events within one continuous glacial cover can be distinguished: (1) deposition of till 1 (lowest till) by ice probably moving in a southerly direction, (2) glaciotectonic dislocation of till 1 under a compressive strain regime acting towards the west, (3) deposition of till 2 by ice moving in a westerly direction, and (4) deposition of till 3 by southeasterly moving ice. During deposition of tills 2 and 3, the underlying older tills were subjected to a strong extensional tectonic regimc, leading among other things to the development of characteristic sheath folds. On the basis of directional and compositional characteristics, the three tills can be correlated with the till stratigraphy of the northern Netherlands.  相似文献   

3.
The two Saalian push moraines of ltterbeck - Uelsen, formed during the Older Saalian glaciation, consist of Tertiary and Quaternary deposits. Locally, glaciofluvial deposits are prominent as a result of reworking of older deposits by meltwater. The push moraines are built up from a number of imbricated and folded structural units, which have moved laterally and, in part, frontally from two glacial basins. Dominant structures are large, shallow and flat-lying glaciotectonic nappes that have been displaced over distances of at lest 1 km in the direction of tectonic transport. Overprinting relations of two deformation phases give a relative age difference between the two push morianes.  相似文献   

4.
Detailed investigations of sediments exposed along river sections in the coastal part of Jameson Land have revealed a Saalian to Holocene glacial history. Eleven sedimentary units have been distinguished. most of which are found in superposition at one single large section. Four subglacially formed till beds are recognized; three of which are of Weichselian age. All the tills are considered to have been deposited at the base of fjord glaciers restricted to the Scoresby Sund basin. The tills are separated by marine, fluvial or deltaic sediments, and demonstrate changes in the depositional environnient considered to represent changes in relative sea level during the ice-free periods. The fossil content. supported by a series of luminescence dates, suggest that most of the succession is of Eemian and Early Weichselian age. From the luminescence dates, a short duration of <10ka is suggested for the Early Weichselian glacial stades. Sedimentation during this period was partly controlled by glacio-isostatic subsidence caused by net growth of the Greenland Ice Sheet. The Middle Weichselian is represented by a large hiatus. whereas the Late Weichselian is represented by a subglacial till.  相似文献   

5.
A Pleistocene valley-fill alluvial succession deposited in the Kleszczów Graben, central Poland, has been studied in the Belchatów openpit mine. The succession, palynologically documented to represent the Drenthe/Warthe interstadial, consists of three alluvial complexes whose component lithofacies associations indicate a fluvial system evolving from temperate-climate meandering river to transitional-type shallow braided network, to periglacial well-developed braided river influenced by aeolian sand supply. The study suggests that the abundance of fine-grained overbank deposits, occurrence of peats/palaeosols and fining-upward cyclothems are diagnostic attributes of perennial meandering river alluvium, which may indicate temperate climatic conditions. Periglacial braided river alluvium is recognizable by an admixture of wind-derived sand grains with aeolian surface textures and by the occurrence of ice-wedge features, indicative of cold climatic conditions. The distinction between the two basic types of alluvium is aided by the analysis of architectural elements and palaeocurrent directional data. The study demonstrates that sedimentological facies analysis can be a useful tool for the recognition of palaeoclimatic changes in Pleistocene alluvial successions.  相似文献   

6.
Three Pleistocene tills can be distinguished in a coastal cliff section near Heiligenhafen, northern Germany, on the basis of structural and petrographic characteristics. The Lower and Middle Tills had previously been ascribed to the Saalian, and the Upper Till to the Late Weichselian. The former two tills are folded, and unconformably overlain by the Upper Till. In this paper, structural and sedimentological observations are used to investigate whether the Lower and Middle Tills belong to one glacial advance, or two separate (Saalian) advances, as was suggested in earlier studies based on fine gravel stratigraphy.From the contact with local rocks to the top of the MT there is a steady increase in allochtonous components (Scandinavian rocks) and decrease in parautochtonous (chalk and flint) and autochtonous components (local Eocene siltstone and meltwater sediments). This is paralleled by a trend towards increasing deformation (finite strain) from the bedrock to the top of the section. The most obvious aspect of this latter trend is the massive appearance of the MT which can be interpreted as the result of homogenization by repeated folding and attenuation of sediment lenses which have been incorporated into the till. This interpretation is supported by macroscopic and microscopic observations of structures in both tills.The structural analysis of the tills is based on the marked contrast in symmetry between sections parallel and perpendicular to the shear direction. Structures on all scales in the LT as well as in the MT indicate E–W (dextral) shearing, except in the western part of the section, where this is overprinted by W–E (sinistral) shearing.The sediment inclusions in the chalk-rich LT are mainly fragments of one or more strongly extended glaciofluvial delta bodies with a depositional direction towards WSW. Locally these delta sediments rest on Eocene siltstone and contain numerous angular fragments of this local bedrock. Boudins and lenses of sorted sediments are incorporated into the till and occur as “islands of low strain” in a high strain homogeneous matrix.It is concluded that the LT and MT do not belong to two stratigraphically separate Saalian advances. The section is alternatively interpreted as one subglacial shear zone (deformation till) with upward increasing strain and allochtonous component content. It probably formed during the Younger Saalian (Warthe) westward advance from the Baltic region. Folding of the two diamicts occurred due to lateral compression near the Late Saalian ice margin. The section was finally overridden by the Late Weichselian Young Baltic advance, eroding the folded LT and MT and depositing the UT.  相似文献   

7.
The Mambéré Formation constitutes a horizontal unit located in the western and southwestern part of the Central African Republic. Stratigraphical and sedimentological study provides strong argument to attribute these deposits a glacial origin. A palaeogeographical reconstruction has been outlined in order to precise the age of the formation. Two main categories of glacial deposits have been recognized:
  • glaciogenic deposits made of basal tills (with facetted pebbles) and flow tills (with flattened blunt pebbles);
  • reworked glacial deposits formed of sandstones and conglomeratic sandstones, in continuous beds, lenses or isolated blocks, together with siltstones and bedded sandstones.
    • The southerly provenance of the detrital material is demonstrated by quartz grain surface analysis and heavy-mineral study. This material results essentially from the dismantling of the Precambrian Schistoquartzitic Complex and secondarily from the Granitogneissic Complex. According to the palaeomagnetic polar paths and the migration of the glacial centers over the African continent during the Palaeozoic, the Mambéré Formation may be attributed a Lower Silurian age by reference to similar formations observed in Cameroon or a Lower Carboniferous age by comparison with the glacial formations reported from Niger and Egypt.  相似文献   

    8.
    Coastal Jameson Land is characterized by thick Quaternary deposits from the last interglacial/glacial cycle. The successions at the mouth of Langelandselv exhibit a key stratigraphy where sediments from the Langelandselv interglaciation (Eemian) are overlain by three till units interbedded with glacimarine and deltaic interstadial successions. Immediately after the retreat of glaciers after the extensive Scoresby Sund glaciation (Saalian). advection of warm Atlantic surface water surpassed what is known from the Holocene. The two lowermost Weichselian tills, deposited during the Aucellaelv and Jyllandselv stades (Early Weichselian), reflect short-lasting readvances of fjord glaciers. Luminescence dates and correlation with adjacent areas suggest ages of 110–80 ka and 70–60 ka for the Hugin Sø and the Møselv interstades, respectively.  相似文献   

    9.
    黑沟源于东天山最大现代冰川作用中心博格达峰的南坡. 在第四纪冰期与间冰期旋回中,该流域的冰川均发生过多次规模较大的进退,在谷中留下了较为完整的冰川沉积序列. 这些冰川地形包含有重要的古气候变化信息,对其研究可重建黑沟流域的冰川演化史. 应用OSL对该流域的冰川沉积物进行定年,测定结果表明冰水沉积物（沙质透镜体）比冰碛物更适宜应用单片再生剂量（SAR）测年技术进行测定. 基于测得的年龄并结合地貌地层学原理可初步得出：晚第四纪期间,黑沟流域共发生了5次规模较大的冰川作用,分别为全新世期间的小冰期（16世纪以来冷期的冰进）与新冰期（距今3~4 ka的冰进）,末次冰期晚冰阶（MIS 2）与早冰阶（MIS 4）以及倒数第二次冰期（MIS 6）.  相似文献   

    10.
    The Kleszczów Graben in central Poland was formed by late Oligocene to Middle Pleistocene extensional tectonics. During the Pleistocene it was infilled with a 200 m thick sequence of predominantly glacial sediments. Four distinct formations of Elsterian and Saalian age are identified, each containing 15–40 m of glaciolacustrine strata. The boundaries between formations are marked by erosional surfaces and, in part, by angular discordances caused by tectonism. Glaciolacustrine sedimentation was tectonically controlled: the thickness of the sequences in the graben are three to five times greater than outside the area of fault-controlled subsidence. Deposition in the proglacial lakes was controlled by differential subsidence rates within the basin: deep-lake facies (varved clays) were deposited in sub-basins with high subsidence rates and deltaic to shallow-water facies accumulated in areas of moderate subsidence or occasional uplift. These variations led to the development of a very complex, ‘mosaic’ of lateral facies relationships, suggesting that several sub-basins with differing subsidence rates were present. The Vertical successions show proximal-distal sequences typical of glacier-fed lakes that have limited contact with the ice sheet. However, gravity flow facies are very common, and occur both in the shallow- and deep-water deposits. These deposits are interpreted to have been formed adjacent to active fault scarps which bordered the lake basin. Although several distinct phases of glaciolacustrine sedimentation occurred during the history of trough infilling, the location of the areas of high subsidence varied through time.  相似文献   

    11.
    The Nanga Parbat–Haramosh Massif has some of the greatest relief on Earth and highest measured rates of uplift, denudation, and river incision in bedrock. Many studies have sought to understand how its morphology relates to geotectonic evolution and glaciations. However, few catastrophic rock slope failures had been recognised and many of their impacts had been attributed to other processes. Recently more than 150 of these landslides have been found within a 100-km radius of Nanga Parbat (8125 m). New discoveries are reported east, north and west of Nanga Parbat along the Indus streams. Most generated long-run-out rock avalanches that dammed the Indus or its tributaries, some impounding large lakes. They initiated episodes of intermontane sedimentation followed by trenching and removal of sediment. Valley-floor features record a complex interplay of impoundment and sedimentation episodes, superimposition of streams in pre-landslide valley floors, and exhumation of buried features. These findings depart from existing reconstructions of Quaternary events. A number of the rock-avalanche deposits were previously misinterpreted as tills or moraine and their associated lacustrine deposits attributed to glacial lakes. Features up to 1000 m above the Indus, formerly seen as tectonically raised terraces, are depositional features emplaced by landslides, or erosion terraces recording the trenching of valley fill in landslide-interrupted river reaches. Unquestionably, tectonics and glaciation have been important but decisive and misread formative events of the Holocene involve a post-glacial, landslide-fragmented fluvial system. The latter has kept valley developments in a chronic state of disequilibrium with respect to climatic and geotectonic controls. Accepted glacial chronologies are put in doubt, particularly the extent and timing of the last major glaciation. The pace and role processes in the Holocene have been seriously underestimated.  相似文献   

    12.
    Sand deposits described at three sites near Caistor, north Lincolnshire (UK), provide a record of Late Devensian (Late Weichselian) to Holocene palaeoenvironments at the western margin of the European sand belt. Thermoluminescence (TL) and radiocarbon analyses provide for the first time a chronological framework for the demise of proglacial Lake Humber and the onset of coversand deposition. The reconstructed palaeoenvironmental history suggests that proglacial Lake Humber had receded from its initial high-level stand before c. 18 ka, exposing the lake floor to periglacial conditions marked by the development of thermal contraction cracks. In the period between c. 18 and 14 ka, sand-depositional processes changed from dominantly fluvial to aeolian. The fluvial activity was possibly a consequence of ameliorating winter climates between c. 17 and 16 ka. The aeolian coversand deposition in this period has not been previously recognized in Britain and correlates with the Older Coversand II and Younger Coversand I deposits elsewhere in the European sand belt. Peat accumulation followed during the Windermere (Bølling/Allerød) Interstadial and early part of the Loch Lomond Stadial (Younger Dryas) before regionally extensive coversand deposition took place in the later part of the Loch Lomond Stadial. This coversand correlates with the widespread Younger Coversand II deposits found both within the UK and across the European sand belt. The Holocene has been characterized by widespread stability with the development of soils on the coversand punctuated with periods of localized reworking through to the present day.  相似文献   

    13.
    笔者首次在塔县的老兵站、石头城和加油站等3处发现了古冰碛物,均呈残留冰碛台地分布,台地高程约为3 100m,表面可见大量正长岩漂砾。漂砾风化穴的主要类型为边墙形、蜂巢型和底穴型。在侵蚀切割该古冰碛物的砂砾层中,得到(62.07±2.44)ka的光释光年龄。同时与附近墓士塔格山和公格尔山古冰川的对比研究,表明该冰碛物时代可能为中更新世倒数第二次冰期,为塔县县城西侧斯顿古冰川向东冰进的产物。该冰碛物的发现具有重要的地质意义:可将斯顿山第四纪冰川遗迹划分为中更新世的倒数第二次冰期、晚更新世的末次冰期,以及全新世的新冰期和小冰期;进一步指示塔什库尔干断裂的左行走滑正断层性质;更新世,斯顿古冰川与墓士塔格冰川各自有明确的界线,不可能形成一个统一的冰盖。  相似文献   

    14.
    作为冰川运动的遗迹,冰碛物由于其宽级配、大孔隙、非均质、渗透性等特点,成为川藏铁路和高速公路帕隆藏布路段规划选线中的一类特殊岩土体,并与藏东南地区的冰川型地质灾害具有关联,使得帕隆藏布流域地质灾害的成因机理及防治研究愈发复杂。本文通过分析近年来国内外学者围绕冰碛物物性特征取得的研究成果,结合实地调查和室内外测试结果,归纳了冰碛物的分布特征、沉积构造、物理性质和工程力学特性,梳理了冰碛物的物理力学研究进展,凝练了帕隆藏布流域冰碛物研究中的3个关键问题,针对性地提出下一步研究思路,旨在为后续的冰碛物研究和川藏交通干线规划与建设管理提供参数依据。  相似文献   

    15.
    For petrographic studies of glacial deposits, semi-quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis was tested as a time-saving method. Reproducible mounts with random orientation were produced with an acetate cement as mounting medium. For simplicity the number of minerals was reduced through electromagnetic separation. Weichsel deposits in SE Scania were sampled. Anatase, andalusite, apatite, rutile, zircon ('nonmagnetic fraction') and amphibole, epidote, ilmenite ('magnetic fraction') were chosen for semi-quantitative evaluation of diffraction patterns. Standard deviation was calculated for selected samples. With the method employed here, it is possible to distinguish or correlate samples of a group of glacial deposits from relatively similar heavy-mineral associations. The Baltic tills and underlying glaciofluvial sands differ consistently from the NE tills, for example through a higher rutile and a lower apatite content. If there is no time or technical possibility for optical investigations, useful petrographic parameters may be rapidly recognized by the method described. Minerals usually not identified optically (c.g. ilmenite) may likewise be chosen for this analytical technique.  相似文献   

    16.
    The morphogenesis of tills below the culmination zones of the Weichsclian inland ice has been studied an an upland area with a relief of 1500 m. The thickness of the tills varies considerably, depending principally on gee-morphology, ice-movement directions, and glaciofluvial drainage during the last deglaciation period. The thickest tills, found in valleys, accumulated in three ways. Glaciofluvial/lacustrine sediments of prcsumed Mid-Weichselian age have been discovered beneath the tills at niorc than 10 localities. The overlying tills are correlated with different phases of ice movement reconstructed on the basis of detailed studies of stt-iae. The till stratigraphy of one locality, Stenseng, is described in detail. Based upon combined analyses of texture, structure, and fabric, four different hasal tills are recognized, each corresponding to a particular ice direction. A characteristic boulder layer represents a change in thc direction of glacial movement. Boulder layers in till are thought to he essential for the development of earth pillars.  相似文献   

    17.
    Based on c. 1500 km reflection seismic profiles, the Quaternary formations and their pre-Quaternary substratum in the southeastern Kattegat are described and a geological interpretation is suggested. The major volume of Quaternary deposits is found in a broad north-northwest south-southeast trending topographic depression. The substratum consists of Upper Cretaceous limestone in the region north of the Sorgenfrei–Tornquist Zone, and inside this zone older Mesozoic sedimentary rocks and Precambrian crystalline rocks are found. The Quaternary is divided into four seismic units. No direct stratigraphic control is available, but the units are assumed to represent a period ranging from Late Saalian to Holocene. The oldest unit (unit 3) is composed of deposits of supposed Late Saalian to Middle Weichselian age. This unit was severely eroded probably by the Late Weichselian ice sheets in a zone extending 40–50 km from the Swedish coast. Unit 2 represents the Late Weichselian till deposits. North and east of the island of Anholt unit 3 is cut by a system of channels eroded by glacial meltwater. By the erosion a relief up to c. 100 m was formed. After the recession of the Late Weichselian ice, an up to 100 m thick sequence of water-lain sediments (unit 1) was deposited in the erosional basin and channels. Holocene deposits (unit 0) of considerable thickness have only been identified in the channels in the northern part of the area.  相似文献   

    18.
    Passchier, S., Laban, C., Mesdag, C.S. & Rijsdijk, K.F. 2010: Subglacial bed conditions during Late Pleistocene glaciations and their impact on ice dynamics in the southern North Sea. Boreas, Vol. 39, pp. 633–647. 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2009.00138.x. ISSN 0300‐9483. Changes in subglacial bed conditions through multiple glaciations and their effect on ice dynamics are addressed through an analysis of glacigenic sequences in the Upper Pleistocene stratigraphy of the southern North Sea basin. During Elsterian (MIS 12) ice growth, till deposition was subdued when ice became stagnant over a permeable substrate of fluvial sediments, and meltwater infiltrated into the bed. Headward erosion during glacial retreat produced a dense network of glacial valleys up to several hundreds of metres deep. A Saalian (MIS 6) glacial advance phase resulted in the deposition of a sheet of stiff sandy tills and terminal moraines. Meltwater was at least partially evacuated through the till layer, resulting in the development of a rigid bed. During the later part of the Saalian glaciation, ice‐stream inception can be related to the development of a glacial lake to the north and west of the study area. The presence of meltwater channels incised into the floors of glacial troughs is indicative of high subglacial water pressures, which may have played a role in the onset of ice streaming. We speculate that streaming ice flow in the later part of the Saalian glaciation caused the relatively early deglaciation, as recorded in the Amsterdam Terminal borehole. These results suggest that changing subglacial bed conditions through glacial cycles could have a strong impact on ice dynamics and require consideration in ice‐sheet reconstructions.  相似文献   

    19.
    On the basis of field and laboratory studies supported by thermoluminescence dates, an occurrence of marine and glacial sediments is described from South Spitsbergen. These deposits are thought to date from the Holsteinian interglacial and the Saalian glacial stages respectively. In addition, the evidence and extent of Vistulian and Holoccne glacial advances in South Spitsbergen are presented. These advances occurred at 50,000–43,000, 30,000–10,000, 3,000–2,500 and 600–100 years B.P. The latter have been tentatively correlated with those recorded in other parts of Svalbard, as well as in East Greenland, the Barents Sea, Scandinavia, the Baltic Sea, North Poland and the Russian Plain.  相似文献   

    20.
    Glacial deposits in locally-glaciated mountain regions are often expressed through their surface form and the study of these deposits constitutes a major branch of geomorphology. Studies of glacial depositional records in mountain areas have often neglected formal stratigraphical procedure resulting in an ad hoc development of quasi-stratigraphical nomenclature. Here, a formal stratigraphical procedure is recommended, since this enables a systematic approach to the subdivision of glacial deposits in mountain regions. Moreover, such an approach facilitates, in some instances, the development of a formal chronostratigraphy that can be compared to regional and global geological time scales. This is important in locally-glaciated mountain regions where glacial deposits represent one of the most important records of cold stage environments. Given that glacial landforms represent a key component of the Quaternary record, maintaining a formal link between geomorphological and geological stratigraphical procedure is a fundamental requirement of a consistent and comparable stratigraphical framework.  相似文献   

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