共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
《Advances in water resources》1999,23(3):239-252
Large eddy simulations of turbulent flow and transport in the atmospheric boundary layer were conducted over heterogeneous sources of heat and water vapor to identify the blending properties of the turbulent mixing in an unstably stratified boundary layer. The numerical simulations show that the concept of blending in the ABL is in fact a useful one, even under convective conditions, for a range of surface conditions. Since the transport eddies that are responsible for the blending have sizes that are constrained by the boundary layer depth, and since the vertical motion is so important under the unstable density stratification studied here, we see that when the length scales of the source variability on the land surface become significantly greater than the ABL depth the blending is lost. In this case the source fields remain relatively uncoupled by the important eddy motion. However, for smaller surface length scales, the dynamic eddy motion couples the surface patches. Hence, there is good reason that the land surface exchange phenomenon would not be scale invariant over the entire range of scales. Because of the active role of temperature the effects of inhomogeneous surface sources of sensible heat persist higher into the ABL than do the effects of surface sources from more passive scalars, such as water vapor. Moreover, the mean fields of potential temperature and specific humidity blend at much lower heights than do the vertical turbulent flux fields of these two scalars. We propose a useful measure of blending efficiency for simulation studies and show how this bridges from the dynamics responsible for the blending to the horizontal homogeneity of scalar flux fields at measurement heights in the ABL. 相似文献
2.
研究新一代中尺度气象模式WRF中两种大气边界层方案(MYJ,YSU)对沈阳冬季大气边界层结构模拟的影响,重点分析温度层结、低层风场、边界层高度等对污染物扩散有重要影响的气象要素.和观测数据的比对表明WRF基本能够模拟出温度风速的日变化特征,但模拟风速偏大.YSU方案由于模拟的边界层顶卷挟和边界层内混合作用较强,夜间接地逆温强度低于MYJ方案,逆温维持时间比MYJ方案短4小时,同时模拟边界层高度也高于MYJ方案,有利于污染物垂直扩散.边界层高度的3种计算方法中,湍流动能方法计算的边界层高度最高,Richardson数方法次之,位温方法得到的高度最低.Richardson数方法对临界值的选取较敏感. 相似文献
3.
《Continental Shelf Research》1987,7(2):135-148
A simple analytical theory which describes the motion in a turbulent planetary boundary layer near a rough sea bed by using a two-layer eddy viscosity model is presented. The vertical structure of the current in the boundary layer is presented, and comparisons are made with data fromMcPhee and Smith (1976, Journal of Physical Oceanography,6, 696–711) obtained from measurements of the turbulent boundary layer under drifting Arctic ice. 相似文献
4.
The paper adopts an f-plane quasi-geostrophic inertial model without linearization to investigate the perturbation temperature, boundary jet and upwelling (downwelling) in an idealized rectangular basin, under the consideration of west side friction layer and heat conservation. There is net heat input on the upper surface and equal quality heat dissipation on the west boundary, and without heat exchange on other boundaries, then the heat is conservation in the whole basin. Results show that there is thermal front due to denseness of the perturbation temperature in the west side boundary, the perturbation pressure and flow field are reversal on the upper layer and bottom layer. On the bottom layer, the west coastal current is northward, and the maximum perturbation pressure center is on the west, however, on the upper layer, the east coastal current is southward, and the maximum perturbation pressure center is on the east. There is strong vertical flow in narrow western boundary layer, and also in the central zone. The effect of different upper thermal forcings is also studied, and it can be concluded that there is always temperature denseness and boundary jet near the west boundary, and the appearance of flow field reversal, but the distribution of vertical flow is rather different. 相似文献
5.
将理想化的南中国海海盆在垂直方向上划分为Ekman层、惯性层和摩擦层. Ekman层中的运动由大气风应力驱动,其底部的扰动压力将作为其下惯性层中运动的上边界条件. 惯性层中的运动是由f 平面三维非线性方程在准地转近似下位势涡度守恒控制,由此得到控制惯性层中运动关于扰动压力的三维椭圆型方程. 在惯性层以下考虑到深层的海盆水平尺度很小,由此引进带有底部摩擦的线性控制方程,方程的边界条件为惯性层和摩擦层交界面上的扰动压力连续,沿海盆边界假定海水与相邻的固壁间无热量交换,由此设在海盆边界上扰动温度为零. 在此基础上分别利用惯性层和摩擦层中的椭圆型控制方程计算了相应层次上冬、夏季的扰动压力和准地转流. 结果表明冬季各层上以气旋式环流为主,且随深度的增加流速减小;夏季各层上以反气旋式环流为主,流速也随深度增加而减小. 这在一定程度上和观测事实相符. 相似文献
6.
We present 9 bottom222Rn profiles measured from the western and southern Indian Ocean during the 1977–1978 GEOSECS expedition. These profiles can be grouped into three cypes: one-layer, two-layer, and irregular types. The one-layer profiles with quasi-exponential distributions allow one to estimate the apparent vertical eddy diffusivity,Kv, with a simple model. The two-layer profiles show that there is a benthic boundary layer of the order of 50–100 m in which the excess222Rn distribution shows a vertical gradient much smaller than that of the layer immediately above. Within the boundary layer, the STD potential temperature (θ) and density(σ4) profiles are practically constant, and theKv values are of the order of 1000 cm2/s. The STD profiles for the water column above the boundary layer show gradients of increasing stability, and theKv values are of the order of 100 cm2/s. Modeling of the Rn data in the water column above the boundary layer indicates that there is a transition layer which effectively reduces the penetration of excess Rn from the benthic boundary layer into the upper layer.Sarmiento et al. [10] have shown that the buoyancy gradient or stability is inversely correlated with the apparent vertical eddy diffusivity, and the resulting buoyancy flux is fairly uniform, ranging from 1 to 14 × 10?6 cm2/s3 in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. However, Sarmiento et al. [11] show that a much higher buoyancy flux is associated with an intensified flow of the bottom water through a passage. In the Indian Ocean basins, we have found that the buoyancy flux has a comparable range (3–14 × 10?6 cm2/s3), except for a couple of stations where both stability and apparent vertical diffusivity are higher, resulting in a much higher buoyancy flux, probably indicative of rapid bottom water flow. 相似文献
7.
H.L. Kuo 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1997,150(1):143-153
—The boundary layer flows created by the frictional dissipation of the wind speed at the surface in the atmosphere and by surface wind stress in the ocean at the equator and in the equatorial region, are obtained by taking the influence of the surface friction on the zonal velocity as being balanced by vertical transport for the long-term mean flow and by a corresponding time variation for time-dependent flow fields. Solutions are expressed in terms of the velocities in zonal and vertical directions and the divergence of the horizontal current in the two media. It is found that under the ever present easterly flow in the lower atmosphere, the boundary layer flow in the atmosphere is convergence and ascending motion in the lower troposphere, and divergence at the surface and uplift in ocean, and in reverse directions for the westerly flow. Similar results are obtained for time-dependent wind fields and they give way to the steady asymptotic solutions when the period of the variation exceeds 10 months. 相似文献
8.
Milan Hvoždara 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1990,34(1):10-31
Summary Based on the generalized potential of a double layer, integral formulae have been derived for calculating the stationary approximation of the magnetotelluric field in a halfspace divided by a vertical boundary into two quarterspaces, one of which contains a three-dimensional perturbing body. The appropriate boundary integral equation and other surface integrals have been computed for a perturbing body in the shape of the three-dimensional prism located at the vertical boundary, or in contact with the said boundary. The exciting electrical field is assumed to be homogeneous and perpendicular to the vertical boundary. Isoline graphs of the electrical and magnetic fields on the surface of the halfspace have been plotted and their anomalies are discussed. 相似文献
9.
Jan Bednář Jaroslav Krabec Ladislav Hrtoň Reviewer Z. Jaňour 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1982,26(3):300-307
Summary The possibilities of improving of the construction of trajectories of air particles polluted by antropogeneous admixtures are discussed. With this in view attention is devoted to the ordered vertical velocities of dynamic origin and a simple method of approximate construction of the trajectories in the boundary layer of the atmosphere, where the flow is markedly affected by the Earth's surface, is discussed. 相似文献
10.
利用1998年夏季第2次青藏高原大气科学试验当雄观测站的边界层观测资料以及拉萨、改则和武汉等地探空资料,分析讨论西藏高原斜压对流边界层风、温、湿廓线的特征. 研究结果表明,高原地区白天对流边界层发展可高达2200m,显著超过中纬度平原地区和海面上对流边界层高度. 高原对流边界层中温度廓线具有较好的混合特征,湿度廓线有时在某一高度上出现湿度极大值. 高原对流边界层内热量和水汽收支分析表明,水平平流作用对边界层结构具有重要作用. 在对流边界层中平均风速垂直分布存在风切变现象. 水平温度梯度形成较强的斜压性是形成边界层风切变的主要原因. 相似文献
11.
Three separate conditions controlling the structure of the inversion are discussed. The rate of change of boundary layer temperature and the vertical gradient of potential temperature in the overlying air set the maximum limit to possible rise rates. In transient conditions, the rise of the inversion layer is sometimes dominated by turbulent transport and erosion, however this cannot continue indefinitely. The horizontal advection above the inversion can also change the relative temperature increase at the inversion, and so may partly determine inversion history.In this paper the theory of the plume-connective boundary layer has been extended to allow the plumes to erode material from the overlying stable air, and so permit study of how the boundary layer could deepen by eroding upward into the capping inversion. Only clear-air processes without condensation are included in the model described here.When the mechanism of convection is examined, it is demonstrated that, because of energetic considerations, the rate of erosion, by buoyancy generated turbulence of the overlying air down across the inversion, will not usually determine the rate of rise of the inversion, except briefly. Other effects often dominate in determining the average erosion rate. Furthermore, because of the limitations set by the buoyancy of the entrained air, sharp inversions, exceeding about 1°C, cannot be formed without the action of latent heat from evaporating droplets. An intermediate buffer layer forms in the inversion zone whenever the erosion rate is high enough to produce a temperature increase above the boundary layer, sufficient to inhibit direct entrainment. 相似文献
12.
Jae Min Hyun 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2013,107(2):89-98
Abstract Flow details inside the buoyant boundary layer in the heat-up process of a contained, stably stratified, fluid are presented. Numerical solutions were obtained for the heatup problem in a cylinder considered by Sakurai and Matsuda (1972). By plotting the scaled vertical velocity W versus the scaled temperature θ as functions of the normal distance from the sidewall, the precise shape of the buoyant layer spiral is constructed. The analogy between this spiral and the Ekman spiral in rotating fluids is apparent. As the Rayleigh number Ra increases, the magnitude of the scaled vertical velocity increases substantially, but the scaled temperature does not vary appreciably. The buoyant layer thickness is determined by measuring the zero-crossing normal distance for the vertical velocity. The buoyant layer suction increases significantly as Ra increases. The effects of vertical level and of time on the qualitative behavior of buoyant layer flows are found to be small. The buoyant layer flows decay over the heat-up time scale t n ; t h characterizes the time span over which the overall adjustment process in the inviscid interior region is accomplished. This work clarifies that the analogy between heat-up and spin-up, which has been known to exist in the main body of inviscid fluid, applies equally well to the boundary layer regions. 相似文献
13.
The atmospheric vertical structure and changed characteristics of boundary layer parameters, as well as their relations with sea ice and temperature changes in the center of Arctic Ocean(80°–88°N) are presented by adopting GPS sounding data obtained by the 4th–6th Arctic expeditions of China and NCEP(National Centre for Environmental Prediction) reanalysis data. Obvious differences are observed regarding the tropopause, boundary layer height, temperature inversion, and vertical structure of wind speed and direction in the center Arctic Ocean in the summer of 2012, 2010, and 2014. These differences can be explained by the relations between temperature and changes in sea ice extent in September from 1979 to 2014. In September 2012, the Arctic sea ice extent decreased by 44% an with obvious warming process. In September 2010 and 2014, it decreased by 22.6% and 17% with an obvious cooling process, respectively. A comparison of the two processes shows that sea ice change has a significant influence on the structure of the atmospheric boundary layer. In the recent 30 years, the temperature changes of 1000 and 850 h Pa in the center of the Arctic Ocean have displayed an obvious warming trend and negative correlation with sea ice extent. These changes indicate that the continuous reduction of Arctic sea ice will continue the warming of the troposphere middle layer. 相似文献
14.
15.
本研究将边界层相似理论与对流理论应用到具有海洋大气边界层(Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer, MABL)对流特征的星载合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar, SAR)遥感图像,探讨了星载SAR遥感图像描述海气应力作用下水平扰动尺度变化的潜在可能性.针对具有三维对流涡旋Cell和二维水平滚轴涡旋Roll特征的星载SAR遥感图像,反演了中国海海域MABL高度,并与同步实验获取的MABL高度结果进行对比.结果表明,利用具有对流特征的星载SAR遥感图像反演MABL高度是可行的,展示了以高分辨率、大面积观测为特点的星载SAR遥感图像探测MABL的广阔前景. 相似文献
16.
在美国Ｋａｎｓａｓ和Ｎｅｂｒａｓｋａ交界处于１９９２年进行的ＳＴＯＲＭ－ＦＥＳＴ（ＳＴｏｒｍ－ｓｃａｌｅ Ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎａｌ ａｎｄ Ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ Ｍｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｙ－Ｆｒｏｎｔｓ Ｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔ Ｓｙｓｔｅｍ Ｔｅｓｔ）资料基础上,分析了 斜压对流边界层中温度、湿度和风速的垂直分布．分析表明,在对流边界层中温度和湿度常 显示很好的混合;但风速分量有时混合很好,有时则存在切变．计算了存在和不存在风切变 两种情况下的湍流动能收支．最后,讨论了对流边界层中风切变形成的可能原因． 相似文献
17.
Numerical simulation of the influence of aerosol radiation effect on urban boundary layer 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
With the intensification of pollution and urbanization, the aerosol radiation effect continues to play an important role in the urban boundary layer. In this paper, a winter pollution process in Beijing has been taken as an example, and a new aerosol vertical profile in the radiative parameterization scheme within the Weather Forecast Research and Forecasting (WRF) model has been updated to study the effect of aerosols on radiation and the boundary layer. Furthermore, the interactions among aerosols, urbanization, and planetary boundary layer (PBL) meteorology were discussed through a series of numerical experiments. The results show the following: (1) The optimization improves the performance of the model in simulating the distribution features of air temperature, humidity, and wind in Beijing. (2) The aerosols reduce the surface temperature by reducing solar radiation and increasing the temperature in the upper layer by absorbing or backscattering solar radiation. The changes in the PBL temperature lead to more stable atmospheric stratification, reducing the energy transfer from the surface and the height of the boundary layer. (3) With the increase in the aerosol optical depth, the atmospheric stratification most likely becomes stable over rural areas, most likely becomes stable over suburb areas, and has great difficultly becoming stable over urban areas. Aerosol radiative forcing, underlying urban surfaces, and the interaction between them are the main factors that affect the changes in the meteorological elements in the PBL. 相似文献
18.
Vertical profiles of excess bottom222Rn and potential temperature were measured at 23 stations in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. The Rn profiles were classified into the following three types: quasi-exponential (type E), benthic boundary layer (type B), and horizontally disturbed (type H). The ratio among types E, B and H was approximately 2 : 3 : 1.An apparent vertical eddy diffusivity (K) was calculated by applying a one-dimensional diffusion model to the Rn profiles of types E and B. Type E had K values ranging from 15 to 180 cm2 s?1 (average: 70 cm2 s?1). As to type B, K values for the benthic boundary layer (4.5–260 cm2 s?1, average: 120 cm2 s?1) were always more than an order of magnitude larger than those for the upper layer (0.2–35 cm2 s?1, average: 7 cm2 s?1), indicating more active vertical mixing in the benthic boundary layer than in the upper layer.Rn profiles were measured in regions where the bottom topography is known. It was verified that the occurrence of type H related closely with local bottom topographic features accompanied by lateral transient supply of Rn-rich or Rn-poor water.A couple of Rn profiles at the same location, measured at time intervals of several years, were compared with each other for three locations. The general characteristics of Rn profiles were shown to remain unaltered with time, while the fine structure of Rn profiles may have short-term variations caused by local bottom topography and fluctuations of bottom current as indicated in type H. 相似文献
19.
In the steady state, the convective boundary layer (CBL) (the transition from the lithosphere to the convecting mantle, the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary) is on the verge of stability. This determines its depth, thickness, and the steady-state temperature distribution in the lithosphere. Had the mantle been homogeneous, the base of the lithosphere at the current potential temperature would lie globally at the same depth H rh of 50 to 70 km. Actually, the regime of interaction of the mantle convection with the lithosphere is determined by the relationship between this depth and the thickness H depl of the chemical boundary layer including the crust and the layer of the depleted rock. If the thickness of the chemical boundary layer is small H depl < H rh, as it is the case in the present-day oceanic mantle, the suboceanic regime is established with the mantle convection that does not reach the base of the chemical boundary layer. In this case, the top of CBL is located at depth H rh, while the oceanic heat flow and the depth of the seafloor only depend on the potential temperature T p and, within the areas where the crust is older than 60 to 70 Ma, are the same everywhere far from the disturbed territories (the hot points and the subduction zones). The absence of noticeable distinctions between the heat flow in the different oceanic basins suggests a global constancy of the potential temperature. If H depl > H rh, the subcontinental regime of the interaction of the mantle convection with the lithosphere is established. In this case, the CBL is immediately adjacent to the depleted lithosphere, its top is located at depth H depl, and the surface heat flow q(T p, H depl) not only depends on the potential temperature T p but also on the the thickness of the depleted lithosphere H depl; it decreases with increasing H depl and, therefore, with the age of the lithosphere. Given the potential temperature, the dependence q(T p, H depl) agrees well with the envelope of the results of kimberlite xenolith thermobarometry presented in the diagram of the deepest xenolith depth as a function of the heat flow. It is likely that in the lowest part of the continental lithosphere there is a zone of horizontal shear deformation, from where kimberlites entrain the strongly deformed and, at the same time, the deepest xenoliths. Besides, the azimuthal anisotropy of seismic velocities can be associated with this zone. The change in its direction with depth can be observed as the Lehmann discontinuity. 相似文献
20.
本文主要利用全球定位下投式探空仪(dropsonde)资料和卫星云图资料,对2008年第15号超强台风蔷薇(Jangmi)边界层的热力和动力结构进行了分析,并且对其生命史中两个不同的时期的热力和动力结构特征进行了对比.结果表明:在内核区域中,距离眼越近,切向风越大,动力和热力边界层高度越低.边界层内,温度垂直递减率相比边界层以上更大;很多探空仪廓线中出现假相当位温(θse)垂直递减率与一般规律相反(即θse/z>0)的现象,并且能和径向风从流入转为流出以及Vr/z>0的高度很好的对应.对比生命史的不同时期,发现从台风发展的初始阶段到成熟阶段,在同一高度上切向风和径向风均有明显增大的趋势,径向流入层的厚度增大;台风内核区域的温度、比湿以及假相当位温都有增大的趋势,说明台风在发展增强的过程中从海表面获取了巨大的能量. 相似文献