共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
中亚地处干旱和半干旱气候区,是全球沙尘气溶胶贡献度较大的区域。利用中分辨率成像光谱仪（Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectrometer, MODIS）和云—气溶胶偏振雷达（Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization, CALIOP）遥感数据,从宏观角度对2002-2015年中亚地区气溶胶光学厚度（Aerosol Optical Depth, AOD）时空分布特征及沙尘气溶胶光学特性垂直分布特征进行分析,利用拉格朗日混合型的扩散模型（Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory, HYSPLIT）讨论沙尘运输的季节性变化。结果表明：① 中亚AOD空间分布呈现显著的季节性差异,四季均值春（0.412）>夏（0.258）>冬（0.167）>秋（0.159）,14年间呈现增加趋势;② 中亚AOD高值区域主要集中于咸海地区和新疆的塔里木盆地,其中,咸海地区AOD年均值为0.278,年均增幅为3.175%,主要受咸海退化所导致的干涸湖底裸露面积加大的影响;塔克拉玛干沙漠地区AOD年均值为0.421,年均增幅0.062%,主要受温度和风速两方面的影响,不同季节下主导因素略有差异;③ 尘源区气溶胶主要集中在近地面0~2 km范围内,沙漠上空气溶胶退偏比范围（10%~45%）略大于咸海上空（15%~30%）;咸海地区色比值（0.3~0.8）小于沙漠地区（0.5~0.9）,且在0~2 km和4~6 km有两个高频色比值分别为0.5和0.3,说明相比沙尘气溶胶,咸海地区的盐尘气溶胶球形程度较高,颗粒更小,飘散高度更高;④ 咸海地区盐尘潜在扩散方向主要以东北,西南和南为主,向东北方向的扩散距离最远,影响范围可达俄罗斯中部地区,西南方向扩散路径高度和距离较近,主要影响乌兹别克斯坦和土库曼斯坦,但发生比例相对较高,塔克拉玛干沙漠地区起尘后大部分沙尘颗粒仍沉降在尘源区附近,向东部地区扩散的沙尘气溶胶,主要影响中国青海、甘肃、宁夏、陕西等地区。 相似文献
2.
Dust/sand storms are common events in the arid and semi-arid regions of Central Asia. The region is characterized by strong winds, scarcity of vegetation cover, continental climate with long and dry summers, frequent soil and atmospheric droughts. Central Asian drylands, covered by a great variety of desert types, represent a powerful source of mineral and salt aerosols.The main objectives of this study are to monitor and assess the spatial and temporal distribution of dust storms over the Central Asian region during the last seven decades. The identified active source areas of dust storms are located mainly in the sandy deserts and other types of deserts where the sensitive ecosystems suffered from human impact. The main persistent sources of dust storms are located in the large “dust belt” that extends from west to east over the southern deserts, north of Caspian Sea deserts, south of Balkhash Lake, and Aral Sea region. The results of the analysis show a significant decrease in dust/sand storm frequency during the last decades and considerable changes in the active source areas. 相似文献
3.
20世纪60年代以来中亚地区的盐尘暴 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
中亚是盐尘暴高发地区之一,由自然因素和人文因素引起的沙质和盐质荒漠广泛分布。据初步估计,平均每年从干涸的咸海盆地通过空气输送出的盐尘为05×106t到20×106~30×106t不等。这些盐尘的沉降受地形、风力和距源地的距离的影响。中亚地区盐尘暴的季节性和频率受降雨的影响很大。盐尘不仅影响气候,还会给人们的健康与经济活动带来不利影响。通过对过去近40年研究工作的总结和分析,对中亚地区盐尘暴的现状及其未来变化有了基本的认识:(1)盐尘的产生、搬运和沉积在中亚地区是目前的普遍现象,特别是在咸海区域。(2)过去近40年的咸海危机证明:适当的自然保护需要很长的时间和大量的资本投入。(3)要缓和目前的现状并创建一个稳定的、健康的环境,在实施各项计划中需要综合考虑社会、经济与生态问题。 相似文献
4.
晚新生代中国北方风尘沉积的可能物源及变化 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
中国北方风尘沉积是晚新生代中纬西风和冬季风输送的粉尘相互加积的结果。对北方风尘沉积物来源和搬运动力的分析表明,风尘沉积的物质来源具有多样性,物源类型和分布、传输路径随时间变化。认为亚洲中部山地古风化壳可能是中国北方早期风尘沉积,尤其是第三纪红粘土的重要物源之一;晚新生代的粉尘源区类型由山地因干旱化被风蚀的红色风化壳逐渐向盆地周边被抬升的中、新生代砂泥岩过渡,再由盆地周边过渡到盆地内部的中生代与新生代的河湖沉积物和沙漠。同时大气环流格局的变化相应地导致了粉尘源区分布和传输路径的迁移。 相似文献
5.
Magnetostratigraphy and palaeoclimatic significance of Late Tertiary aeolian sequences in the Chinese Loess Plateau 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
Sun Donghuai An Zhisheng J. Shaw J. Bloemendal & Sun Youbin 《Geophysical Journal International》1998,134(1):207-212
The aeolian Red Clay sequence in the central part of the Chinese Loess Plateau was investigated in an attempt to obtain magnetostratigraphic and palaeoclimatic records. From the results, we deduce that aeolian dust accumulation and the related East Asia palaeomonsoon system began at least 7.6 Myr ago, and that the Tibetan Plateau had reached a significant elevation by that time. The Late Tertiary palaeoclimatic history of the Red Clay as reflected by magnetic susceptibility is reconstructed for the time period 7.6–2.5 Ma. Increases in aeolian dust accumulation for the last 7.6 Myr appear to have a close relation with the uplift processes of the Tibetan Plateau. The remarkable increase of aeolian dust accumulation beginning at 3.2 Ma appears to reflect the influence of an increasing global ice volume on the East Asian monsoon and aeolian dust accumulation. 相似文献
6.
风尘是地球表层系统的重要组成部分,广泛参与地球系统中不同时空尺度的物理、化学和生物过程,对全球气候和生态环境产生重要的影响。中国北方地区发育了世界最广、最厚的风尘沉积,记录了至少22 Ma以来东亚季风演化和亚洲内陆干旱化历史。半个多世纪以来对风尘沉积的气候记录和黄土高原的成因进行了大量研究并取得了丰硕成果,然而对黄土高原风尘物质沉积过程的认识还存在很多问题。例如,近年来基于物源示踪研究对传统的风尘搬运过程提出了新认识,认为虽然黄土主体是风成的,但以前忽略了河流对于碎屑物质的搬运贡献。我们在前人研究基础上从沉积学角度分析风尘沉积过程,发现青藏高原两期抬升与区域构造运动对粉尘沉积起着不亚于气候变化的重要控制作用;同时从沉积-侵蚀和地貌发育过程探讨风力与流水这两种最常见的外动力方式在黄土沉积和黄土高原发育过程中所起的作用,认为风尘的沉积和黄土高原的形成是侵蚀与搬运沉积作用的长期动态平衡过程,风力和流水在其中所起的作用都不是单一不变的,在不同时期和不同区域有可能会同时充当建设者和破坏者的角色。 相似文献
7.
Rare earth elements of aeolian deposits in Northern China and their implications for determining the provenance of dust storms in Beijing 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Xiaoping Yang Yongsheng Liu Chaozhu Li Yuling Song Heping Zhu Xindi Jin 《Geomorphology》2007,87(4):365-377
This paper contributes to a better understanding of the source of dust storms in northern China and the relationship between these sources and other aeolian sediments in this region. Sediment samples in potential source areas were collected from the Hunshandake Sandy Land, Heaven Desert, the loess deposits of the Bashang area, the mountainous basins and valleys north of Beijing and from the Badain Jaran Desert and Hulunbaier Sandy Land (Fig. 1). Dust samples were collected in Beijing during two dust storms in March 2002 and April 2006. The laboratory methods used in this study included measurements of abundance of trace elements, in particular the rare earth elements (REEs), mineral assemblages and grain size. The REE contents, Eu and Ce anomalies show clear differences between various deposits. Provenance is considered to be the key factor influencing REE patterns in the study areas. The REE abundances and patterns indicate that the aeolian sand north of Beijing, such as in the Heaven Desert, is mainly of local origin rather than from desert encroachment from the north. The mineral grains carried in dust storms, however, are highly mixed, and may come partly from local sources but mainly from distant desert regions in western China. 相似文献
8.
The objective of this study was to assess the contribution of the major soil/sediment surfaces in the Southern Aral Sea Basin to the dust generation potential of this region. Eight crusts and soils/sediments from seven sites, representative of these surfaces, were sampled in the field and their major characteristics (particle size distribution, organic carbon content, carbonate content, salt content and composition) that are related to dust generation, were determined. The PM10 and PM2·5 dust generation potential of the materials was determined in the laboratory using the Lubbock Dust Generation, Analysis and Sampling System (LDGASS). The highest amount of PM10 dust (579·3 mg.m−3) was generated from the Takyr crust material. The lowest by one Solonchak salt crust material (39·6 mg.m−3). Salt crusts from the desiccated Aral Sea bottom generated intermediate amounts of dust.The experimental results indicate that the Takyrs and Takyr-like soils, that occupy over 1 million ha in the Southern Aral Sea Basin, constitute the surfaces with the highest potential for being the source for the severe dust storms of the area. Second to the Takyr soils, the Solonchaks and Solonchak-like soils, also with an extent of over 1 million ha, contribute highly saline dust. To these must be added a large, as yet uncharted, proportion of the approximately 4 million ha of exposed sea bed, that exhibit Solonchak-like characteristics. 相似文献
9.
黄土高原现代天然降尘的组成、通量和磁化率 总被引：18，自引：2，他引：18
黄土高原现代天然降尘的季节性变化研究表明，矿物粉尘是天然粉尘的主要组成成分，有机质和污染物以夏季粉尘中含量最高，粉尘的磁化率在80－150单位之间，明显高于冰期黄土，指示着间冰期时原始粉尘的磁化率就已受到气候条件的影响，粉尘沉积通量的季节性变化在高原北部较大，中部和南部变化较小，年累积通量也是北部明显高于基本相当的其它地区，分析粉尘沉积的气候过程认为，黄土坑原的天然防尘主要表现为常态存在的非尘暴降尘，大部分为近距离低空再搬运粉尘，其沉积通量与地表的干燥度密切相关，部分来自内陆远源沙漠，通过高空西风气流转输，冬季风粉尘在大部分黄土高原略高于其它季节粉尘，而在西北部显著增高。 相似文献
10.
Studies of the past climate variation on the Tibetan Plateau(TP) are currently limited in number and low in density and temporal resolution. We investigated the climate condition from about 400 years before present(B.P.) in the central TP at the shore of Co(means "lake") Nag using aeolian sediments. A 2.7-m sand profile with 57 sediment samples and six optically stimulated luminescence(OSL) samples were studied through grain-size analysis, geochemical elements and parameters, and depositional rate estimation. A previous assumption was verified that sand deposition at the shore of Lake Co Nag originated from hills to the east. Two significant wet periods between 90–140 and about 380 years B.P. were indicated by the variation of element profiles and sediment depositional rates. Aeolian activity is sensitive to variations from different seasonal changing patterns of climate factors in the study area, and aeolian sediments respond differently to climate conditions during the cold little ice age(LIA) and the warm 20 th century. Present day dry seasons of winter and spring might be much warmer and drier compared to seasons of 400 years ago although summer precipitation has increased, resulting in significantly more aeolian activity and higher depositional rate(about 6 times compared to 380–240 years ago) of sandy sediments. Aeolian problems like blown-sand deposition and desertification may be worse in a projected warming future in the central TP as well as other cold and high altitude regions. Our results suggest an agreement with environmental evolution during the little ice age and the 20 th century in a broader scale on the TP. 相似文献
11.
Dustfall collections were carried out in April and May 2001 and in March 2002 at six sites in northern China.Our results showed that the total deposition of dust fractions 250 μm in diameter and the deposition of Fe both decreased exponentially with increasing distances from the source areas,and that the half-attenuation distance (HAD) for dust deposition was about 229 km in this re-gion.The HAD was closely related to the grain-size distribution of the dust,and the 15 to 20 μm fractions had the longest HAD.However,the fractions 15 μm in diameter can be easily adsorbed to coarse particles and deposited after only short distances,and the HAD for the fractions 15 to 100 μm in diameter showed a power relationship with the grain-size distribution.The HAD for Fe deposition was 233 km,which was a little longer than that of total dust deposition,which suggests that the Fe content is higher in fine particles than in coarse particles,as previous studies have suggested.In addition,our analysis showed that under the control of current climatic conditions,the coarse fractions in dust derived from northwestern China cannot be transported over long distances,instead,it is transported primarily by near-surface winds (3 km above the ground).The Fe in aeolian dust generated from arid and semiarid regions of China and deposited in the North Pacific region is usually transported by the upper westerlies. 相似文献
12.
咸海水位不断下降导致湖滨荒漠化加剧,尘暴频发,区域环境恶化。利用臭氧观测仪（OMI）气溶胶数据和HYSPLIT（Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model）模型,对咸海地区近期粉尘气溶胶变化及其潜在扩散特征进行了研究。结果表明：2005年以来,咸海地区粉尘活动不断增强,OMI气溶胶指数年平均值、方差、中值和最大值均呈现快速增加趋势,2013年OMI气溶胶指数平均值已经上升至1.47;OMI气溶胶指数具有明显的季节变化特征,春季（3-5月）和秋末初冬（11月-次年1月）是两个气溶胶指数峰值区;在相同时间内,春季和冬季的粉尘潜在扩散范围最大,秋季次之,夏季最小,且粉尘潜在扩散表现出明显的经向和纬向扩散特征;受气流和地形影响,粉尘潜在扩散主要有东北和西南两个方向。 相似文献
13.
Georg Schettler Qiang Liu Jens Mingram Jörg F. W. Negendank 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2006,35(2):239-270
The varved sediments of the dimictic Lake Sihailongwan (Long Gang mountain area, Jilin Province, Northeast China) represent
a palaeoclimatic archive which documents the local precipitation frequency during the summer monsoon, and variations in the
aeolian flux of dust with their remote sources in the arid and semi-arid regions of inner Asia. Based on a detailed discussion
of sediment genesis in Lake SHL, dust flux rates and palaeohydrological conditions were reconstructed on a decadal scale over
the past 220 years. The aeolian influx by dry and wet deposition was quantified and characterised in its chemical composition.
Photosynthetic production in the lake is positively correlated with the inflow of nutrient-rich groundwater. The groundwater
discharge largely reflects the strength of the summer monsoon. Net accumulation rates for biogenic silica were determined
for annually laminated sediments from the centre of the U-shaped lake basin based on sediment data. In a Si-balance model
of the modern lake, the depositional flux of biogenic silica could be independently quantified on the base of hydrochemical
monitoring data. Comparison of the both estimates allowed to asses the focussing of the particle flux in the lake. Though
water retention in Lake SHL is rather high (ca. 30 years), changes in the hydrological conditions are sensitively recorded
in the sediments because (i) nutrient-rich groundwater discharges into the productive zone of the lake, (ii) a substantial
proportion of the total dissolved Si-inventory of the mixed lake (ca. 30%) is annually consumed by diatom growth, and (3)
sediment accumulation is substantially focussed towards the flat bottom of the lake basin. The bulk siliciclastic sediment
fraction (ca. 75 wt.%) largely originates from influx of dust of remote provenance. In sediment thin-sections, the dry-deposited
dust fraction is microscopically identifiable as seasonal silt layer. Aeolian input by wet-deposition shows a distinctly higher
variability than the influx of dust by dry-deposition. As diatom production, wet-deposition of dust is positively correlated
with the rainfall during the summer monsoon. The inferred positive correlation between rainfall and dust flux during the summer
monsoon implies that dust deposition is determined by the out-wash efficiency of mineral particles for a permanent high atmospheric
dust concentration over Northeast China in the last 220 years. 相似文献
14.
淮河上游全新世风成黄土-土壤物质来源研究 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：11
通过对淮河上游地区河南新郑全新世黄土—古土壤剖面磁化率和粒度的测量分析，揭示了淮河上游地区沙质黄土和古土壤的物质来源。该区黄土—古土壤磁化率明显低于黄土高原区，而粒度明显比黄土高原区粗，属于沙质黄土。通过两地区粒度分布的对比，揭示了它们有不同的粉尘源区，分属于不同的风成系统。淮河上游地区黄土是近源风尘沉积物，粉尘主要来源于孟津以东黄河冲积、洪积扇的松散河流沉积粉沙，实质是黄土高原水土流失的产物。黄河的频繁决口、改道、泛滥沉积为其提供了丰富的物源，其粗颗粒粉尘产生和搬运堆积的动力是东北风。淮河上游地区全新世早期粉尘是近源粗颗粒堆积，堆积速率可达18．6cm／ka，是黄土高原南部地区的2．3倍。 相似文献
15.
沙坡头铁路防护体系内风沙沉积的粒度特征 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
包兰铁路沙坡头段铁路防护体系内,由于下垫面性质发生变化,流沙区至人工植被带地表沉积物中表层土壤的黏粒和粉沙含量显著增大,平均粒径减小,颗粒分选性显著变差。防护体系内表层沉积物中的粉沙含量与地表相对高程反相关,黏粒含量与地形起伏没有直接关系,颗粒平均粒径、分选性与地表相对高程正相关。在土层垂直方向上,表层0~5cm内土壤粉沙含量较高,颗粒分选性差;5cm以下深度内土壤粉沙含量减少,颗粒分选性变好。在防护体系内沙丘地貌的不同部位,沙尘沉积速率不同。据此估算表明防护体系内固定沙丘迎风坡顶部沉积速率为0.147 cm/a左右;背风坡和丘间地平均堆积速率大于0.588cm/a。 相似文献
16.
海洋大气粉尘是海气相互作用的桥梁。由于现代大气粉尘沉积在时空尺度上具有广泛性和可观察性,使其成为研究海洋海气相互作用的重要基础和手段。而位于世界屋脊青藏高原南翼的东北印度洋,是全球海洋生产力最强和生物多样性最丰富的海域之一,然而,关于海洋现代粉尘的研究还未见相关的报道。文章通过对东北印度洋2020年9―11月的大气粉尘进行走航收集,分析大气粉尘样品沉积通量,利用空气粒子模型模拟粉尘传播途径,对粉尘石英颗粒进行扫描电镜及能谱分析;再结合全球遥感数据,首次对东北印度洋大气粉尘沉积的现代过程进行探讨。研究发现,东北印度洋大气粉尘沉积通量变化在221~1 221 mg/cm2/d之间,研究期内粉尘日沉积通量最高值出现在冬季风盛行的11月中旬,而最低值则在夏季风控制的9月下旬,前者通量约是后者6倍;粉尘沉积通量变化主要受粉尘源区距离的影响,而粉尘粒径大小和风力强度有关。空气粒子模拟结果显示,粉尘的传播过程受大气环流系统的季节性和区域性控制,结合大气气溶胶数据可进一步探讨粉尘的源汇过程。此外,现代粉尘石英颗粒表面结构具有明显的风成环境沉积特征,石英颗粒磨圆度较好,具有蛇曲脊或“U”型坑,明显区别于水成环境下石英颗粒磨圆度差,具有贝壳状断口及“V”型坑等特征,可作为在沉积物中区分不同搬运动力组分的依据。 相似文献
17.
Philip N. Owens & Olav Slaymaker 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》1997,79(4):267-276
Contemporary and post-glacial rates of aeolian deposition are determined for three small catchments that straddle the alpine-subalpine ecotone in the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains of British Columbia. From process measurement over a single year, the mean annual regional (allochthonous) rate of aeolian deposition for the catchments is estimated to be approximately 11 g m−2 . The average rate of annual deposition over the post-glacial period is calculated from the soil profiles to be c . 6 g m−2 , although fallout rates are likely to have varied significantly over the Holocene epoch due to changes in climate and catchment conditions. It would appear that the vegetated ground strata in these catchments are net receivers of aeolian dust fallout. Consequently, many of the soils are cumulic in nature and protect the bedrock in these catchments from subaerial weathering. These results have implications for sediment transfers in alpine and sub-alpine environments in southwestern British Columbia. 相似文献
18.
19.
包兰铁路沙坡头段防护体系内的风沙沉降规律 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对沙坡头铁路防护体系内的风沙沉降进行了断面观测,据此分析了沉降速率、粒度组成和物源的时空变化规律。结果显示：防护体系前沿流沙区、防护距离50～300 m的植被区和300 m以外的植被区风沙沉降速率分别为108.6、17.1 kg·m-2·a-1和1.5 kg·m-2·a-1。随防护距离增大,沉降颗粒逐渐变细,分选变差,跃移组分含量逐渐减少而悬移组分含量逐渐增大,沉降来源逐渐由前沿流沙区近地面风沙运动颗粒转变为以大气降尘为主的悬移颗粒。年内风沙沉降的高峰期为3-5月,6-8月沉降减弱,9月至次年2月风沙沉降最弱,3个阶段内防护体系植被区月均沉降量分别为0.59、0.10 kg·m-2和0.04 kg·m-2。3-5月风沙沉降以上风向邻近区域的风蚀起沙为主,6-8月较远源的大气降尘相对增加而上风向邻近区域的风蚀起沙相对减少,9月至次年2月风沙沉降物源以大气降尘为主。 相似文献
20.
兰州市沙尘和非沙尘天气沉降物的化学特性比较 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
选择兰州市典型沙尘和非沙尘天气收集两类降尘,并对其元素组成进行测定。结果表明：兰州非沙尘和沙尘天气沉降物中含量较高的主要元素分别为Si、Ca、Al、Fe和Si、K、Ca、Al,含量最低的主要元素均是Ti;含量较高的微量元素是Mn、Ba、Zn、Sr和Mn、Ba、Sr、Zr,含量较低的微量元素均是Nb、Co、Y、As;兰州非沙尘和沙尘天气沉降物中主要元素及微量元素含量的排序差异较小,但是两种样品同种元素的丰度值存在较大变异,说明两种沉降物的来源有一定的差异。兰州非沙尘天气沉降物中Si、Fe、Mg、K、Na、Ti、V、Mn、Co、Ni、Rb、Sr、Y、Zr、Nb等元素主要来自于地壳源,Ca、Cr、Cu、Ba、Pb、Zn、As等元素与本地的人类污染活动有关,其中Pb、Zn、As是兰州重要的污染元素。沙尘天气沉降物中多数元素来自于外地入侵的沙尘,部分元素如Pb、Zn、As、Cu、Cr、K、Ni可能源于沙尘天气长距离传输途中矿物气溶胶与沿途污染源排放的污染物的混合。 相似文献