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湖泊沉积物年纹层的研究方法及其意义 总被引：12，自引：4，他引：8
文章总结了前人对湖泊沉积物年纹层类型的划分,并根据年纹层的形成过程和组分特征分为3个大类,即碎屑年纹层、生物成因年纹层(如硅藻年纹层等)和化学成因年纹层(如方解石年纹层、菱铁矿年纹层、黄铁矿年纹层、蒸发盐年纹层等)。介绍了目前应用于湖泊沉积物年纹层研究的主要方法和技术包括:1)新鲜沉积物表面照相、X射线照相技术;2)光学显微镜观察;3)数字化图像分析;4)扫描电子显微镜技术等。而岩相学大薄片是目前年纹层研究工作中应用非常广泛的材料,对目前制作大薄片比较普遍采用的快速冷冻-冷冻干燥和水-丙酮-环氧树脂交换这两种方法进行了介绍并比较了各自的优劣。湖泊沉积物年纹层研究的古环境意义主要体现在两个方面,一是提供了高精度的纹层年代学时间标尺,在诸如气候突变事件的时限、大气14C浓度变化、火山灰层定年、古地磁场长期变化主曲线重建等方面有重要意义;二是年纹层性质研究如年纹层厚度和年纹层微相变化本身所蕴藏的高分辨率古气候环境变化信息,在太阳活动周期、ENSO等气候事件的研究中也有重要意义。最后,文章简单介绍了我国东北龙岗火山区四海龙湾玛珥湖沉积物中年纹层的特征并展望了其研究潜力。 相似文献
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【意义】湖泊年纹层是季节—年际尺度的超高分辨率地质记录，对发展高精度地质年代学和研究古气候与古环境具有重要意义。【进展】综合前人研究成果，对湖泊年纹层的形成和保存、识别和分类、纹层年代学以及湖泊年纹层对古气候和古环境的指示等方面进行了总结：（1）湖泊年纹层的形成和保存受季节性气候和环境变化的影响，在北半球中高纬地区分布较广；（2）对湖泊年纹层的鉴定需结合其物理、化学和生物特征，并通过放射性同位素定年手段进行交叉验证；（3）湖泊年纹层可用于建立精确的或浮动的年代学标尺；（4）湖泊年纹层普遍用于重建年际古气候与古环境，但是研究程度不均衡，时间上主要集中于第四纪，空间上主要集中于欧美地区。【结论与展望】结合目前湖泊年纹层的研究现状和不足，未来应加强现代沉积过程监测，优化湖泊年纹层识别标准。同时利用多种研究手段，系统构建并完善湖泊年纹层研究体系。深入挖掘深时湖泊年纹层的研究价值，聚焦深时年际古气候变化等科学前沿。 相似文献
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桂林罗胡子洞穴次生化学沉积物(石笋)的古地磁场长期变化研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
使用超导磁力仪对石笋进行高精度、高密度的连续测定,获得了桂林地区如下古地磁场长期变化研究结果。 1.8500a B.P.以来,桂林地区的古地磁场偏角以及倾角的长期变化曲线是由若干周期大小不同的运动复合而成的。虚地磁极迁移曲线的运动中心与现代地理轴不重合。 2.利用NRM/SIRM(天然剩磁/饱和等温剩磁),求出8500aB.P.以来,桂林地区古地磁场相对强度的长期变化曲线是由若干周期大小不同的运动复合而成的。 相似文献
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本文对采自陕西省柞水县、湖北省崇阳县以及北京市房山区的三条岩溶洞穴次生化学沉积物——石笋进行了古地磁场方向和相对强度的长期变化研究。结果表明,上述三区古地磁场的磁偏角、磁倾角、虚地磁极迁移以及相对强度既存在各自的局部特性,又有着共同的整体特征。 相似文献
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湖泊沉积在记录古气候古环境方面既优越于深海沉积物和极地冰芯,也优越于具有年轮的树轮和珊瑚。因为它较前者含有更丰富的生物信息,也容易取得样品;而与时间跨度小的后者相比,它有长的时间序列和纹层。这样通过对湖泊沉积物的研究既可像深海沉积物和极地冰芯那样建立长的时间序列,又可像树轮、珊瑚那样进行高分辨率分析。因此湖泊沉积物的研究越来越受到全球变化研究的重视。于是国际大陆钻探计划(ICDP)和欧洲湖泊钻探计划(ELDP)相继实施,并取得了令人瞩目的成就。在亚洲,湖泊钻探早已开展,但未能形成和纳入系统的研究计划。最近由日本国际文化研究中心组织的第1届亚欧湖泊钻探计划联合会议在日本的三方和京都召开。来自亚欧 相似文献
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概述在古地磁和岩石磁学研究中,海陆第四纪沉积物磁性是一个独具魅力的研究领域。它不仅为研究地磁场的时、空特性提供关键数据,而且为几百万年来的地质演化提供重要信息。例如,第四纪沉积物记录了发生于大约0.73MaB.P.布容/松山极性时地磁转换时地磁场的特性。目前,从南、北两半球获得的古地磁转换数据可以用来验证地磁场的倒转 相似文献
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环境磁学 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本世纪60年代,在由湖泊沉积物恢复湖泊及流域地球化学史时,美国地球化学家F.J.H.Mackereth认识到主要由于人类活动而造成的老颗粒碳对~(14)C定年的严重干扰,转而探索湖泊沉积物记录地磁场长期变并用之定年的可能性。研究表明,湖泊和海洋沉积物以及喀斯特溶洞的二次沉积物均可用来提取地磁场连续的长期变化信息,并将时间跨度扩大到数万年。为了对研究Lough Neagh湖的富营养化史提供时标,在Mackereth指导下,R.Thompson测量了多个岩芯记录的长期变,并同步测量了起始磁化率K。各岩芯的K值随深度变化的可比性及其与土壤剥蚀、沉积物源关系的研究,向人们揭示了又一重要自然现象:沉积物非天然剩磁的磁学性质,可以记录并保存流域的环境事件。其后,F.Oldfield和R.Thompson的长期合作研究以及其他先驱者的研究,为环境磁学这门新学科奠定了基础。 相似文献
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宇宙成因核素10Be示踪古地磁场的研究在海洋和冰芯研究中得到了广泛应用,然而受黄土来源及沉降过程的复杂性制约,运用中国黄土10Be示踪古地磁场变化的研究直到近年来才取得突破进展.综述了黄土10Be的研究现状并指出将其应用于地磁场示踪研究存在的关键问题,重点介绍了为分离黄土10Be浓度记录所包含的气候因素和地磁场影响因素而建立的LGM分离方法、剩磁矫顽力估算模型方法和"平均值概念"方法.各种创新数理方法的建立基本解决了黄土10Be示踪古地磁场的科学难题,使黄土10Be示踪古地磁场变化研究成为可能. 相似文献
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青藏高原作为印度季风与西风交汇的特殊区域,对全球气候变化响应敏感,成为了古气候研究的热点地区。青藏高原湖泊众多,存在巨厚连续的湖泊沉积物,为古气候重建提供了优良载体。而介形类壳体在湖泊中沉积连续,生长过程记录了气候变化,同时有效屏蔽了湖泊水体中同位素的累积效应,能够反映介壳生长阶段短时间尺度的同位素水平,理论上是高精度气候重建的理想载体。基于此,本研究选取青藏高原中部地区湖泊色林错湖芯(SL16-1-1)顶部0～107 cm部分为对象,对其中的介形类壳体进行种属鉴定及碳氧同位素分析,以期建立高分辨率的古环境变化记录,结合沉积物Rb/Sr、 Ti/Si环境代用指标,重建色林错湖区近2000年来的气候变化记录,结果揭示了：1)介形类壳体碳氧稳定同位素变化对气候变化(尤其冷气候)尤为敏感,是重建高分辨率环境变化过程的优良载体;2)色林错地区对小冰期冷事件的响应较早于其他地区;3)色林错介形类壳体2000年来的气候重建结果与青藏高原研究成果大体一致,特别是与内地文献记录和物候史料记载高度一致,说明色林错湖泊记录具有广泛代表性,同时证实利用湖泊沉积物介形类壳体进行古气候高分辨率重建具有可靠性。 相似文献
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LOVISA ZILLÉN IAN SNOWBALL PER SANDGREN TANIA STANTON 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2003,32(4):612-626
Varved lake sediments can be used to set multiple environmental proxies within a calendar year time scale. We undertook a systematic survey of lakes in the Province of Värmland, west central Sweden, with the aim of finding continuous varved lake sediment sequences covering the majority of the Holocene. In Fennoscandia, such sediments have previously only been recorded in northern Sweden and in southern and central Finland. By following a selective process and fieldwork we discovered three new varved sites (i.e. Furskogstjärnet, Mötterudstjärnet and Kälksjön). We found that lakes with varved sediments have several common lake morphometry properties and lake catchment characteristics such as maximum water depth, maximum water depth/lake surface area ratio, catchment soil types, altitude and number of inflows. Varve chronologies, supported by AMS-14 C dating and tephrochronology were established for two of the sediment profiles. These varve chronologies are the longest geological records with an annual resolution known to exist in Sweden. In Furskogstjärnet, the AMS- 14 C dates based on terrestrial plant macrofossils at several levels deviate significantly from the varve based time-depth curve. In Motterudstjarnet, a fully reasonable time-depth model based on the 14 C dates gives older ages in the lower part of the sequence compared to the varve chronology. These results highlight that seemingly acceptable AMS radiocarbon dates may be erroneous. They also point to the fact that varved lake sediments are reliable geological archives with respect to chronological control and accuracy. Thus, these archives should be of prime interest for studies of climate and environmental change undertaken with the aim of providing sub-decadal resolution proxy data sets. 相似文献
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玛珥湖与过去全球变化研究 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
古气候变化突变事件和气候周期的发现将过去全球变化研究推进到了高分辨率的新阶段。玛珥湖在形成和保存高分辨率气候环境记录方面具有独特的优势,玛珥湖研究所取得的重要成果也显示了在过去全球变化研究方面的巨大潜力。简要回顾了玛珥湖的研究历史,从纹层、年代学、多学科多指标综合研究等方面概括了国际玛珥湖沉积与环境研究的若干进展,并介绍了我国在玛珥湖研究方面的发展情况。 相似文献
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《Quaternary Science Reviews》2007,26(5-6):678-689
A high-resolution study was performed on varved sediments from Lake Lehmilampi in eastern Finland. Varve data was collected by digital image analysis using standard 1.8 mm thick samples impregnated in epoxy and X-rayed. Climatic variability is imprinted on varve properties (varve thickness and accumulation of mineral and organic matter) during the last 2000 years. The cumulative counting error of the varve record is estimated as 2.3%. Qualitative comparison of varve parameters and residual Δ14C constructed from tree-rings revealed close correspondence between the two records, suggesting solar forcing on lake sedimentation. Classical climatic periods of the last millennia, Medieval Climate Anomaly (1060–1280 in the varve record) and Little Ice Age (cooler phases culminating in 1340, 1465, 1545, 1680, 1850 and also in 1930 in the varve record) are clearly evident in the varve record. At present the physical link between solar activity levels and lake sedimentation has not been established. 相似文献
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LOVISA ZILLÉN IAN SNOWBALL 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2009,38(3):493-503
Mineral magnetic and carbon analyses of a continuous varved lake sediment sequence in west-central Sweden (Lake Mötterudstjärnet) complement similar palaeoclimate proxies obtained from two varved lake sediment sequences in northern Sweden and one in central Finland. The varve chronology is supported by tephrochronology, palaeomagnetic secular variations and 14 C AMS dating of terrestrial macrofossils. We apply a simple model in which the transport and deposition of catchment mineral matter reflect the amount of winter snow accumulation, spring snow-melt and stream discharge. Our data show that winter snow accumulation was generally enhanced in Sweden between 8100 and 7750 cal. yr BP. If dating errors are taken into account, the 350-year period of increased erosion is the geomorphic response to a multi-centennial scale climatic cooling that occurred some time between 8500 and 7500 cal. yr BP. The most significant erosion event in central Sweden was centred at 8050 cal. yr BP. It lasted 150 years (between 8100 and 7950 cal. yr BP) and is equivalent to the most extreme Holocene climate anomaly in the northern hemisphere, known as the 8 ka or 8200 cal. yr BP climate event. Our high-resolution paramagnetic susceptibility and ferrimagnetic grain-size parameters suggest that snowpack accumulation increased most significantly in northern Sweden between 7900 and 7750 cal. yr BP. We suggest that this north–south difference was a response to the re-establishment of moisture-laden westerly air masses, as meridional Atlantic overturning circulation was re-established at the beginning of the Holocene thermal maximum. 相似文献
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TIIT HANG 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2003,32(2):416-426
Ten cores consisting of varved clay from the northern part of Lake Peipsi in eastern Estonia have been correlated using varve thickness variations and specific marker varves into a 375-year floating varve chronology. Continuous sedimentation during gradual ice recession is concluded from a clear transition from proximal to distal varves. Cyclic variations in varve thickness are caused mainly by thickness changes of clayey winter layers. This is interpreted to indicate increased influx of finer material due to faster melting of the glacier. The cyclic pattern of thickness change is explained by alternating periods of increased and decreased melting of the ice. Simultaneous accumulation of varved clay in glacial Lake Peipsi and in the Luga and Neva basins of Russia is concluded from the good visual correlation between the mean varve thickness diagrams for the three chronologies. Because the varve chronologies from northwestern Russia have been tentatively correlated to the Swedish varve chronology, the timing of the clay accumulation in glacial Lake Peipsi is placed between c . 13 500 and 13 100 varve years BP. 相似文献
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Andy Breckenridge Thomas C. Johnson Suzanne Beske-Diehl John S. Mothersill 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2004,23(23-24):2355-2367
We analyze both new and previously published paleomagnetic records of secular variation (PSV) from Lake Superior sediment cores and compare these records to correlated rhythmite (varve) thickness records to determine post-glacial sedimentation rates and to reassess the termination of glaciolacustrine varves in the basin. The results suggest that offshore sedimentation rates have exhibited considerable spatial variation over the past 8000 years, particularly during the mid-Holocene. We attribute offshore, mid-Holocene sedimentation changes to alterations in whole basin circulation, perhaps precipitated by a greater dominance of the Gulf of Mexico air mass during the summer season. Nearshore bays are characterized by high sedimentation rates for at least 1000 years after varve cessation and during a period between around 4500 and 2000 cal. BP. After 2000 cal. BP, sedimentation rates subsided to earlier rates. The increases between 4500 and 2000 cal. BP are probably due to lake level fall after the Nipissing II highstand.The older glaciolacustrine varve thickness records suggest that the influx of glacially derived sediment ended abruptly everywhere in the lake, except near the Lake Nipigon inlets. Multiple sediment cores reveal 36 anomalously thick varves, previously ascribed to the formation of the Nakina moraine, which were deposited just prior to varve cessation in the open lake. The PSV records support the observation that the cessation of these thick varves is a temporally correlative event, occurring at 9035±170 cal. BP (calibrated years before 1950, ca 7950–8250 14C BP). This date would correlate to the eastern diversion of Lake Agassiz and glacial meltwater into Lake Ojibway. 相似文献
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BARBARA WOHLFARTH SVANTE BJÖRCK GÖRAN POSSNERT BJÖRN HOLMQUIST 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》1998,27(4):243-257
More than 50 varve-thickness diagrams, which were established from glacial varved clays in south-eastern Sweden were correlated with each other to form an 800-year long floating varve chronology. AMS |214|0C measurements on terrestrial macrofossils from the varved clays enabled synchronization of the record with other high-resolution archives. The synchronization indicates that the chronology spans between c. 13 150 and c. 12 350 calendar years BP and covers the later part of the Allerørd and the early part of the Younger Dryas. Calibrated radiocarbon dates, which were obtained on varved clays south of the floating chronology, indicate that the ice recession in south-eastern Sweden may have started during late Bølling. Our results indicate a longer time-span in varve years for the deglaciation than has been previously estimated 相似文献
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BARBARA WOHLFARTH SVANTE BJÖRCK GÖRAN POSSNERT GEOFFREY LEMDAHL LARS BRUNNBERG JONAS ISING SIV OLSSON NILS-OLF SVENSSON 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》1993,22(2):113-128
The increasing focus on the chronology of environmental and climatic changes of the last glacial-interglacial transition has led to several independent attempts to try to calibrate the 14 C time-scale beyond the Holocene. The Late Weichselian Gotiglacial varved clays of the Swedish Time Scale could potentially be used for this purpose. The reliability of the Swedish Time Scale is discussed as well as different ways of using the Swedish varved clays for calibrating the 14 C chronology. The strategy and initial results from an ongoing calibration project are presented. They show clearly that, if the right strategy is adopted, varved clay may be dated by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14 C measurement of terrestrial macrofossils. A Late Weichselian 'event stratigraphy', including the Vedde Ash fall-out, is established for south Scandinavia using three dating categories: clay varve measurements, terrestrial macrofossil measurement, and lake sediment (including aquatic mosses) measurements. It suggests that a 14 C chronology based on terrestrial organic remains is not consistent with the traditional Late Weichselian chronostratigraphy based on lake-sediment samples, and that 'clay varve years' exceed 'terrestrial 14 C years' by c. 900 years at the end of, and by 1100–1200 years at the beginning of the Younger Dryas Chronozone. Further back in time, the time-scales appear to converge. These results are compared with other recently published calibration studies. 相似文献