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1.
硼硅玻璃是目前压水堆应用最多的可燃毒物材料,产品中硼同位素组成的准确测定对燃耗预估及产品质量判定具有重要意义。文章基于直接熔融热电离质谱法,首先探讨了硅元素对硼酸中硼同位素测量结果的影响,结果表明:Si/B质量比小于9时,硅对NIST 951a硼酸标准物质测量结果无显著干扰,采用直接熔融热电离质谱法测定核电用硼硅玻璃中硼同位素比值具有可行性;随后,详细分析了Na/B摩尔比、甘露醇和石墨加入量3个参数对测试结果的影响,得到的最佳参数为Na/B摩尔比9、加入甘露醇及3μL石墨发射剂;最后,采用优化测试参数,对实际硼硅玻璃样品进行了测试,并以NIST 951a硼酸标准物质为外标对测量结果进行分馏校正,结果发现分馏校正后样品的不确定度来源主要是标准物质。研究成果可满足硼硅玻璃的燃耗预估及产品质量的快速判定需要。  相似文献   

2.
An analytical artefact is reported here related to differences in instrumental mass fractionation between NIST SRM glasses and natural geological glasses during SIMS boron isotope determinations. The data presented demonstrated an average 3.4‰ difference between the NIST glasses and natural basaltic to rhyolitic glasses mainly in terms of their sputtering-induced fractionation of boron isotopes. As no matrix effect was found among basaltic to rhyolitic glasses, instrumental mass fractionation of most natural glass samples can be corrected by using appropriate glass reference materials. In order to confirm the existence of the compositionally induced variations in boron SIMS instrumental mass bias, the observed offset in SIMS instrumental mass bias has been independently reproduced in two laboratories and the phenomenon has been found to be stable over a period of more than one year. This study highlights the need for a close match between the chemical composition of the reference material and the samples being investigated.  相似文献   

3.
Deterministic stability models are used to assess the potential for mass movement within Hamilton City, New Zealand using sensitivity analysis for critical environmental variables. Discrete geomorphic zones are recognised on the basis of material properties and slope characteristics; generic slope profiles are derived for each of these zones by averaging slope profiles determined from a Digital Elevation Model. Stability analysis models are used to derive critical failure surfaces for these profiles using measured or estimated material properties, and sensitivity analysis allows the conditions of water table level and seismic acceleration under which the slopes become unstable to be determined. This method is applied to Hamilton City to assess the citywide hazard associated with mass movement. For the slopes studied, conditions of elevated water table alone may initiate failure, but this is seen as unlikely as the materials are well drained. Combinations of water tables above 10% of the slope elevation together with seismic accelerations of approximately 0.2 g (150 year return period) represent likely failure conditions for many slopes. This information provides emergency management planners with estimates of the likely extent of failure in different regions of the city, and hence facilitates identification of lifelines and infrastructure at risk. The method cannot provide site-specific information, but in combination with knowledge of cultural features gives indications of critical locations where detailed engineering assessments are required.  相似文献   

4.
It is not the purpose of this paper to propose a new rock mass classification system but rather to improve the existing ones by incorporating some simple quantitative interpretations. The geomechanics classification system of naturally fractured rock masses is modified to decrease personal judgement involved in its calculation. Instead of six parameters in the classical rock mass rating (RMR) system, only five basic parameters are considered in the proposed system, which are namely, rock quality designation (RQD) value with the underlying frequency distribution function of intact lengths; uniaxial or point load strength of intact rock material; conditions of the most unfavorable joints; groundwater condition; and joint orientation. Classical lump-rating system is replaced by continuous grading system which leaves no ambiguity for an inexperienced engineer in allocating grades based on quantitative field or laboratory measurements. Finally, necessary charts are presented for obtaining straightforward design values concerning average stand-up time and corresponding unsupported span of excavations in fractured rock mass; cohesion as well as friction angle of the rock mass. The continuous RMR system is very convenient for calculators or in writing computer software. The proposed methodology reduces the scale of subjectivity and leads to a unique rock mass design value.  相似文献   

5.
Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was used to determine K, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni and Zn in geological samples. Because the isotopes of these elements and the internal standard element (Ca) often have interferences from molecular ions when determined using quadrupole or sector-field ICP-MS in low mass resolution mode, ion intensities were measured at a high mass resolution of 4000. We investigated dynamic element fractionation, type and abundance of molecular ions using different geological reference materials. Highly resolved mass spectra were especially important for accurate low-abundance measurements. As a result, maximum "critical" concentration limits for each isotope were obtained, where a mass resolution of 4000 was necessary for reliable LA-ICP-MS analysis. To test the LA-ICP-MS technique, different international reference material glasses and powdered rock reference materials were analysed. Rock powders were fused to glass beads using an Ir-strip heater. Nearly all concentration values for the reference materials agreed with the reference values at the 95% confidence level. To demonstrate routine LA-ICP-MS analysis at a mass resolution of 4000, trace element data for Hawaiian basalts are also presented.  相似文献   

6.
《Applied Geochemistry》2000,15(2):141-155
A marine based argillaceous rock containing volcanic glass shards has been investigated to infer the long-term durability of vitrified nuclear waste in compacted bentonite, which is a candidate for buffer material constituting the engineered barrier system for nuclear waste disposal. Fission track ages indicate that the volcanic glass shards, andesitic scoria, have been buried in the argillaceous rock for about 1 Ma. Neither glass matrix dissolution nor precipitation on the surface was seen under an optical microscope. Little leaching of any element has been recognized by analyses using an electron microprobe analyzer. Secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis, however, indicates significant hydration which may dominantly be a permeation of molecular water.As an indicator of durability of glass against groundwater a normalized mass loss of Si (NLSi) has been evaluated for the volcanic glass based on free energy for hydration. The difference between estimated NLSi of the volcanic glass and that of a simulated waste glass is within one order so that the volcanic glass may be analogous to a waste glass with respect to durability to water. The argillaceous rock is analogous to the compacted bentonite with respect to physical properties such as dry-density, unconfined compression strength, porosity, and hydraulic conductivity. The ambient physical and chemical conditions surrounding the volcanic glass have been also investigated: temperature was in the range from 4 to 30°C due to the burial history of the volcanic glass. Over most of the past 1 Ma the volcanic glass has been in contact with groundwater originating from seawater. Thermodynamic calculations indicate (1) pH (=7.74–7.94) of the groundwater has mainly been controlled by dissolution of carbonate minerals, (2) the redox potential (Eh=−34–−73 mV) of the groundwater has dominantly been controlled by decomposition of organic materials to produce CH4(g), and (3) activity of aqueous silica of the groundwater was in equilibrium with SiO2 amorphous. Because of the equilibrium between aqueous silica and SiO2 amorphous, the volcanic glass did not dissolve during the burial.Vitrified nuclear waste sealed in compacted bentonite, therefore, will not dissolve significantly if buried in an environment as mentioned above.  相似文献   

7.
The Bovedy meteorite fell on 25 April 1969 in Northern Ireland; the main mass of 4·94 kg was found at Bovedy (54°57′N, 06°37′W). It is an L3 chondrite with abundant chondrules clearly visible in hand specimen. Bulk chemical analyses are presented, the total Fe content being 22·5%. The olivines are homogeneous (Fa24) but the pyroxenes are not equilibrated (Fs8–28). Brown glass is common within chondrules but a clear glass of composition An85 is present interstitially in a few orthopyroxene-rich (Fs17–28) chondrules. A bleb, 2 mm across, of clear glass, again of composition An85 was found in one stone of the meteorite and in the glass five REE (rare earth elements), (La, Sm, Eu, Yb, Lu) were determined. The low REE abundances coupled with a large positive Eu anomaly are characteristic of plagioclase, but the finer details of the pattern suggest that this glass has a closer affinity to the lunar anorthosites than to plagioclases from lunar mare basalts or eucritic meteorites. There is also evidence that the magnitude of the Eu anomaly for plagioclases and anorthosites from extra-terrestrial sources is inversely related to trivalent REE content. The existence of anorthositic material and, as a consequence, a differentiated planetary body prior to the formation of the Bovedy meteorite is suggested.  相似文献   

8.
The advent of multiple collector-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry has provided an impetus to the study of isotope abundance variations in natural materials. In particular, the study of "non-traditional" stable isotopes has revealed isotope fractionation variations caused by a range of physiochemical and biological mechanisms. The magnitude of these variations may be < 1 per mil per mass unit, but are significant in terms of the experimental uncertainties involved, provided rigorous mass spectrometric protocols are followed. The double spike technique can be used effectively to evaluate isotope fractionation effects for both multiple collector-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and thermal ionisation mass spectrometry. The demanding nature of this research implies the need for internationally-accepted reference materials so that interlaboratory comparisons can be made with confidence. At present, isotopically certified reference materials are unavailable for many elements, including Cu, Zn, Mo and Cd, and it is important that this situation be rectified as soon as practicable. Until such time as isotopically certified reference materials become available for every element, stable isotope geochemists should adopt a common reference material as the standard for each element so that rigorous interlaboratory comparisons can be made.  相似文献   

9.
Road-deposited sediment (RDS) is an accumulation of particulates upon street surfaces in urban centres. It is commonly highly contaminated and has major potential impacts upon surface water quality and human health, as well as becoming a waste material upon street sweeping. Although significant research has been undertaken upon the fine fraction within these systems, there is a lack of detailed, high-resolution grain-specific mineralogical and chemical data for the coarser fractions, which contain the bulk of the contamination by mass. The study reported here utilizes backscatter electron microscopic, electron microprobe and Raman spectroscopic analysis to provide novel data on RDS material from Manchester, UK, with significant implications for the improved understanding of source discrimination and contaminant metal speciation. The RDS samples studied are highly heterogeneous and the abundant nature of anthropogenic grains is particularly apparent. The RDS material has been found to be composed of a number of grain types: (i) silicate and alumino-silicate grains derived from a wide range of sources; (ii) iron oxide grains derived from the corrosion of galvanized steel; (iii) iron-rich glass grains derived as slag material from metal and waste processing activities and (iv) spherical Fe oxide and Fe-rich glass grains derived from high temperature combustion processes. Elemental metallic grains (Fe, Cu, Pb) are also present in minor amounts.  相似文献   

10.
Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is a microanalytical tool especially suitable for providing fast and precise U-Pb geochronological results on zircon grains. A new 193 nm excimer laser adapted to a micromachining workstation, equipped with a newly designed two-volume ablation cell and coupled with a quadrupole ICP-MS, is presented here. The system was tuned routinely to achieve sensitivities in the range of 3000 cps/μg g−1 for 238U (< 2% RSD), with a 34 μm spot size, at 5 Hz and ∼ 8 J cm−2, while ablating the NIST SRM 612 glass reference material. The system was capable of providing fast (< 1.5 minutes each analysis) and precise (generally < 1.5% 1s errors) 206Pb/238U zircon ages. The ages of widely used reference material zircons (Plesovice, 337 Ma; Temora, 416 Ma; R33, 418 Ma; Sri Lanka, 564 Ma; 91500, 1065 Ma) could be precisely matched, with an accuracy on isotopic ratios that ranged from ∼ 2 to ∼ 6%, depending on the homogeneity of the natural reference materials.  相似文献   

11.
本文对湖北黄石、浙江长兴煤山剖面二叠-三叠系界线附近粘土岩层作了碎屑物的分析和测试,并计算了它们的百分含量。与火山活动有关的碎屑主要有石英(其中含六方双锥状的β石英)、锆石、磷灰石、玻璃圆球、铁质圆球及火山灰等。有些样品中还有电气石、石榴石及锐钛矿等。笔者认为粘土岩层的成因是火山物质在海水中沉积蚀变而成。火山喷出口不在工作区内,生物绝灭的主要原因不是火山活动引起的。  相似文献   

12.
Composite Element Model of the Fully Grouted Rock Bolt   总被引：12，自引：1，他引：12  
Summary The three dimensional elasto-viscoplastic composite element method is formulated in this paper for rock masses reinforced by a fully-grouted bolt. If a bolt segment penetrates a finite element representing the rock mass, then a composite element is formed including five sub-elements corresponding to the rock material, the grout material, the bolt material, the rock-grout interface and the bolt-grout interface. The displacements in each sub-element are interpolated from the corresponding nodal displacements of the composite element. By the virtual work principle the governing equation for the solution of the nodal displacements can be formulated. The elasto-viscoplastic characteristics of the materials are considered in the formulation. The new model can be incorporated into the conventional finite element analysis grid, in which several composite elements have fully grouted bolts embedded. In this way the mesh generation of large scale bolted rock structures becomes convenient and feasible. The model has been implemented in a FEM program, and a comparative study between the numerical analysis and a pull out field test has been carried out, from which the validity and the robustness of the new model are justified.  相似文献   

13.
国内外主要围岩分类换算原则和方法   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
本文阐述围岩分类的意义,分类换算的提出、基础、原则、方法和工程实例。为便于工程应用,将换算对照结果,经综合分析以换算对照汇总表形式给出。  相似文献   

14.
13C solid-phase NMR and pyrolysis-chemical ionization mass spectrometry were used to characterize adsorbed organic material isolated on an XAD-2 macroreticular resin. Pyrolysis-chemical ionization mass spectrometry was used directly to fingerprint the organics sorbed to a titanium foil exposed in the same marine environment. The XAD-2 isolate was shown to be fractionated relative to the native material and contaminated with the isolation resin.  相似文献   

15.
Zircon geochemistry can vary over micrometre scales; therefore, natural reference materials need to be well characterised before being used to calculate trace element mass fractions in unmeasured samples. Moreover, reference material homogeneity needs to be ensured with the accelerating rate of geoanalytical developments to map mineral chemistry at increasingly finer scales. Here, we investigate trace element zoning in four widely used zircon reference materials: 91500, Mud Tank, Temora and Plešovice, as well as zircon crystals from the Mount Dromedary/Gulaga Igneous Complex, Australia. Sub-micrometre resolution focused ion beam scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM) based time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and 5 μm resolution LA-ICP-MS mapping show that trace elements are zoned in all reference materials, though 91500 exhibited the least zonation. We demonstrate that FIB-SEM-based ToF-SIMS can rapidly resolve variations in trace elements (e.g., U, Th, Sc, Y, Gd, Dy, Yb and Li) at sensitivities down to the μg g-1 level with a spatial resolution of 195 nm for areas 100 × 85 μm to 959 × 828 μm. Zircon 91500 is recommended for future quantitative analyses provided that (1) the spatial distribution of elements is imaged before analysis of unknown samples and (2) it is used in conjunction with a doped glass as the primary reference material.  相似文献   

16.
As a result of the scarcity of isotopic reference waters for daily use, a new secondary isotopic reference material for international distribution has been prepared from ice‐core water from the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station. This isotopic reference material, designated as USGS49, was filtered, homogenised, loaded into glass ampoules, sealed with a torch, autoclaved to eliminate biological activity and measured by dual‐inlet isotope‐ratio mass spectrometry. The δ2H and δ18O values of USGS49 are ?394.7 ± 0.4 and ?50.55 ± 0.04 mUr (where mUr = 0.001 = ‰), respectively, relative to VSMOW, on scales normalised such that the δ2H and δ18O values of SLAP reference water are, respectively, ?428 and ?55.5 mUr. Each uncertainty is an estimated expanded uncertainty (U = 2uc) about the reference value that provides an interval that has about a 95% probability of encompassing the true value. This isotopic reference material is intended as one of two isotopic reference waters for daily normalisation of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopic analysis of water with an isotope‐ratio mass spectrometer or a laser absorption spectrometer. It is available by the case of 144 glass ampoules or as a set of sixteen glass ampoules containing 5 ml of water in each ampoule.  相似文献   

17.
IV级软弱围岩相似材料的试验研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
武伯弢  朱合华  徐前卫  明娟 《岩土力学》2013,34(Z1):109-116
以IV级围岩为参照对象,研制可用于隧道围岩稳定性物理模型试验的软弱围岩相似材料。采用的5种原材料（重晶石粉、石膏、细砂、洗衣液和水）,通过直剪试验、无侧限抗压强度试验及三轴压缩试验测得所配相似材料的强度特征和物理力学参数,包括黏聚力c、内摩擦角?、单轴抗压强度Rc、弹性模量E和泊松比?。首先,通过试验分析每种原材料的不同比例对所配相似材料强度特征及物理力学参数的影响,选择适合于模拟IV级围岩相似材料的原材料配比;其次,针对优选的材料配比所配制的相似材料,开展大量的三轴压缩试验,研究在不同围压下该相似材料的强度及其破坏特征。结果表明,含水率减少或石膏含量增加导致Rc、E和c明显增大,而?降低不明显;增加砂含量可增大E 和?,但Rc值减少;石膏含量对相似材料的脆性和延性影响最明显,而含水率对相似材料的强度影响最为突出。试验结果还表明,相似材料在低围压时呈现脆性,在高围压时呈延性;就破坏准则而言,试验所得结果小于Mohr-Coulomb准则,略大于Hoek-Brown准则,但更符合Hoek-Brown准则。研制软岩相似材料的试验数据可为下一步拟开展的隧道围岩稳定性模型试验和数值模拟提供重要的参考和依据。  相似文献   

18.
Six siliceous glass spheres, five siliceous glass-bonded agglutinates and one breccia fragment from Luna 20 LRL sample number 22003 were analyzed by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, scanning electron microprobe and energy-dispersive techniques. The data suggest that most of the glass spheres were probably derived locally by meteoritic impact processes and that most craters on their surfaces may have occurred from impacts of relatively high velocity particles in the impact-produced debris cloud while the glass sphere was at elevated temperatures. This is suggested by the nature of the craters, the partially buried fragments of plagioclase surrounded by radiating fractures and by the apparent absence of craters on the glass surfaces of the glass-bonded agglutinates. One glass sphere has a surface suggestive of a complex multiple impact origin involving liquid siliceous material and numerous siliceous spherules from 0.1 μm to 1 μm in diameter that may have formed from vaporization and condensation processes possibly in a relatively large scale meteoritic impact event.The surfaces of the siliceous glass spheres have several different types of materials. Concentration of metallic iron spherules on the surfaces of the glass spheres is generally lower than for similar Apollo 11 and 12 glass spheres. This is consistent with reduction processes being of primary importance in the formation of this metallic iron. Surface material composed only of Ca, C and O2, possibly CaCO3, is probably derived from carbonaceous chondrites. Splashes of material rich in Ca, Al, Fe, K and Cl occur. The origin of the relatively low temperature chlorine-bearing melt is unknown but it may be related to vaporization and condensation processes, possibly volcanic in nature, or possibly to partial fusion of components of carbonaceous chondrites. Siliceous surface material rich in potassium may represent either fused splash material of granitic composition or material enriched by vaporization and condensation processes.  相似文献   

19.
李杭州  廖红建  冯夏庭  冷先伦 《岩土力学》2006,27(11):1997-2000
基于统一强度理论,对含有结构面的岩体,在平面形式下引入材料统一强度参数ct,φt,推导了含单个节理裂隙岩体材料的统一强度公式,即考虑中间主应力的岩体破坏强度公式,并分析了其有效范围。运用硅藻质软岩和石膏的三轴试验结果,验证了所建立的公式的正确性,并分析了具有不连续面岩体的强度随中间主剪应力作用系数b的变化。结果表明,岩体强度随b值的增大而增大。根据岩土材料统一强度参数的确定方法,计算并分析了b值对强度参数的影响,从而说明强度参数随着b值的变化而变化。  相似文献   

20.
The composition of archaeological glass reflects the geochemical nature of its raw materials. To determine the origins and distribution of early Islamic glasses from Iran, a set of 169 glass samples from five different sites was analysed by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) of 58 elements. The glasses were classified into six different plant ash glass groups, three of which were attributed to a Mesopotamian origin, while three further groups are presumed to represent regional Iranian productions. The ratios of MgO/CaO and K2O/P2O5 of the different groups reflect variations in the plant ash component. Minor elements Cr, Ti, Zr, La and Th and their ratios proved effective in distinguishing the base glass types. Mapping their frequency across the Iranian plateau revealed the relative movement of glass and likely source areas. The decline in the frequency of glass types with elevated Cr/La ratios east of the Zagros Mountain range confirms that elevated Cr/La ratios together with an augmentation of the magnesium levels are features of Mesopotamian glass production apparently inherited from the geochemical environment of the Euphrates and Tigris river valleys. Some exceptionally clean Mesopotamian glasses made from a quartz-rich silica with low levels of accessory minerals are consistent with ninth-century glass from Samarra, which was evidently traded widely along the Silk Road network. No evidence of local glass production was detected in Nishapur. The Iranian groups were produced from a quartz-rich silica source, high in thorium but with different zirconium contents resulting in different Th/Zr ratios. Aluminium concentrations tend to increase from west to east, with the highest values found among glass assemblages from Central Asia.  相似文献   

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