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1.
Wind erosion of soil is an appreciable but unstudied event following fires in cold desert. We examined aeolian transport of sediment for 1 year following fire in semi-arid shrub steppe on loess soils in southern Idaho, USA. Sediment collectors were used to determine horizontal mass transport of soil and saltation sensors and anemometers were used to determine saltation activity (fraction of time having saltation) and threshold wind speed in an area burned in August and an unburned control site. Horizontal mass transport (per 30-day period) was negligible in the unburned area, but in the burned area was 5.40 kg m?1 in October and decreased to 2.80 kg m?1 in November and 0.32 kg m?1 in December. Saltation activity was high enough to determine threshold wind speeds only in the burn site during fall, when values ranged from 10.0 to 10.6 m s?1. Sediment flux and saltation activity in the burned site became much less pronounced following the emergence of herbaceous vegetation in the spring. Post-fire sediment flux in the shrub steppe we examined was of greater magnitude but shorter duration than post-fire fluxes in warm deserts or sandier regions that experience more frequent wind erosion.  相似文献   

2.
Aboveground biomass in Tibetan grasslands   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
This study investigated spatial patterns and environmental controls of aboveground biomass (AGB) in alpine grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau by integrating AGB data collected from 135 sites during 2001–2004 and concurrent enhanced vegetation index derived from MODIS data sets. The AGB was estimated at 68.8 g m?2, with a larger value (90.8 g m?2) in alpine meadow than in alpine steppe (50.1 g m?2). It increased with growing season precipitation (GSP), but did not show a significant overall trend with growing season temperature (GST) although it was negatively correlated with GST at dry environments (<200 mm of GSP). Soil texture also influenced AGB, but the effect was coupled with precipitation; increased silt content caused a decrease of AGB at small GSP, and generated a meaningful increase under humid conditions. The correlation between AGB and sand content indicated an opposite trend with that between AGB and silt content. An analysis of general linear model depicted that precipitation, temperature, and soil texture together explained 54.2% of total variance in AGB. Our results suggest that moisture availability is a critical control of plant production, but temperature and soil texture also affect vegetation growth in high-altitude regions.  相似文献   

3.
The perennial saltgrass nipa (Distichlis palmeri, Poaceae) is endemic to northern Gulf of California tidal marshes flooded with hypersaline (38–42 g L−1) seawater. Nipa was a wild harvest staple of the Cocopah people of the Río Colorado delta. We investigated the physiology, anatomy, chromosome number, and agronomic potential of nipa as a global food crop. Nipa seeds had 60–93% germination on salinities ranging from 0 to 30 g L−1. Relative Growth Rates (RGR) on both flooded and aerobic conditions remained above 4% d−1 up to 30 g L−1, about half the RGR on freshwater. Nipa grain (caryopses) had 7–8% protein, 8% sugar and 79% total digestible carbohydrates (mostly starch) and only 2% ash and 8% fiber, equal to conventional grains in apparent nutritional value. Shoots were low in ash and sodium, and compared favorably to alfalfa forage in protein, digestible carbohydrates and energy contents. Mature female stands in the Colorado River delta produced an estimated 1.25 t ha−1 of grain, but over two years in the greenhouse only partial flowering was observed. Nevertheless, D. palmeri appears to be worth developing as a perennial grain and forage crop, especially for salinized, flooded soils.  相似文献   

4.
This paper describes evaluation of forest stand density combining satellite imagery with forest inventory data set. The degree of canopy cover is described in terms of fractional vegetation cover (FVC) obtained by a linear mixture model applied on multi-spectral IKONOS image and canopy cover (CC). CC was calculated from field measurements of crown width of 646 standing trees sited within 72 circular (200 m2) plots. A comparison between CC and FVC shows that the former can be accurately represented by the latter linking in-situ measured forest characteristics with surface reflectance measured by a satellite.Stand density expressed as an absolute term (number of trees per unit area) showed high and significant positive correlation to FVC (R2 = 0.96) and to relative density measure (Crown Competition Factor; R2 = 0.89).In order to show the applicability of the presented approach for managerial practices, a map of the spatial distribution of stand density within the forest was produced using the above-mentioned correlations. Its quality was verified against an independent data set of ground measurements. The correlation between field- and map-based number of trees per unit area was found to be satisfactory (R2 = 0.4; p < 0.05), even though a slight lack of sensitivity was evident for low-density stands.  相似文献   

5.
《Geomorphology》2004,57(1-2):41-51
Dust samples, collected monthly for 15 years from 50 urban sites in 10 cities in Gansu Province, China, provide information on modern rates of dust deposition in the desert and Gobi areas and in the Loess Plateau. Dust deposition is highest during spring months and lowest during autumn months, in both the desert and Gobi areas and the Loess Plateau. There is a significant positive correlation between dust deposition and dust event, and an inverse correlation between dust deposition and precipitation. The 15-year mean maximums in the desert and Gobi areas and the Loess Plateau are 498.64 and 327.02 t km−2 year−1, respectively, and the mean minimums are 290.22 and 180.86 t km−2 year−1, respectively. Drought may have a widespread, major influence on the modern rates of the dust deposition.  相似文献   

6.
Laboratory experiments were conduced to assess the synergic effect of chilling and light on photosystem II photochemistry of the halophyte, Sarcocornia fruticosa, grown at different salinity concentrations (0, 170, 340, 510 and 1030 mM). Chlorophyll fluorescence was measured after chilling (at 5 °C in darkness) and light-chilling (at 5 °C and 700 μmol m?2 s?1) treatments, and after 24 h of recovery (at 20 °C and 75 μmol m?2 s?1). At 5 °C and 700 μmol m?2 s?1, plants grown with 0 and 170 mM NaCl showed the lowest Fv/Fm values, whereas quantum efficiency of PSII (ΦPSII) was higher for plants grown at 170 and 340 mM NaCl, these results being consistent after two exposures to chilling treatments. Susceptibility to photoinhibition decreases when low temperature and high light are combined with high salinity. Therefore, populations of S. fruticosa that occur in arid environments with salinities c. 340 mM could show a higher tolerance to light-chilling.  相似文献   

7.
In arid environments, soil fertility exhibits a high degree of spatial and temporal heterogeneity, which results from high climatic variability seasonally and heterogeneous plant distribution. However, because most desert areas have been altered by human activities, heterogeneous fertility would originate from grazing or logging activities. We evaluated spatial and temporal heterogeneity of soil fertility in cattle-excluded sites under and outside woody plant cover (Prosopis flexuosa and Larrea divaricata), and in sites disturbed by tree removal during wet and dry season in Ñacuñán Biosphere Reserve (Central Monte desert of Argentina). Soil organic matter, fulvic acids, bioavailable organic matter, and nitrate were lower outside plant canopy (8.9 mg g?1, 0.03 mg g?1, 8.2 mg g?1, and 4.17 mg kg?1, respectively). Total N, humic acids, and abundance of microbial functional groups did not show differences among sites. Most parameters differed between seasons, tending to be higher in the wet season. Overall soils of Ñacuñán Reserve are characterized by: a) more homogenous spatial pattern than expected from woody plant presence; b) very heterogeneous temporal pattern; and c) after two years, tree removal does not seem to induce infertile soil formation.  相似文献   

8.
Biological soil crusts cover large areas of the Gurbantunggut Desert in northwestern China where they make a significant contribution to soil stability and fertility. The aim of this study was to quantify the potential nitrogen-fixing activity (NA) of different types of biological soil crusts in the Gurbantunggut Desert. The results suggest that NA (nmol C2H4 m?2 h?1) for each type of crusts was highly variable. Seasonal variation was also important, with all three types of crusts responding in a similar way to changes in environmental conditions. From March to May, NA was relatively low for all crust types. During this season, NA was 2.26 × 103 for cyanobacterial crust followed by lichen crust (6.54 × 102) and moss crust (6.38 × 102). From June to October, all crust types reached their highest level of NA, especially lichen crust and moss crust (p < 0.01). The NA of cyanobacterial crust (9.81 × 103) was higher than that of lichen crust (9.06 × 103) and moss crust (2.03 × 103). From November to February, when temperatures were consistently low (<0 °C), NA was at its lowest level, especially in cyanobacterial crust (4.18 × 102) and moss crust (5.43 × 102) (p < 0.01). Our results indicate that species composition is critical when estimating N inputs in desert ecosystems. In addition, all three types of crusts generally responded in a similar way to environmental conditions. The presence of N fixation activity in all crusts may contribute to the maintenance of fertility in sparsely vegetated areas and provide surrounding vascular plant with fixed nitrogen.  相似文献   

9.
Using Landsat TM data, this article examines the environmental impact of the East Port Said harbour project on the surrounding landscape. The optimum three-band combination and the most appropriate multispectral bands were selected to enhance the images and monitor land cover changes for the periods of 1984–1991 and 1991–2003. The results indicate that wetland areas declined from 103 km2 in 1984 to 30 km2 in 2003. In addition, the surface area of El-Malha Lake has shrunk from 27 km2 to 18 km2 over the same period. In contrast, the area covered by salt crust has increased from 11 km2 in 1984 to 19 km2 in 2003. Urban land use and designed cultivated lands were also significant in 2003, covering 49 km2 and 71 km2, respectively. The rate of shoreline change between 1984 and 2003, the period when the East Port Said harbour was constructed, was calculated. Vector data indicate that the rate of shoreline loss was ?13 m/year from 1984 to 1991 and ?15 m/year from 1991 to 2003. Despite the fact that construction of the East Port Said harbour caused significant changes in the study area, there are several factors controlling coastline and land cover changes including industrial development and fish cultivation farms.  相似文献   

10.
Bank sediments along a 40 km reach of the South River, downstream of Waynesboro, VA, store mercury from historical contamination as a result of textile manufacturing. Knowledge of the rate at which contaminated sediment is released to the stream channel through bank erosion is required to implement restoration programs designed, for example, to minimize its ecological impact and to reduce risk to human health. Digitized stream channel boundaries based on visual interpretations of georeferenced aerial imagery from 1937 and 2005 were compared to calculate a minimum estimate of the total area of bank sediment eroded between Waynesboro and Port Republic, Virginia. Estimates of riverbank height were extracted from aerial LIDAR data, allowing areal estimates of bank retreat to be converted to volumes. Nominal annual rates of bank retreat, averaged over the 68-year period, for several example locales along the study reach are very low, ranging from 3 to 15 cm per year. Bank erosion occurs at the outside banks of bends, through the development of islands, where deposition on confluence bars pushes the main flow into the opposite bank, and in small areas along the channel that are difficult to classify or explain. A minimum estimate of the total volume eroded for the study reach is approximately 161,000 m3; the corresponding annual mass of mercury supplied to the channel by bank erosion is 109.6 kg/year. Our work demonstrates that a careful analysis of aerial imagery and LIDAR data can provide detailed, spatially explicit estimates of mercury loading from bank erosion, even when rates of riverbank erosion are unusually low.  相似文献   

11.
《Geomorphology》2007,83(1-2):183-192
Wind-splash is a process in which wind and rain combine to cause soil erosion. In upland Britain, the conditions necessary for wind-splash erosion are relatively common and frequently occur in locations where blanket peat is an important land cover. A typical location is Moss Flats (North Pennines, northern England, UK). Wind-splash processes were monitored intensively at this site over 3 months using a circular configuration of mass flux sediment samplers, and meteorological data logged from an on-site automatic weather station. Maximum peat flux rates were measured between south-southwest and west-northwest directions in association with relatively moderate intensity, frontal rainfall, typically 4–6 mm h− 1. Wind-splash processes operate in any direction due to changeable synoptic weather patterns. Windward peat fluxes were typically 2–13 times greater than those recorded at leeward orientations. Spatial patterns of erosion are reflected in the wider landscape through the development of small-scale, erosional landforms (peat hags), which frequently display preferred orientations within the range of maximum peat flux. It is suggested that wind-splash may be a more important process of peat erosion than hitherto reported in UK upland areas.  相似文献   

12.
Wind tunnel experiments were conducted to determine the efficiency of sediment samplers designed to measure the deposition of aeolian dust. Efficiency was ascertained relative to a water surface, which was considered the best alternative for simulating a perfectly absorbent surface. Two types of samplers were studied: the Marble Dust Collector (MDCO) and the inverted frisbee sampler. Four versions of the latter catcher were tested: an empty frisbee, an empty frisbee surrounded by an aerodynamic flow deflector ring, a frisbee filled with glass marbles, and a frisbee filled with glass marbles and surrounded by a flow deflector ring. Efficiency was ascertained for five wind velocities (range: 1–5 m s− 1) and eight grain size classes (range: 10–89 μm). The efficiency of dust deposition catchers diminishes rapidly as the wind speed increases. It also diminishes as the particles caught become coarser. Adding a flow deflector ring to a catcher substantially improves the catcher's efficiency, by up to 100% in some cases. The addition of glass marbles to a catcher, on the other hand, does not seem to increase the efficiency, at least not at wind velocities inferior to the deflation threshold. For higher velocities the marbles protect the settled particles from resuspension, keeping them in the catcher. The following five parameters determine the accumulation of aeolian dust in a catcher: the horizontal dust flux, the weight of the particles, atmospheric turbulence, resuspension, and the dust shadow effect created by the catcher. The final accumulation flux depends on the combination of these parameters. The catchers tested in this study belong to the best catchers currently in use in earth science and have been the subject of various aerodynamic studies to improve their efficiency. Nevertheless the catching efficiency remains low, in the order of 20–40% for wind speeds above 2 m s− 1. Other catchers suffer from the same low efficiencies. There is, thus, evidence to believe that dust deposition rates published in the aeolian literature and obtained by collecting the sediment in a catcher largely underestimate the true deposition. The errors are considerable, of the order of 100% and more. A reconsideration of the literature data on aeolian dust deposition measured by catchers is, therefore, required.  相似文献   

13.
人工卵石床面风沙流粒度特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
张正偲  董治宝 《中国沙漠》2014,34(3):639-644
沉积物粒径分布对风沙沉积物的起动、输送和沉降过程十分重要。不同粒径的风沙沉积物空气动力学特征不同,从而导致其起动机理、输送过程和沉降模式不同。因此,粒度可以作为风沙沉积过程的指示器。戈壁是西北地区的一种重要地貌景观,戈壁风沙流是风沙物理研究的内容之一,但目前研究较少,特别是对戈壁风沙流粒度分布的研究,几乎没有报道。本文利用人工卵石床面模拟戈壁地表,对0.25、0.5、1 m和2 m高度的风沙流粒度特征进行观测,结果表明：沙源、地表状况、风程效应等影响沙粒粒径随高度的变化。沙源近,平均粒径随高度先减小后增加;沙源远,平均粒径随高度增加减小。戈壁表面的不同区域,沙粒粒径级配不同：随高度增加,粗砂,中砂含量降低,细砂、极细砂和粉砂含量增加;随距离增加,中砂含量降低,细砂、极细砂和粉砂含量增加。平均粒径越大,分选越好,偏度越趋于正偏,峰度越趋于变宽。偏度、峰度随分选系数增加而增加。峰度随偏度增加而增加。  相似文献   

14.
Aerial photography from the 1930s serves as the earliest synoptic depiction of vegetation cover. We generated a spatially explicit database of shrub (Prosopis velutina) stand structure within two 1.8 ha field plots established in 1932 to address two questions: (1) What are the detection limits of panchromatic 1936 aerial photography?, and (2) How do these influence P. velutina biomass estimates? Shrub polygons were manually digitized on 1936 imagery and linked to 1932 field measurements of P. velutina canopy area. Aboveground 1932 P. velutina biomass was estimated using a site-specific allometric relationship for field-measured canopy area. Shrub canopy detection limits on the 1936 imagery were comparable to those reported for contemporary imagery. Based on a conservative shrub size detection threshold of 3.8 m2, 5.8% of P. velutina biomass was missed. Spatial resolution (0.6 vs. 1.0 m) did not influence detection limits, but the overall accuracy of shrub cover estimates was greater on 1.0 m images. Presence of the sub-shrub Isocoma tenuisecta may also have significantly influenced estimates of P. velutina canopy area. These analyses illustrate the importance of standardizing aerial photo interpretation protocols, accounting for uncertainty estimating shrub biomass, and caution species-specific interpretations for historic aerial photography.  相似文献   

15.
Starting in 2005, we examined differences in vegetation for three consecutive years across an airport fence that separated heavily grazed areas from areas in which grazing had been excluded for 24 years in Mandalgobi, Mongolia. We performed repeated-measures analysis separately on two community types (dominated by Allium polyrrhizum and Achnatherum splendens, respectively) to compare the effects of fencing and year on the cover of different plant functional types. There was a significant fence × year interaction for grass cover in the Allium type (but not the Achnatherum type), due to greater cover of grasses inside the fence only when rainfall was sufficient during the growing season. The effect of grazing exclusion on perennial forb cover was confounded by a significant fence × year interaction in both types. In 2007, perennial forbs were found outside the fence, but had almost disappeared inside the fence, resulting in this interaction. Annual forbs only had much greater cover values inside the fence than outside in 2006, also resulting in a significant fence × year interaction in both community types. This study thus suggests that the high rainfall variability in arid and semi-arid rangelands may modify the effects of long-term exclosure on vegetation.  相似文献   

16.
Data from 40 monitoring wells across 9 sections of the lower Tarim River from 2000 to 2006 were analyzed to investigate the relationship between the transmission loss per unit river length and the change in groundwater depth. The relationship between the rise of the groundwater table (y) and the distance from the main river reach (x) was then assessed through regression analysis. We concluded that the maximum affected area was 1933 m away from the main river reach in the Alagan section, and the minimum affected area was 576 m away in the Kaogan section. In addition, after 8 water deliveries, the volume for recharging the groundwater was 78 248.7 × 104 m3. Using the Yingsu section as an example, we found that the volume for recharging the groundwater decreased with additional periods of delivery except after the second and sixth water delivery The results revealed that the beneficial effect of an ecological water conveyance project on the ecosystem in the lower Tarim River is a long-term process. These findings may be useful for guiding studies on instream flow requirements and provide a scientific basis for implementing similar ecological projects in other areas.  相似文献   

17.
《Polar Science》2008,2(3):195-214
We used total melting and stepwise heating methods to measure noble gases within bulk samples from Yamato 000027 and Yamato 000097 lherzolites as well as a melt-vein sample from Yamato 000027. He and Ne are dominated by cosmogenic noble gases. The obtained cosmic-ray exposure age of 4.6 ± 1.5 Ma, an average age based on cosmogenic 3He, 21Ne, and 38Ar for these samples, is consistent with the ages of other lherzolitic shergottites, indicating a common impact event for the ejection of lherzolites from Mars. Heavy noble gases released from the bulk samples at low temperatures were elementally fractionated terrestrial atmosphere. Martian noble-gas isotopic signatures, 40Ar/36Ar = 1900 and 129Xe/132Xe = 1.3, were observed at high temperatures (>1000 °C). The melt-vein sample released greater amounts of atmospheric Ar, Kr, and Xe at low temperatures than the bulk samples. Large amounts of Ar and Kr, as well as excess 40Ar and 129Xe, were evolved from the melt-vein sample at 1400 °C, and the gas shows very high 36Ar/132Xe (=3100) and 84Kr/132Xe (=76) values. Maximum 40Ar/36Ar and 129Xe/132Xe values of the melt sample were 1100 and 1.6, respectively, at 1600 °C. Cosmogenic Kr shows an absence of 80Kr and 82Kr produced by neutron capture on Br, which suggests a small pre-atmospheric body. Overall noble gas compositions for Y000027 and Y000097 support pairing for the Yamato 00 shergottites.  相似文献   

18.
The direct short-term impact of three rates of stocking (4, 8 and 16 small-stock units [SSU] ha?1) was quantified in terms of soil characteristics of arid Nama Karoo vegetation (subshrub/grass). Mature Merino wethers grazed in the experimental plots throughout May in 1995 and 1996 (the plots were not subjected to grazing at any other time). Stocking rate proved inversely related to initial infiltration rate. Light trampling (4 SSU ha?1) loosened the topsoil sufficiently to increase the initial infiltration rate: infiltration capacity of soil in fields stocked at 4 SSU ha?1 and 16 SSU ha?1 was 17% higher and 14% lower respectively than that of soil of ungrazed rangeland over the two grazing periods. Increased soil compaction and greater bulk density due to higher stocking rates significant decreased the infiltration rate. Compared to ungrazed rangeland stocking rates of 4, 8 and 16 SSU ha?1 over the two grazing periods increased bulk density respectively by 2.73%, 6.67% and 8.945% and compaction by 10.90%, 16.78% and 20.90%. No grazing also increased bulk density and soil compaction and decreased infiltration rate. Light stocking (4 SSU ha?1) influenced all soil parameters most favourably. From a hydrologic point of view, grazing levels and rotation schemes need to be tailored for sustainable utilization of arid subshrub/grass vegetation by livestock.  相似文献   

19.
《Polar Science》2007,1(1):45-53
NWA1241 is an unusual monomict ureilite, consisting mainly of pigeonite, olivine, suessite, and carbonaceous materials. The modal ratio of pyroxene/(olivine + pyroxene) is higher than those of common monomict ureilites. Metallic phases in NWA1241 are mainly suessite, although metals in common ureilites are mainly kamacite. The high ratio of pyroxene to olivine and the abundant occurrence of suessite make the meteorite unusual. The suessite coexists with magnesian olivine and pyroxene in NWA1241, and this mineral assemblage indicates that the suessite was produced from FeO-bearing olivine and Ni-bearing kamacite at temperatures around 1500–1400K and oxygen fugacity of 10−18–10−20 bars.Most ureilites experienced two-stage reduction. Stage-I reduction was a smelting process in ureilite parent bodies (UPB's) to form the framework of monomict ureilites. Stage-II reduction took place after catastrophic destruction of the UPB's to eject many fragmental blocks into space, where suessite (NWA1241) or Si-bearing kamacite (common ureilites) were produced together with the formation of reversely zoned olivines.  相似文献   

20.
戈壁砾石覆盖度与风蚀强度关系实验研究   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  
戈壁表面的砾石覆盖度对风沙物质的运移有不可忽略的影响,在极端干旱区砾石覆盖是防沙治沙的重要手段。通过风洞实验模拟了阿拉善戈壁区砾石覆盖度与风蚀强度的关系。结果表明,当因地表风化作用等产生的松散颗粒物被吹蚀后,不同地点、不同样品之间风蚀强度有明显的差异,因而砾石覆盖度与风蚀强度之间的相关关系并不显著;但数据标准化后则表明,当砾石覆盖度在40%以下时,随砾石覆盖度的增加风蚀强度也有所增大。戈壁地区的风沙运动中,在砾石覆盖度小于40%条件下,不同风速下风蚀强度的变异系数是不同砾石覆盖度下的风蚀强度的变异系数的2倍左右。在极端干旱的戈壁区,影响风蚀强度的因素十分复杂,砾石覆盖度增大不仅不能控制风蚀现象的发生,反而增强气流对地表的风蚀能力,这一因素可能是阿拉善高原戈壁区成为中亚强沙尘暴主要源地的重要原因之一。  相似文献   

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