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1.
Aliasing of the diurnal and semi-diurnal tides is a major problem when estimating the ocean tides from satellite altimetry.
As a result of aliasing, the tides become correlated and many years of altimeter observations may be needed to seperate them.
For the three major satellite altimetry missions to date i.e., GEOSAT, ERS-1, and TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P), the alias periods
as well as the Rayleigh periods over which the tides decorrelate can be identified. Especially in case of GEOSAT and ERS-1,
severe correlation problems arise. However, it is shown by means of covariance analyses that the tidal phase advance differences
on crossing satellite groundtracks can significantly reduce the correlations among the diurnal and semi-diurnal tides and
among these tides and the seasonal cycles of ocean variability. Therefore, it has been attempted to solve a multi-satellite
response tidal solution for the diurnal and semi-diurnal bands from a total of 7 years of altimetry. Unfortunately, it could
be shown that the GEOSAT and ERS-1 orbit errors are too large to improve a 3-year T/P tidal solution with about 2 years of
GEOSAT and 2 years of ERS-1 altimeter observations. However, these results are preliminary and it is expected that more accurate
orbits, which have become available recently for ERS-1, and additional altimeter data from ERS-2 and the GEOSAT Follow-On
(GFO) should lead to an improved T/P tidal model.
Received: 4 May 1999 / Accepted: 24 January 2000 相似文献
2.
R. D. Ray 《Journal of Geodesy》2007,81(4):247-257
The ERS-1, ERS-2 and Envisat series of satellite altimeters provide the only extensive datasets that could conceivably be
usedto constrain ocean tide models in high latitudes. Their sun-synchronous sampling, however, severely limits theobservations
of solar tides, especially the principal semidiurnal S2 constituent. The Munk–Cartwright response method is anatural choice when attempting to analyze sun-synchronous data. The
present study examines various ways a response analysis might be implemented to extract tides from ERS data. Admittances expressed
as simple linear or constant functions of frequency cansometimes improve estimates over standard parameterizations, especially
if done in conjunction with a reasonably accurate priorsolution. Some form of regularization, such as ridge regression, is
also shown to improve the estimates. The approach provesbeneficial in a test for the southern Indian Ocean tides. It offers
some promise for regions otherwise void of usefulobservations. 相似文献
3.
Strategies for High Precision Processing of GPS Measurements with Application to the Amery Ice Shelf,East Antarctica 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
A number of statistic Global Positioning System (GPS) measurement campaigns have been made on a floating Antarctic ice shelf,
the Amery Ice Shelf, as part of ongoing glaciological studies designed to investigate the ice shelf dynamics, grounding zone
definition, and ice shelf strain. Such studies ar fundamental to improving out knowledge of the Antarctic ice-sheet mass balance
and dynamical models of ice sheet/ocean interaction. This article describes two techniques used to process the statistic GPS
data. One approach uses a segmented version of the classical static methodology, and the other approach adopts a new sequential
processing technique. Both approaches yield similar results for the station coordinates and demonstrate the potential of GPS
for extracting the tidal signal on the ice shelves and giving information on the dynamical motion of the ice sheet. To verify
our results for the vertical component, we compare the ice shelf GPS tidal signal with a tidal model derived from tide gauge
measurements at nearby Beaver Lake. Comparison of the GPS results with the tide model give good agreement in amplitude at
the few cm level (GPS results always larger) but clearly shows evidence of phase propagation of the ocean tidal wave under
the ice shelf. Improving the resolution of the tides over the ice shelves will be of tremendous benefit for future satellite
missions, such as Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite (ICESAT), and the integrated use of GPS and satellite data will
be fundamental for any on-going Antarctic ice sheet mass balance studies. ? 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
4.
月球平均运动和地球自转速率长期变化的潮汐耗散 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用1983～1994年(共11年)期间,全球人卫激光测距(SLR)观测网对Lageos-1卫星的观测资料,估算二阶重力场系数和潮汐参数。SLR和卫星测高的潮汐解被用来计算月球轨道根数相对黄道坐标系的长期变化和地球自转速率的长期变化。SLR确定的总的潮汐耗散引起的月球平均运动的长期变化为-24.78″/世纪2,与激光测月结果（(-24.9±1.0)″/世纪2) 非常一致。日月潮汐引起的地球自转速率的长期变化为 -5.25×10-22rad /s2,顾及地球扁率变化（2）的非潮汐效应,对应的日长变化为1.49 ms/世纪,与1620年以来的天文月掩星结果（1.4 ms/世纪）十分相符。本文还联合卫星测高和人卫激光测距确定的潮汐解,在月球平均运动和地球自转速率的长期变化中,分离出固体地球和海洋的耗散效应。 相似文献
5.
P. Moore 《Journal of Geodesy》1987,61(3):223-234
Starlette was launched in 1975 in order to study temporal variations in the Earth’s gravity field; in particular, tidal and
Earth rotation effects. For the period April 1983 to April 1984 over12,700 normal points of laser ranging data to Starlette have been sub-divided into49 near consecutive 5–6 day arcs. Normal equations for each arc as obtained from a least-squares data reduction procedure, were
solved for ocean tidal parameters along with other geodetic and geodynamic parameters. The tidal parameters are defined relative
to Wahr’s body tides and Wahr’s nutation model and show fair agreement with other satellite derived results and those obtained
from spherical harmonic decomposition of global ocean tidal models. 相似文献
6.
Annual amphidromes: a common feature in the ocean? 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The scientific term "amphidrome" is usually associated with tides in oceanography. The dozen tidal amphidromes observed in the ocean are critical points that determine the fundamental pattern of the global tidal system. Exploration of recently available satellite data with an unprecedented 1-2 decades duration suggests that an amphidrome is not a tide-only phenomenon in the ocean. Analysis of altimeter-derived sea level anomaly (SLA) data and radiometer-derived sea surface temperature (SST) data allows ten amphidromic points to be clearly identified in annual SLA and SST variations. These amphidromes are located in the tropical areas of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans. Their existence implies that the annual cycle (in time) of the atmosphere-ocean system is translated into a rotary variation (in space) for many of the geophysical parameters. It can be concluded that annual amphidromes are common, the knowledge of which is of particular interest, given their annually "constant" nature, for the monitoring and understanding of oceanic, climatic, as well as biological variabilities at seasonal to decadal scales, which strongly affect many aspects of the natural and societal activities on the globe. 相似文献
7.
相较于在陆地静止条件下的卫星授时性能,在远海远域的移动平台条件下更易受到可视卫星条件和空间电磁环境所带来的影响. 在东西伯利亚海域测试点、航行最北测试点、北冰洋返航点、白令海测试点、日本海测试点,利用高性能铯原子钟作为卫星接收机的参考外频标进行授时试验.从授时误差抖动、可视卫星数和频率准确度等方面分析了远海远域动态全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)多系统授时性能,试验结果可作为在北半球重要航道及极地海域测试区域授时性能评估的重要依据. 试验结果表明:所有测试点GNSS平均可视卫星数保持在10颗以上,单向授时时差抖动保持在±20 ns以内,输出频率准确度可达到10?13量级. 相似文献
8.
极地海冰反照率直接影响极区的热收支,反照率的变化对地气系统热量收支平衡及气候变化等的研究具有重要意义。本文采用由美国国家海洋与大气管理局NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)发射的NOAA卫星携带的先进的甚高分辨率辐射仪AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) Level-1B (L1B) 数据,经宽带反射率转换、各向异性校正、大气订正、云检测等处理,得到4 km宽带晴空地表反照率产品。将AVHRR反照率与北冰洋地表热收支SHEBA (Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean)实验数据进行印证,印证结果显示在冰雪冻结期二者平均偏差为-0.07,标准偏差为0.05。本文处理了2008年—2010年的AVHRR数据,结合第4次北极科学考察现场观测数据研究了北极冰面月平均反照率的变化,从降雪和冰脊两个方面分析了反照率的变化,结果显示反照率在冰雪融化过程中变化约为0.3,变化较大且较为迅速,表面粗糙的多年冰海域和较为平滑的一年冰海域的反照率在雪融化时期变化约为0.2且变化相对缓慢。研究结果表明,由冰雪融化引起的反照率变化较为快速且幅度较大,是引起北极反照率变化的主导因素。 相似文献
9.
利用1980—2011年小时潮位数据和1952—2007年月平均潮位数据,对大港验潮站处海洋潮汐以及国家高程基准面近60年的变化进行了分析和研究。首先利用傅里叶变换对两组数据进行频谱分析,获得了影响海水面变化的180个较短周期分潮以及6个长周期分潮;然后对小时潮汐数据进行最小二乘调和分析,获得影响海水面变化的主要分潮的振幅及其变化,发现Q1、O1、M2、K1、K2的振幅具有非常明显的约19年的周期变化;并利用调和分析和18.61年移动平均对国家高程基准面的变化进行了估算,分别获得基准面1952—1980年的下降速率为1.07mm/a和0.76mm/a,1980—2011年的上升速率为1.59mm/a和1.62mm/a;最后,通过18.61年移动平均对1985高程基准进行了检核,发现两者相差0.14cm。 相似文献
10.
南极中山站重力潮汐观测的海潮负荷效应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
综合分析了LaCoste-Romberg(LCR)ET21高精度弹簧重力仪1998年12月26日至2000年1月9日在南极中山站的重力潮汐观测资料，采用目前普遍使用的Schwiderski、Csr3.0和Fes96.2全球海潮模型研究中山站重力潮汐观测的海潮负荷改正问题。结果表明在南极地区，目前的海潮模型存在较大的不确定性，还不足以精密确定该区域的海潮负荷改正。经海潮改正后，重力潮汐观测结果与潮汐理论值之间还存在比较大的差异，观测的周日（01）和半日（M2）潮波重力振幅因子与相应的理论值之间的平均偏差分别为3．8％和7．8％。南极地区附近海域海水的变化半导致该地区海潮负荷响应非常明显的季节性系统变化。 相似文献
11.
World-wide synthetic tide parameters for gravity and vertical and horizontal displacements 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The response of the Earth’s crust to the direct effect of lunisolar gravitational forcing is known as the body tide. The body tide is superimposed by surface-loading forces due to the pressure of the periodically varying ocean tide acting on the Earth, called ocean tide loading (OTL). Both body tide and OTL can be decomposed into components of the same frequency known as tidal parameters. However, OTL is more complicated than body tides because of the dynamic effects of the ocean. Estimating OTL requires a model of the ocean tides and knowledge of the elastic properties of the solid Earth. Thus, synthetic tide parameters (amplitude factors and phase leads) have been developed here on a world-wide grid for gravity and positional displacements. The body tide contributions were added to the oceanic contribution to provide the Earth tide response. The accuracy and reliability of the synthetic tidal parameters have been estimated by comparing observed gravity and vertical-displacement tide parameters with those interpolated from our synthetic model, which shows good agreement. Tests also indicate that the synthetic tide parameters provide realistic gravimetric and displacements for practical use in tidal prediction. 相似文献
12.
2002年——2011年北极海冰时空变化分析 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
基于2002年-2011年AMSR-E海冰密集度数据, 分析了北极海冰的时空变化特征及其原因。结果表明海冰外缘线面积每年减小8.28×104 km2, 下降趋势最快的季节为夏季, 下降速度是1979年-2006年的两倍多, 而且海冰密集度也在降低。2003年、2004年的冰情相对较重, 2007年海冰面积最小。长期冰在2002年-2010年间减少了近30%, 减少的区域主要在波弗特海、楚科奇海、东西伯利亚海、拉普贴夫海、喀拉海以及由这些边缘海向北极方向延伸的北冰洋的广大区域, 长期冰减少的地方大部分为季节性海冰增加的地方。海冰面积与年平均气温之间有显著的负相关关系, 随着全球气候变暖的加剧, 这种减小趋势将会持续。 相似文献
13.
北极遥感海冰密集度数据的比较和评估 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文利用2012年夏季中国第五次北极科学考察期间雪龙船在北极东北航道走航观测的海冰密集度数据(OBS-SIC),初步评估了7种基于被动微波遥感的海冰密集度产品(PM-SIC)。7种PM-SIC因传感器和反演方法不同,分辨率差异较大(4—25 km)。在海盆尺度的海冰范围反演上7种PM-SIC基本相同,但对小范围浮冰区的反演差异较大。与MODIS可见光图像对比发现,MASAM数据(4 km)对局部小区域海冰刻画较好,是研究近岸区域或海峡岛屿海冰覆盖范围或面积时的首选产品;7种PM-SIC纬向平均后对比分析显示,不同PM-SIC对网格内是否存在海冰的判断基本一致,但对网格内海冰所占的比例(密集度)判断差异较大。结合OBS-SIC按航线、区域、密集度大小3种不同情况对7种PM-SIC进行分类定量评估,结果表明基于AMSR2传感器的AMSR2/ASI和AMSR2/Bootstrap数据与OBS-SIC偏差较小,平均偏差约±1%,均方根偏差仅11%和12%;而SSMIS/NT数据的偏差最大,平均偏差约–15%,均方根偏差为21%,其严重低估了网格内的海冰密集度值;因此具有更高分辨率的AMSR2/ASI数据(6.25 km)是关注海冰密集度大小时的首选产品。 相似文献
14.
Analysis of the first year of Earth rotation parameters with a sub-daily resolution gained at the CODE processing center of the IGS 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
The solutions of the CODE Analysis Center submitted to the IGS, the International Global Position System (GPS) Service for
Geodynamics, are based on three days of observation of about 80–100 stations of the IGS network. The Earth rotation parameters
(ERPs) are assumed to vary linearly over the three days with respect to an a priori model. Continuity at the day boundaries
as well as the continuity of the first derivatives are enforced by constraints. Since early April 1995 CODE has calculated
a new ERP series with an increased time resolution of 2 hours. Again continuity is enforced at the 2-hours-interval boundaries.
The analysis method is described, particularly how to deal with retrograde diurnal terms in the ERP series which may not be estimated with satellite geodetic methods. The results obtained from the first year of data covered by the time series
(time interval from 4 April 1995 to 30 June 1996) are also discussed. The series is relatively homogeneous in the sense of
the used orbit model and the a priori model for the ERPs. The largest source of excitation at daily and sub-daily periods
is likely to be the effect of the ocean tides. There is good agreement between the present results and Topex/Poseidon ocean
tide models, as well as with models based on Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) and Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) data.
Non-oceanic periodic variations are also observed in the series. Their origin is most probably a consequence of the GPS solution
strategy; other possible sources are the atmospheric tides.
Received: 13 July 1999 / Accepted: 21 March 2000 相似文献
15.
北极臭氧年际变化特征及其与极涡的关系 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用风云三号卫星搭载的紫外臭氧总量探测仪(TOU)和国际同类卫星的臭氧总量数据对1979年—2011年北半球春季臭氧特征进行了分析,发现北极臭氧年际变化显著,它与平流层温度变化一致(相关系数为0.75)。北极臭氧损耗异常强弱年的月均和日变化特征有明显差异,春季北极臭氧损耗强年有明显的化学损耗过程(1997年和2011年),而弱年化学作用影响不明显(1999年和2010年)。损耗弱年的日变化型在不同年份特征不同,它的臭氧变化可能更多受天气过程的影响。综合分析北极涛动、极涡和平流层温度等大气环流背景场的变化,表明春季北极臭氧损耗强弱受大气环流变化影响。北极涛动指数正位相,极涡偏强偏冷,北极臭氧损耗异常偏高。北极涛动指数负位相,极涡偏弱偏暖,北极臭氧损耗异常偏低。 相似文献
16.
固体潮引潮位的计算机演绎展开 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
引潮位展开是天体引潮位的封闭公式的调和展开，即按其天文原理和数学完全解析展开。它是固体潮汐研究的基本理论问题，也是潮汐观测分析与研究工作的基础。文中利用计算机的逻辑功能编制了演绎程序，按照天文原理对引潮位的部分公式进行严格推演与展开。通过对演译结果的分析，表明结果达到了一定的精度。 相似文献
17.
A method for deriving mean inundation times for a large expanse of intertidal mudflats is presented. Image processing techniques are used to extract waterlines from two Landsat Thematic Mapper scenes at approximately high and low tides, respectively. Along with data based on standard tidal predictions, the waterlines are utilised to derive an initial Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for the tidal flat within a GIS environment. As the model fails to fully cover the mean spring tidal range, a routine is developed to linearly extrapolate this surface to the elevation of the mean spring low tide. Tidal interpolation equations are then utilised to generate an inundation time in hours for each cell on this extrapolated DEM. Output from the generalised model is a series of maps showing isolines of inundation for both the mean spring and neap tidal cycles, as well as sets of point data that may be integrated with existing biological sample data. These data will be used to support an ongoing geologic and biologic investigation of the bay and its ecology. 相似文献
18.
P. Schwintzer C. Reigber A. Bode Z. Kang S. Y. Zhu F.-H. Massmann J. C. Raimondo R. Biancale G. Balmino J. M. Lemoine B. Moynot J. C. Marty F. Barlier Y. Boudon 《Journal of Geodesy》1997,71(4):189-208
Summary. GFZ Potsdam and GRGS Toulouse/Grasse jointly developed a new pair of global models of the Earth's gravity field to satisfy
the requirements of the recent and future geodetic and altimeter satellite missions. A precise gravity model is a prerequisite
for precise satellite orbit restitution, tracking station positioning and altimeter data reduction. According to different
applications envisaged, the new model exists in two parallel versions: the first one being derived exclusively from satellite
tracking data acquired on 34 satellites, the second one further incorporating satellite altimeter data over the oceans and
terrestrial gravity data. The most recent “satellite-only” gravity model is labelled GRIM4-S4 and the “combined” gravity model
GRIM4-C4. The models are solutions in spherical harmonics and have a resolution up to degree and order 60 plus a few resonance
terms in the case of GRIM4-S4, and up to degree/order 72 in the case of GRIM4-C4, corresponding to a spatial resolution of
555 km at the Earth's surface. The gravitational coefficients were estimated in a rigorous least squares adjustment simultaneously
with ocean tidal terms and tracking station position parameters, so that each gravity model is associated with a consistent
ocean tide model and a terrestrial reference frame built up by over 300 optical, laser and Doppler tracking stations. Comprehensive
quality tests with external data and models, and test arc computations over a wide range of satellites have demonstrated the
state-of-the-art capabilities of both solutions in long-wavelength geoid representation and in precise orbit computation.
Received 1 February 1996; Accepted 17 July 1996 相似文献
19.
Seventeen long series of tidal gravity observations with superconducting gravimeters (SGs) belonging to the GGP network allowed
to determine the main tidal waves generated by the tidal potential of third degree in the Diurnal (M1), Semi-Diurnal (3MK2,
3MO2) and Ter-Diurnal (M3) bands with a precision of 0.1%, although the amplitudes of these waves are below 10 nm s−2 (1 μgal). Special analysis techniques have been used to separate M1, 3MK2 and 3MO2 from the neighbouring waves generated
by the second degree potential. The 11 European stations form a geographically homogeneous subgroup and it is thus possible
to derive some conclusions concerning the ocean tides loading and the body tides models. The results for M1, 3MK2 and 3MO2
are not in contradiction with the recent models and the results for M3 are even in agreement with them. 相似文献
20.
An improved empirical model for the effect of long-period ocean tides on polar motion 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Richard S. Gross 《Journal of Geodesy》2009,83(7):635-644
Because the tide-raising potential is symmetric about the Earth’s polar axis it can excite polar motion only by acting upon
non-axisymmetric features of the Earth like the oceans. In fact, after removing atmospheric and non-tidal oceanic effects,
polar motion excitation observations show a strong fortnightly tidal signal that is not completely explained by existing dynamical
and empirical ocean tide models. So a new empirical model for the effect of the termensual (Mtm and mtm), fortnightly (Mf and mf), and monthly (Mm) tides on polar motion is derived here by fitting periodic terms at these tidal frequencies to polar motion excitation observations
that span 2 January 1980 to 8 September 2006 and from which atmospheric and non-tidal oceanic effects have been removed. While
this new empirical tide model can fully explain the observed fortnightly polar motion excitation signal during this time interval
it would still be desirable to have a model for the effect of long-period ocean tides on polar motion that is determined from
a dynamical ocean tide model and that is therefore independent of polar motion observations. 相似文献