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1.
《Geoforum》2016
Spanning tens of thousands of kilometers around the world, the torch relays for the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics and the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics were the two longest in history and arguably some of the most provocative. As spectacles designed by committees with close affiliations to the state in both China and Russia, the relays also constituted state-orchestrated extraterritorial displays of nationalism. This paper uses these events as case studies to theorize the role of spaces beyond a country’s borders in state performances and mobilization of nationalism. I first sketch out the evolving relationships between the state, space, and nationalism in Russia and China while paying close attention to how longstanding narratives of universal and civilizational nationalism in each country are unfolding in a globalizing, deterritorializing world. Then, I examine how the international legs of the Olympic torch relays provided opportunities for the Chinese and Russian states to expand the national geo-body significantly outside state borders in a variety of dimensions. The Beijing relay passed through cities important for the Chinese diaspora and trade routes while the Sochi relay traveled to the global commons of the North Pole and outer space. Both of these state displays of nationalism supported the extraterritorial expansion of a nation’s geo-body and socio-spatial consciousness, suggesting the creation of a more spatially unbounded national identity not necessarily linked to the contained territory over which the state exercises sovereignty. 相似文献
2.
In the second half of the 1990s, socio-spatial segregation increased in Brazilian cities, accentuating inequity among social groups. Using a combination of space syntax techniques and statistical analysis, this paper explores locational differences in central and peripheral portions of Belém. The analysis shows how socio-spatial segregation was made more pronounced by relationships between urban form, infrastructure provision and locational values. Social groups' opportunities in the city are suggested to be limited by features of its urban form, associated with infrastructure provision, especially for groups unable to take advantage of intra-urban accessibility. The paper also discusses the findings of the study in relation to the Brazilian urban context at the end of the 1990s. 相似文献
3.
In the midst of global economic and financial integration, there are increasing cross-border capital flows between China and the rest of the world. Foreign financial businesses also start to play more important roles in the nation’s market after waves of financial reforms. Within such a background, this study aims to investigate the agglomeration and location choice of overseas financial institutions in Chinese cities. Data from the 2004 China Economic Census show that foreign financial establishments, including banks, insurance companies, and other financial service businesses, were mainly agglomerated in coastal cities. In particular, three major urban areas, Shanghai, Beijing, and Guangzhou, concentrated a majority of overseas financial institutions. Results from regression models show that foreign businesses’ location choice is greatly influenced by a city’s urban economy, involvement in the global market, and telecommunication infrastructure. However, we do not find a significant link between foreign financial institutions’ market entry and the size of domestic financial centers in China. 相似文献
4.
《Geoforum》2015
This study explores the spatial transformation of urban South Africa since the ending of Apartheid rule two decades ago. It places this experience within the context of countries which have also gone through a “loosening” of political control and of related controls over spatial arrangements. The paper provides a discussion of South Africa’s spatial trends between 1996 and 2011, focusing on urbanisation; urban form; and socio-spatial segregation, and exploring the extent to which changes identified are shaped by the state, private sector investment, and the everyday actions of households and individuals. It shows that South Africa’s urban spatial transformation, post-Apartheid, is both idiosyncratic and comparable. The consequences of spatial controls, and of their loosening, have been diverse across countries, but also within countries. Loosening has led to differing relationships between state, citizenry and private enterprise, and to complex new crossing points between these groupings, affecting spatial change. In South Africa, significant trends have been: movement to the major cities where employment growth is stronger; levels of racial desegregation; and densification of parts of cities and towns, along with peripheral growth and employment decentralisation. Many of the changes however are differentiated across space and between settlements. While proactive state policies have had some impact (not necessarily in the direction of desired spatial transformation), and there are complex interrelationships, our empirical studies suggest that the major weight of evidence is towards the roles of private enterprise and people in shaping spatial change, enabled in part by forms of state loosening. 相似文献
5.
The relationship between administrative hierarchy position and city size development in China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
China's urbanization process in the past 20 years has drawn much academic attention, and as a result, many attempts to explain the uniqueness of China's urbanization have emerged. Some argued that Tolley's model (1987), the well known theory explaining global urbanization, or the `Murray-Szelenyi' thesis (1984), which focus on the investigation of urbanization in socialist countries, can be applied in China. Most western literature, however, claimed either a `rural-bias' or an `urban-bias' from the state took place in China's urbanization process. This paper suggests another perspective in the analysis of this process, as it argues that it was the state bias for the allocation of production and human resources in the cities of higher hierarchical ranking that is behind China's urbanization. The objective of the paper is to test it through two hypotheses. The first hypothesis suggests that the higher the city is in the urban hierarchy, the more population it has; and the second argues the higher administrative position a city has, the better social and economic performance it will show. Using statistical data to validate these two hypotheses, this paper attempts to justify the role of `state-bias' of resources allocation and the dominance of the administrative hierarchy in China's urbanization process. Lastly, the paper argues, the state itself is a major factor or source for China's urbanization development. 相似文献
6.
State-imposed borders inform socio-spatial identities, often encouraging divergent identities for those living of different sides of the border. However, these identities may be discursively appropriated by the groups affected by the borders, in order to manage their relations with the state. We describe how one group of aboriginal people in the Russian Far North forged a common identity based on evasion of state institutions in the 1930–1950s. This group, once articulated with state institutions and divided by the enforcement of a provincial/republican border, developed two socio-spatial identities––and employed these identities as counterhegemonic tactics to state pressures over their lifeways. As types of pressures change, the affordances that the borders provide also change, as evident in the shifting discourses of difference and similitude. 相似文献
7.
The potential and prospect for global cities in China: in the context of the world system 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Shi YulongChris Hamnett 《Geoforum》2002,33(1):121-135
Over the last two decades, accompanying their rapid economic development, many `mega-cities' in China have devoted themselves to changing their relationships to the global economy and some have aimed at attaining global (world) city status as a key future development goal. This paper examines the relationship between global (world) city status and the emerging world economic system, and discusses the intense competition between `mega-cities' in the Asia-Pacific region that Chinese cities will face in the 21st century, especially after the Asia financial crisis. It also explores the potential and possibility of achieving global or world city status in China. The main arguments are that only Hong Kong, Shanghai and Beijing have the possibility to attain leading positions in the global urban system in the future. Post-1997, it has been very important for the Chinese government to find a way to coordinate the functions of Hong Kong and the other major cities which allows them to operate smoothly together under quite different political systems. Finally, the authors analyse the relationships between these three metropolises and suggests some possibilities for coordinating their roles in the global urban system. 相似文献
8.
《Geoforum》2015
Street vending faces uncertain state responses in contemporary Chinese cities, though it plays an important role in sustaining the livelihood of urban migrants. Building on the critical perspective that understands informality as a production of the state, this paper explores the nature of the regulation of street vending in Guangzhou since 1949. The state’s regulatory practices are characterized by what we call historical ambivalence and geographical ambivalence, which refer to the inconsistency in policies, which fluctuate between soft and hard approaches over time, and the mix of contradictory regulatory measures applied in different urban spaces, respectively. Ambivalence is generated because the state addresses street vending in ways that attain the overarching objective of urban policies. In particular, the exclusion of street vendors in present-day China is not historically natural but driven and sustained by the government’s pursuit of a good city image favorable for attracting capital in the context of intensifying inter-urban competition. The definition of informality is not a neutral classification. Rather, declaring when and to what extent an informal practice is tolerable depends on what the state desires in a specific historical circumstance. 相似文献
9.
Socio-spatial differentiation and residential segregation in Delhi: a question of scale? 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Véronique Dupont 《Geoforum》2004,35(2):157-175
This paper focuses on the pattern of social-spatial differentiation and segmentation of the metropolitan area of Delhi. The main objective is to analyse the mechanisms of residential segregation and the factors that explain it both at the micro- and macro-level. In the context of the Indian society and its caste system traditionally associated with strong social and spatial segregation, we try to appraise the extent to which the metropolitanization process in Delhi engenders original forms of spatial segmentation or perpetuates and strengthens the traditional forms of socio-spatial divisions. At the level of the global spatial organization of the urban agglomeration, our objective is twofold: to analyse the factors that shaped the urban landscape and introduced spatial discontinuity, from physical barriers to the different historic periods and the impact of town planning; to analyse the residential pattern of different segments of the urban population, in order to detect whether certain economic and socio-cultural attributes generate a pattern of segregation. We then pursue a more detailed investigation at the level of a zone, based on the case study of Mayur Vihar-Trilokpuri in east Delhi. We analyse the residential practices developed by different socio-economic groups, their strategies as regards the occupation of the geographical and economic space, their tendency to residential clustering that leads to a pattern of social segregation at the level of the neighbourhood. In this perspective, the links between the urban policies at the macro-level and the individuals’ residential practices at the micro-level are also examined. 相似文献
10.
中国城市空间分布的双侧对称性 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
借助尺度归并和笛卡儿变换思想考察中国城市的宏观分布规律,发现中国城市在一定的空间和规模尺度上具有双重对称性：以秦岭—淮河为界,南方城市与北方城市呈现双侧对称特征;以呼和浩特—太原—郑州—武汉—广州沿线为轴,东部城市与西部城市形成双侧对称局势。中国城市的宏观对称性与地球公转和自转的方式有关,海陆差异、地表形态和水系构成是影响城市对称格局的重要因素。城市的对称分布属于广义的形态发育问题,对称形成的内在机制可能在于人类空间行为的自组织演化。 相似文献
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12.
Ben Mosiane 《GeoJournal》2009,74(6):541-549
This article examines the idea of ‘flexibility’ within the context of a city. It uses the idea of livelihoods to contribute
to the debates on flexibility, particularly on the role that ordinary people play in the transformative potential of cities.
A closer examination of ordinary people’s activities show that although livelihoods are crucial to how they adapt to the changing
social and economic conditions, such activities largely constitute survival strategies. Importantly, and without subscribing
to a paradigm that promotes a city as a closed space, the continuing socio-spatial divisions in the city of Rustenburg, South
Africa underscore the fact that ordinary people’s remarkable resourcefulness occurs under circumstances of marginality. 相似文献
13.
国内城市地下空间开发利用现状与发展趋势 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
我国城镇化水平不断提高的过程中,各类“城市病”是多数城市必须面对的难题,城市地下空间的开发利用成为各个城市解决这一问题的有效途径。在这样的背景下,我国城市地下空间开发利用从21世纪起进入快速发展阶段,十几年来地下空间利用增长迅猛,成就斐然。文章总结了当前我国城市地下空间各功能开发现状,并分等级叙述了我国几类城市地下空间开发利用现状。最后文章提出我国城市地下空间开发利用的趋势是向地质调查先行,网络化与分层化规划,协同化利用,内部环境生态化和人性化,管理数字化和智能化方向发展;不同城市将根据其社会经济需求和地质环境特点差异化重点开发,科学利用城市地下空间资源,发挥其社会、经济效益,让城市更美好。 相似文献
14.
西部水资源与生态环境建设 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
水不仅是西部经济发展的主要制约因素、山川秀美的重要保证，而且是西部脱贫致富的希望所在，调整能源结构的重要途径。本文在分析我国西部水资源基本态势的基础上，讨论了水资源开发的主要问题，并结合中国工程院“西北地区水资源配置、生态环境建设和可持续发展战略研究”项目，探讨了西部水资源与生态环境建设。 相似文献
15.
Marie-Hélène Zérah 《Geoforum》2008,39(6):1922-1932
This paper is an examination of the splintering urbanism argument of the relationship between neo-liberal reforms of infrastructure networks and urban cohesion. Based on an analysis of historical and contemporary processes of infrastructure provision (water, sewerage and power) in colonial/post-colonial Bombay/Mumbai, it questions the assumption of a “modern infrastructure ideal” in the context of developing cities. In Mumbai, the historical analysis reveals the contradictions between this ideal and a hierarchical society. From the outset, access to services (particularly water and sewerage) was highly distorted in favour of the elites, even though utilities networks contributed to urban integration through cross-subsidies within and across sectors, and through the setting up of municipal institutions. Second, ongoing sectoral reforms demonstrate contrasting trends as increased differentiation of services produces both positive – better adaptation to users’ needs – and potentially negative – fragmenting – socio-spatial implications. Third, an understudied potential fragmenting threat also lies in the sectoral approach to reforms as it undermines the existing crosssector subsidies and prevents the articulation of utility reforms with other limiting factors, such as land and transport, which are the main constraints for expanding housing and mobility in the city. 相似文献
16.
Frank Hendriks 《GeoJournal》1999,47(3):425-432
Many Western cities face marked changes that are associated with post-industrialisation of the urban environment. In this
article, four political perspectives on the threats and opportunities associated with post-industrialisation are discussed:
liberal productivism; communitarianism; institutional perfectionism and participative democracy. In cultural terms these four
approaches appear to be remarkably biased. As such, they are unlikely to match the complicated, confusing and unpredictable
processes that are taking place in Western cities. The complexities of post-industrialisation demand cultural variety in the
public domain. This, in turn, requires connectivity and openness in the institutions that structure urban politics and urban
policy making.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
17.
中国城市建设与地质灾害综述 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
在大量调查、分析与研究的基础上，结合中国经济发展中城市快速发展面临的一系列地质灾害，采用自然科学与社会科学相互交叉的方法，分析了城市地质灾害的危害性及对城市发展的影响，根据中国城市发展的实际情况和2001年以后的远景目标，因地制宜地提出了整治城市灾害的基本对策与管理措施，为国家制定城市发展远景规划和奋斗目标提供基本思路。 相似文献
18.
城市三维地质建模及其在城镇化建设中的应用 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
城市是建设在地质体之上的,这就注定城市的建设发展离不开地质工作的支撑。城市三维地质建模是三维信息技术在城市地质领域的一个典型应用,可大大提升城市地质调查成果的表达方式,提高城市地质资源环境的评价预测能力,对中国正在大力实施的城镇化建设具有重要支撑作用。对城市三维地质模型进行了分类,分析了城市三维地质模型的特点;研究了城市三维地质模型的构建,并对城市三维地质结构模型的构建进行了详细阐述;以北京市为例,给出了城市三维地质建模服务城市规划、地铁隧道选线施工、新城建设、重点工程选址、资源开发等方面的应用实例。 相似文献
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基于国土空间规划视域下分析了中国工矿城镇发展的主要影响因素.结合国土空间规划对工矿城镇发展的要求,探讨了将国土空间规划要求落实到工矿城镇发展中的政策和技术路径,并按照空间规划融合统一的国土空间规划思路,提出了工矿城镇发展融入国土空间规划的设想.通过对中国陕北煤炭资源集中开采区工矿城镇发展的分析和案例总结,结合国土空间规... 相似文献