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1.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important greenhouse gas that influences regional climate through disturbing the earth’s energy balance. The CO2 concentrations are usually prescribed homogenously in most climate models and the spatiotemporal variations of CO2 are neglected. To address this issue, a regional climate model (RegCM4) is modified to investigate the non-homogeneous distribution of CO2 and its effects on regional longwave radiation flux and temperature in East Asia. One-year simulation is performed with prescribed surface CO2 fluxes that include fossil fuel emission, biomass burning, air–sea exchange, and terrestrial biosphere flux. Two numerical experiments (one using constant prescribed CO2 concentrations in the radiation scheme and the other using the simulated CO2 concentrations that are spatially non-homogeneous) are conducted to assess the impact of non-homogeneous CO2 on the regional longwave radiation flux and temperature. Comparison of CO2 concentrations from the model with the observations from the GLOBALVIEW-CO2 network suggests that the model can well capture the spatiotemporal patterns of CO2 concentrations. Generally, high CO2 mixing ratios appear in the heavily industrialized eastern China in cold seasons, which probably relates to intensive human activities. The accommodation of non-homogeneous CO2 concentrations in the radiative transfer scheme leads to an annual mean change of–0.12 W m–2 in total sky surface upward longwave flux in East Asia. The experiment with non-homogeneous CO2 tends to yield a warmer lower troposphere. Surface temperature exhibits a maximum difference in summertime, ranging from–4.18 K to 3.88 K, when compared to its homogeneous counterpart. Our results indicate that the spatial and temporal distributions of CO2 have a considerable impact on regional longwave radiation flux and temperature, and should be taken into account in future climate modeling.  相似文献   

2.
Turf-grass lawns are ubiquitous in the United States. However direct measurements of land–atmosphere fluxes using the eddy-covariance method above lawn ecosystems are challenging due to the typically small dimensions of lawns and the heterogeneity of land use in an urbanised landscape. Given their typically small patch sizes, there is the potential that CO2 fluxes measured above turf-grass lawns may be influenced by nearby CO2 sources such as passing traffic. In this study, we report on two years of eddy-covariance flux measurements above a 1.5 ha turf-grass lawn in which we assess the contribution of nearby traffic emissions to the measured CO2 flux. We use winter data when the vegetation was dormant to develop an empirical estimate of the traffic effect on the measured CO2 fluxes, based on a parametrised version of a three-dimensional Lagrangian footprint model and continuous traffic count data. The CO2 budget of the ecosystem was adjusted by 135gCm−2 in 2007 and by 134gCm−2 in 2008 to determine the natural flux, even though the road crossed the footprint only at its far edge. We show that bottom-up flux estimates based on CO2 emission factors of the passing vehicles, combined with the crosswind-integrated footprint at the distance of the road, agreed very well with the empirical estimate of the traffic contribution that we derived from the eddy-covariance measurements. The approach we developed may be useful for other sites where investigators plan to make eddy-covariance measurements on small patches within heterogeneous landscapes where there are significant contrasts in flux rates. However, we caution that the modelling approach is empirical and will need to be adapted individually to each site.  相似文献   

3.
Carbon dioxide exchange in a temperate grassland ecosystem   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  
Carbon dioxide exchange was measured, using the eddy correlation technique, over a tallgrass prairie in northeastern Kansas, U.S.A., during a six-month period in 1987. The diurnal patterns of daytime and nocturnal CO2 fluxes are presented on eight selected days. These days were distributed throughout most of the growing season and covered a wide range of meteorological and soil water conditions. The midday CO2 flux reached a maximum of 1.3 mg m-2 (ground area) s-1 during early July and was near zero during the dry period in late July. The dependence of the daytime carbon dioxide exchange on pertinent controlling variables, particularly photosynthetically active radiation, vapor pressure deficit and soil water content is discussed. The nocturnal CO2 flux (soil plus plant respiration) averaged -0.4 mg m-2 (ground area) s-1 during early July and was about -0.2 mg m-2 s-1 during the dry period.Published as Paper No. 9061, Journal Series, Agricultural Research Division, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, U.S.A.Research Associate and Professor, respectively.  相似文献   

4.
We measured the methane flux of a forest canopy throughout a year using a relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) method. This sampling system was carefully validated against heat and CO2 fluxes measured by the eddy covariance method. Although the sampling system was robust, there were large uncertainties in the measured methane fluxes because of the limited precision of the methane gas analyzer. Based on the spectral characteristics of signals from the methane analyzer and the diurnal variations in the standard deviation of the vertical wind velocity, we found the daytime and nighttime precision of half-hourly methane flux measurements to be approximately 1.2 and 0.7?μg?CH4?m?2?s?1, respectively. Additional uncertainties caused by the dilution effect were estimated to affect the accuracy by as much as 0.21?μg?CH4?m?2?s?1 on a half-hourly basis. Diurnal and seasonal variations were observed in the measured fluxes. The biological emission from plant leaves was not observed in our studies, and thus could be negligible at the canopy-scale exchange. The annual methane sink was 835?±?175?mg?CH4?m?2?year?1 (8.35?kg?CH4?ha?1?year?1), which was comparable to the flux range of 379–2,478?mg?CH4?m?2?year?1 previously measured in other Japanese forest soils. This study indicated that the REA method could be a promising technique to measure canopy scale methane fluxes over forests, but further improvement of precision of the analyzer will be required.  相似文献   

5.
锡林浩特草原CO2通量特征及其影响因素分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
利用锡林浩特国家气候观象台开路涡度相关系统、辐射土壤观测系统,测得的长期连续通量观测数据,对锡林浩特草原2009—2011年期间的CO2通量观测特征进行了分析。结果表明:CO2通量存在明显的年际、季节和日变化特征。3 a中NEE年际变率达到200 g·m-2,季节变率最大达到460 g·m-2,日变化幅度生长季最大达到0.25 mg·m-2·s-1。通过不同时间尺度碳通量与温度、水分、辐射等环境因子的分析,认为CO2通量日变化主要受温度和光合有效辐射影响,而季节变化和年变化主要受降水和土壤含水量的影响。降水强度及时间分布是制约牧草CO2吸收的关键因素,大于15%的土壤含水量有利于促进牧草生长。  相似文献   

6.
This study presents and applies a coherent methodological framework to compare biomass cascading chains, i.e. the subsequent use of biomass for materials, recycling and energy recovery, considering land use, CO2 emission reduction and economic performance. Example cascading chains of short rotation poplar wood are compared with each other on the basis of literature data. Results for these chains vary strongly, namely, from CO2 mitigation benefits of 200 /Mg CO2 to CO2 mitigation costs of 2200 /Mg CO2, and from net CO2 emission reductions per hectare of biomass production of 28 Mg CO2/(ha yr) to net CO2 emissions of 8 Mg CO2/(ha yr). Using a present-value approach to determine CO2 emissions and costs affects the performance of long-term cascading chains significantly, i.e. cost and CO2 emission reduction are decreased. In general, cascading has the potential to improve both CO2 emission reduction per hectare and CO2 mitigation costs of biomass usage. However, this strongly depends on the biomass applications combined in the cascading chain. Parameters that significantly influence the results are market prices and gross energy requirements of substituted materials and energy carriers, and the efficiency of biomass production. The method presented in this study is suitable to quantify land use, CO2 emission reduction and economic performance of biomass cascading systems, and highlights the possible impact of time on the attractiveness of specific cascading chains.  相似文献   

7.
Methane fluxes from municipal solid waste landfills in Surgut and Khanty-Mansiysk are assessed in August 2015 by the inverse modeling method. It is revealed that the methane flux values vary from 0.3 to 5.8 g CH4/(m2 hour). The highest value of the methane flux is typical of a landfill that is currently used for the waste disposal and is not covered with the soil layer, whereas the lowest value was obtained for a closed small-capacity landfill covered with soil and vegetation.  相似文献   

8.
A regional surface carbon dioxide (CO2) flux inversion system, the Tan-Tracker-Region, was developed by incorporating an assimilation scheme into the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) regional chemical transport model to resolve fine-scale CO2 variability over East Asia. The proper orthogonal decomposition-based ensemble four-dimensional variational data assimilation approach (POD-4DVar) is the core algorithm for the joint assimilation framework, and simultaneous assimilations of CO2 concentrations and surface CO2 fluxes are applied to help reduce the uncertainty in initial CO2 concentrations. A persistence dynamical model was developed to describe the evolution of the surface CO2 fluxes and help avoid the “signal-to-noise” problem; thus, CO2 fluxes could be estimated as a whole at the model grid scale, with better use of observation information. The performance of the regional inversion system was evaluated through a group of single-observation-based observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs). The results of the experiments suggest that a reliable performance of Tan-Tracker-Region is dependent on certain assimilation parameter choices, for example, an optimized window length of approximately 3 h, an ensemble size of approximately 100, and a covariance localization radius of approximately 320 km. This is probably due to the strong diurnal variation and spatial heterogeneity in the fine-scale CMAQ simulation, which could affect the performance of the regional inversion system. In addition, because all observations can be artificially obtained in OSSEs, the performance of Tan-Tracker-Region was further evaluated through different densities of the artificial observation network in different CO2 flux situations. The results indicate that more observation sites would be useful to systematically improve the estimation of CO2 concentration and flux in large areas over the model domain. The work presented here forms a foundation for future research in which a thorough estimation of CO2 flux variability over East Asia could be performed with the regional inversion system.  相似文献   

9.
With the aid of eddy correlation instrumentation, the components of the energy budget and CO2 flux were measured over grain sorghum grown at Mead, Nebraska. Diurnal patterns of sensible heat, latent heat, CO2 and momentum flux are examined for typical days. On a mostly clear day when the crop leaf area index was 3.7, net radiation reached a mid-day peak of 560 W m-2, while sensible and latent heat fluxes peaked at 50 and 460 W m-2, respectively. The peak CO2 flux occurring just prior to solar noon was 1.5 mg m-2(ground area) s-1. CO2 flux (respiration from plants, soil and roots) in the early evening was about -0.28 mg m-2 (ground area) s-1.A relationship between CO2 flux and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was developed. Except during the late stage of growth (growth stage 8.5, toward the initiation of senescence), the crop showed no evidence of saturation up to PAR 1800 Ei m-2s-1. The light compensation point was found to be about 211 Ei m-2s-1. Examination of CO2 flux-PAR relationships for selected days through the season indicated an aging effect in terms of a decrease in photosynthetic activity of the sorghum canopy. Measurements made on two consecutive days demonstrate the effects of weather conditions on CO2 flux and carbon-water flux ratio (a measure of water use efficiency of the crop). The occurrence of regional sensible heat advection with concommitant high vapor pressure deficit and air temperature-limited CO2 exchange reduced the carbon-water flux ratio.Published as Paper No. 7717, Journal Series, Nebraska Agricultural Research Division. The work was conducted under Regional Research Project 11-33 and Nebraska Agricultural Research Division Project 27-003.Formerly Post Doctoral Research Associate (now at the University of Connecticut Department of Renewable Natural Resources Storrs CT)  相似文献   

10.
We describe a fast response methane sensor based on the absorption of radiation generated with a near-infrared InGaAsP diode laser. The sensor uses an open path absorption region 0.5 m long; multiple pass optics provide an optical path of 50 m. High frequency wavelength modulation methods give stable signals with detection sensitivity (S/N=1, 1 Hz bandwidth) for methane of 65 ppb at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. Improvements in the optical stability are expected to lower the current detection limit. We used the new sensor to measure, by eddy correlation, the CH4 flux from a clay-capped sanitary landfill. Simultaneously we measured the flux of CO2 and H2O. From seven half-hourly periods of data collected after a rainstorm on November 23, 1991, the average flux of CH4 was 17 mmol m–2 hr–1 (6400 mg CH4 m–2 d–1) with a coefficient of variation of 25%. This measurement may underrepresent the flux by 15% due to roll-off of the sensor response at high frequency. The landfill was also a source of CO2 with an average flux of 8.1 mmol m–2 hr–1 (8550 mg CO2 m–2 d–1) and a coefficient of variation of 26%. A spectral analysis of the data collected from the CH4, CO2, and H2O sensors showed a strong similarity in the turbulent transfer mechanisms.  相似文献   

11.
利用瓦里关和上甸子大气本底站观测的月平均CO2浓度数据对GOSAT卫星反演的CO2浓度数据进行验证,结果表明GOSAT产品与台站观测数据有较好的一致性.利用2009年6月—2011年5月GOSAT反演的CO2浓度数据,分析了江苏地区CO2浓度的时空变化特征,结果表明:1)975 hPa高度层CO2浓度高于850 hPa高度层,CO2浓度的水平变化要小于垂直变化;2)在季节变化上,CO2浓度冬季最高,夏季最低,这可能与植被光合作用的强弱变化有关;比较前后两年的CO2浓度数据,夏季和秋季的增速较快,冬季和春季的增速较慢;3)在日变化上,发现徐州和南京站02时CO2浓度最高,14时CO2浓度最低,这可能也与植被光合作用的强弱有关.  相似文献   

12.
旋转正压大气中的非线性Schrödinger方程和大气阻塞   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文
本文利用WKB方法导出了旋转正压大气中的非线性Rossby波所满足的立方Schrödinger方程,指出在1≤m≤2的情况下,非线性Schrödinger方程具有包络孤立波解,同时我们还对大气中的包络Rossby孤立波的流场进行了计算,结果得到了阻塞高压和切断低压等结构,并且这些阻塞系统能够维持五天以上。  相似文献   

13.
Eddy correlation equipment was used to measure mass and energy fluxes over a soybean crop. A rapid response CO2 sensor, a drag anemometer, a Lyman-alpha hygrometer and a fine wire thermocouple were used to sense the fluctuating quantities.Diurnal fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat and CO2 were calculated from these data. Energy budget closure was obtained by summing the sensible and latent heat fluxes determined by eddy correlation which balanced the sum of net radiation and soil heat flux. Peak daytime CO2 fluxes were near 1.0 mg m–2 (ground area) s–1.The eddy correlation technique was also employed in this study to measure nocturnal CO2 fluxes caused by respiration from plants, soil, and roots. These CO2 fluxes ranged from - 0.1 to - 0.25 mg m–2s–1.From the data collected over mature soybeans, a relationship between CO2 flux and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was developed. The crop did not appear to be light-saturated at PAR flux densities < 1800 Ei m–2 s–1. The light compensation point was found to be about 160 Ei m–2 s–1.Published as Paper No. 7402, Journal Series, Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station. The work reported here was conducted under Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station Project 27-003 and Regional Research Project 11–33.Post-doctoral Research Associate, Professor and Professor, respectively. Center for Agricultural Meteorology and Climatology, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0728.  相似文献   

14.
利用LI-8100开路式土壤碳通量系统测定龙王山森林土壤呼吸速率,研究北亚热带落叶阔叶林土壤呼吸速率的日变化和季节性变化规律.结果表明:北亚热带落叶阔叶林土壤呼吸速率在12—14时达到最大,与土壤温度变化基本一致;森林土壤呼吸速率随土壤温度的季节性变化而变化,在夏季土壤呼吸速率较高,在冬季土壤呼吸速率较低;土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度间存在着明显的指数关系,土壤呼吸温度敏感系数Q10为2.81.  相似文献   

15.
Summary Net carbon dioxide exchange (NCE) rates were measured in a tallgrass prairie, a grassland with high productivity, to determine photosynthetic rates of the canopy. Canopy measurements were made in large, plexiglass chambers (1.21 m long; 0.91 m wide; 1.40 m tall) placed on burned and unburned areas of the prairie. The NCE rates of the canopy were compared with those of individual leaves ofAndropogon gerardii Vitman (big bluestem). In addition, CO2 flux from the soil was quantified and compared with net photosynthetic flux. The canopy NCE rates were generally lower than those made on individual leaves. In mid-summer (11 July 1987), the maximum canopy NCE rates were 55% and 64% of those measured on individual leaves in burned and unburned treatments, respectively. Canopy NCE rates were lower than individual-leaf NCE rates for two reasons. First, the individualleaf measurements were made on young, unshaded, healthy leaves, while the canopy measurements were made on all types of leaves including senescing, shaded, and damaged leaves. Second, soil CO2 flux into the chambers lowered NCE values. The CO2 flux from the soil ranged from 7.2% to 28.4% of the total NCE. One needs to add soil CO2 flux rates to the measured canopy NCE rates to obtain canopy NCE rates closer to individual-leaf NCE rates. Soil CO2 flux decreased when conditions became dry, reaching a low of 0.06 mg CO2m–2s–1, but increased after rain to 0.16 mg CO2m–2s–1. Also, after rain, when plants were well watered, they were not light saturated at 1 900 µEm–2s–1. The NCE rates on the burned treatment were either higher or similar to those on the unburned treatment. For example, on 11 July 1987, NCE rates were higher on the burned treatment (0.66 mg CO2m–2s–1) compared to the unburned treatment (0.47 mg CO2m–2s–1). During the rest of July and August, the rates of the two treatments were not significantly different. But in September and October, the NCE rates were again higher on the burned treatment compared to the unburned treatment. The results indicated that canopy NCE rates may be more indicative of the productivity of the prairie than individual-leaf measurements made only on young, highly productive leaves.Contribution No. 89-82-J from the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station. This research was supported, in part, by Grant No. DE-FG02-84ER60253.A000.With 4 Figures  相似文献   

16.
Methane emission from West Siberian forest-steppe and subtaiga reed fens (that is, fens dominated by Phragmites australis) observed in summer 2013, is considered using the static chamber method. The obtained medians of CH4 fluxes varied from -0.08 to 2.7 mg CH4/m2 per hour. Eenvironmental factors affecting methane emission are analyzed. It was found that CH4 emissions from the reed fens correlate only with the concentration of salt ions in the wetland water and with the plant community structure. The latter probably also depends on water salinity. It was revealed that in fens the ratio between fluxes of CH4 and CO2 does not depend on the water table level that contradicts the general pattern simulated by mathematical models of CH4 emission. It was found that Phragmites australis fens and similar ecosystems should be considered as a separate wetland class from the point of view of methane emission study.  相似文献   

17.

The seasonality in cave CO2 levels was studied based on (1) a new data set from the dynamically ventilated Comblain-au-Pont Cave (Dinant Karst Basin, Belgium), (2) archive data from Moravian Karst caves, and (3) published data from caves worldwide. A simplified dynamic model was proposed for testing the effect of all conceivable CO2 fluxes on cave CO2 levels. Considering generally accepted fluxes, i.e., the direct diffusive flux from soils/epikarst, the indirect flux derived from dripwater degassing, and the input/output fluxes linked to cave ventilation, gives the cave CO2 level maxima of 1.9 × 10−2 mol m−3 (i.e., ∼ 440 ppmv), which only slightly exceed external values. This indicates that an additional input CO2 flux is necessary for reaching usual cave CO2 level maxima. The modeling indicates that the additional flux could be a convective advective CO2 flux from soil/epikarst driven by airflow (cave ventilation) and enhanced soil/epikarstic CO2 concentrations. Such flux reaching up to 170 mol s−1 is capable of providing the cave CO2 level maxima up to 3 × 10−2 mol m−3 (70,000 ppmv). This value corresponds to the maxima known from caves worldwide. Based on cave geometry, three types of dynamic caves were distinguished: (1) the caves with the advective CO2 flux from soil/epikarst at downward airflow ventilation mode, (2) the caves with the advective soil/epikarstic flux at upward airflow ventilation mode, and (3) the caves without any soil/epikarstic advective flux. In addition to CO2 seasonality, the model explains both the short-term and seasonal variations in δ13C in cave air CO2.

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18.
Ocean emissions of inorganic and organic iodine compounds drive the biogeochemical cycle of iodine and produce reactive ozone-destroying iodine radicals that influence the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere. Di-iodomethane (CH2I2) and chloro-iodomethane (CH2ICl) are the two most important organic iodine precursors in the marine boundary layer. Ship-borne measurements made during the TORERO (Tropical Ocean tRoposphere Exchange of Reactive halogens and Oxygenated VOC) field campaign in the east tropical Pacific Ocean in January/February 2012 revealed strong diurnal cycles of CH2I2 and CH2ICl in air and of CH2I2 in seawater. Both compounds are known to undergo rapid photolysis during the day, but models assume no night-time atmospheric losses. Surprisingly, the diurnal cycle of CH2I2 was lower in amplitude than that of CH2ICl, despite its faster photolysis rate. We speculate that night-time loss of CH2I2 occurs due to reaction with NO3 radicals. Indirect results from a laboratory study under ambient atmospheric boundary layer conditions indicate a k CH2I2+NO3 of ≤4 × 10?13 cm3 molecule?1 s?1; a previous kinetic study carried out at ≤100 Torr found k CH2I2+NO3 of 4 × 10?13 cm3 molecule?1 s?1. Using the 1-dimensional atmospheric THAMO model driven by sea-air fluxes calculated from the seawater and air measurements (averaging 1.8 +/? 0.8 nmol m?2 d?1 for CH2I2 and 3.7 +/? 0.8 nmol m?2 d?1 for CH2ICl), we show that the model overestimates night-time CH2I2 by >60 % but reaches good agreement with the measurements when the CH2I2 + NO3 reaction is included at 2–4 × 10?13 cm3 molecule?1 s?1. We conclude that the reaction has a significant effect on CH2I2 and helps reconcile observed and modeled concentrations. We recommend further direct measurements of this reaction under atmospheric conditions, including of product branching ratios.  相似文献   

19.
夏季青藏高原地面热源和高原低涡生成频数的日变化   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
通过1981—2010年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析出夏季青藏高原地面热源具有强烈的日变化,白天高原是强热源,夜间高原地面转变为弱热汇,日较差可达420 W·m~(-2),呈由西向东递减分布。其中地面感热和潜热加热的日变化均十分明显,日较差分别可达300 W·m~(-2)和200 W·m~(-2);感热加热的日变幅由西北向东南递减,而潜热加热由南向北递减。同时,利用人工识别的高原低涡数据集初步分析了夏季高原低涡生成频数的日变化,发现夜间生成的高原低涡频数略高于白天,其中00 UTC的低涡源地主要在西藏那曲和林芝(工布江达),12 UTC低涡源地主要在西藏那曲和青海玉树。  相似文献   

20.
A mesoscale meteorological model (FOOT3DK) is coupled with a gas exchange model to simulate surface fluxes of CO2 and H2O under field conditions. The gas exchange model consists of a C3 single leaf photosynthesis sub-model and an extended big leaf (sun/shade) sub-model that divides the canopy into sunlit and shaded fractions. Simulated CO2 fluxes of the stand-alone version of the gas exchange model correspond well to eddy-covariance measurements at a test site in a rural area in the west of Germany. The coupled FOOT3DK/gas exchange model is validated for the diurnal cycle at singular grid points, and delivers realistic fluxes with respect to their order of magnitude and to the general daily course. Compared to the Jarvis-based big leaf scheme, simulations of latent heat fluxes with a photosynthesis-based scheme for stomatal conductance are more realistic. As expected, flux averages are strongly influenced by the underlying land cover. While the simulated net ecosystem exchange is highly correlated with leaf area index, this correlation is much weaker for the latent heat flux. Photosynthetic CO2 uptake is associated with transpirational water loss via the stomata, and the resulting opposing surface fluxes of CO2 and H2O are reproduced with the model approach. Over vegetated surfaces it is shown that the coupling of a photosynthesis-based gas exchange model with the land-surface scheme of a mesoscale model results in more realistic simulated latent heat fluxes.  相似文献   

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