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1.
河北宣龙地区铁质包壳粒及其形成的微生物作用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对宣龙地区“鲕状矿石”的详细镜下切片观察,与叠层石结构、形态和成分的对比,以及稳定同位素和有机地球化学特征分析研究,提出“鲕状矿石”实际上均为微生物成因的铁质包壳粒,并按其形态分为核形石,微生物鲕石、微生物豆石三种类型。对铁质包壳粒的微生物矿化作用也作了初步探讨。 相似文献
2.
鲕粒成因研究的新进展 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
鲕粒的成因一直是一个谜一样的沉积学难题。Brehm等在2006年的实验室研究的结果表明,将鲕粒的形成可以与叠层石进行类比,是一个特殊的球状微生物席的产物,从而将鲕粒归为微生物成因。最近,来自于巴哈马现代鲕粒的研究,Duguid等在2010年认为,鲕粒形成与微生物活动不存在一个直接的关系,重新强调了鲕粒形成的化学过程,即... 相似文献
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4.
《矿物学报》2016,(4)
鲕状黄铁矿是都龙锡锌多金属矿床中的特殊硫化物矿物之一。本文通过扫描电镜观测其矿物微形貌结构特征,并利用电子探针分析其化学成分,为认识该类矿物成因及其与成矿作用的关系提供依据。扫描电镜观测显示,该矿床中黄铁矿鲕粒主要由黄铁矿微晶组成,在鲕粒纹层孔隙中发现了丝状体、杆状体、球状体等微生物成因显微组构。这些微生物化石与热液喷流沉积成因硫化物矿床、热泉、海底热液喷口中的微生物化石具有诸多相似特征,表明该矿床形成过程中可能存在热水沉积成矿作用,微生物在黄铁矿鲕粒形成过程中可能起到转换硫源、吸附金属元素、粘结黄铁矿微晶等作用。电子探针观测显示,黄铁矿鲕粒中的Zn含量较高,暗示鲕状黄铁矿可能作为后期成矿作用Fe、Zn、S等成矿元素的物源之一。从鲕粒边部到中心Zn含量逐渐递减的趋势,并由交代作用在鲕粒边部形成富Zn边。 相似文献
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《古地理学报》2021,23(3)
几年来针对巴哈马现代文石鲕粒的持续性研究表明,微生物和细胞外聚合物质(EPS)在鲕粒的形成和发育中起着关键而重要的作用,从而产生了一个重要的认识,即:鲕粒可以看作是"纹层状的有机沉积构造"并遵循着微生物岩体系的一些形成特征。但是,鲕粒30亿年的发育历史、多样化的产出环境、特征性的矿物构成和各种各样的沉积组构,确实赋予了鲕粒生长和形成机理的复杂性和神秘性,因为鲕粒在何处而且如何形成、以及鲕粒究竟记录着何种生物与非生物过程的许多问题还存在剧烈争论。来自于江苏徐州贾旺剖面苗岭统张夏组上部鲕粒滩相灰岩,由较为典型的方解石放射鲕粒所组成,表现出放射状、放射—同心状和泥晶质的沉积组构,而且在鲕粒核心、鲕粒皮层以及在鲕粒间的不规则团块或凝块的暗色泥晶质构成中高密度地保存着精美的葛万菌(Girvanella)化石,进一步表明了这些暗色泥晶构成代表着较为特征的光合作用生物膜,从而提供了一个苗岭世方解石海中放射鲕粒形成较为直接的微生物证据,以及与光合作用生物膜之间复杂的成因联系,因为葛万菌是相对较为肯定地类比于近代钙化织线菌(Plectonema)的丝状蓝细菌化石,尽管还可类比于现代的伪枝菌(Scytonema)。虽然形成放射状鲕粒皮层的放射纤维状方解石的沉淀作用确实不能解释为直接的微生物沉淀作用的结果,但是,这些放射鲕粒确实表现出光合作用生物膜诱发、滋养并促进了放射纤维状方解石皮层增生作用的重要证据,为拓宽"鲕粒谜"的阐释提供了一个较为重要的典型实例,而且还成为寒武纪苗岭世方解石海与后生动物辐射相耦合的蓝细菌繁荣的重要证据。 相似文献
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鲕粒是一类特殊的沉积颗粒,为古气候和古海洋环境的重要指示器。为了深入认识此类特殊颗粒的成因机制、形成环境及地质意义,对广西隆安地区都结剖面下石炭统都安组上部含鲕粒地层开展了古生物学、沉积学和岩相学研究。研究区共识别出5种主要的鲕粒类型:放射状纹层鲕粒(O1)、规则同心放射状纹层鲕粒(O2)、不规则同心放射状纹层鲕粒(O3)、泥晶鲕粒(O4-A和O4-B)和复合鲕粒(O5)。各类鲕粒的显微组构和沉积环境指示其具有不同的形成过程,其中水动力条件影响和控制着鲕粒的发育和分布情况。研究区含鲕粒地层形成于维宪期末-谢尔普霍夫期,恰好对应早石炭世晚期冰川作用的开始。受冰川作用影响,全球海平面频繁波动,研究区地处低纬度地区并以浅滩和潮坪沉积环境为主,为鲕粒的形成提供了适宜的水体条件,即温暖、动荡的浅水环境。此外,含鲕粒岩层内广泛发育钙质微生物和微生物席,说明微生物活动在研究区较为常见,可能与鲕粒的形成过程具有一定的关联。 相似文献
7.
鲕粒是一类特殊的沉积颗粒,为古气候和古海洋环境的重要指示器。为了深入认识此类特殊颗粒的成因机制、形成环境及地质意义,对广西隆安地区都结剖面下石炭统都安组上部含鲕粒地层开展了古生物学、沉积学和岩相学研究。研究区共识别出5种主要的鲕粒类型: 放射状纹层鲕粒(O1)、规则同心放射状纹层鲕粒(O2)、不规则同心放射状纹层鲕粒(O3)、泥晶鲕粒(O4-A和O4-B)和复合鲕粒(O5)。各类鲕粒的显微组构和沉积环境指示其具有不同的形成过程,其中水动力条件影响和控制着鲕粒的发育和分布情况。研究区含鲕粒地层形成于维宪期末—谢尔普霍夫期,恰好对应早石炭世晚期冰川作用的开始。受冰川作用影响,全球海平面频繁波动,研究区地处低纬度地区并以浅滩和潮坪沉积环境为主,为鲕粒的形成提供了适宜的水体条件,即温暖、动荡的浅水环境。此外,含鲕粒岩层内广泛发育钙质微生物和微生物席,说明微生物活动在研究区较为常见,可能与鲕粒的形成过程具有一定的关联。 相似文献
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多样化的产出环境和30×108年的分布历史表明,鲕粒成因一直是一个谜一样的沉积学难题,争论的关键问题是其究竟是有机(微生物)成因还是无机成因.来自于华北地台寒武系苗岭统徐庄组鲕粒滩相灰岩顶部的方解石巨鲕表现出同心状、放射—同心状和泥晶质的沉积组构,在鲕粒核心和鲕粒皮层中保存着精美的葛万菌(Girvanella)化石所主... 相似文献
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巨鲕是指那些直径超过2mm、海相成因的大型鲕粒,它们在结构上与鲕粒相似,但却远没有鲕粒分布广泛,成因也与鲕粒不尽相同。豫西渑池地区寒武系第三统张夏组发育了大量的巨鲕,其核心由粒径小于2mm的放射状鲕粒或泥晶球粒组成,形成于弱搅动的水体环境中;圈层以泥晶或由Girvanella丝状体组成的暗色纹层与由微亮晶方解石组成的浅色纹层交替发育为特征。巨鲕是在低、中等能量交替的滩间海环境中由Girvanella丝状体的生长、微生物诱导的钙化作用和无机碳酸钙沉淀而成的。Girvanella丝状体在巨鲕的内、外圈层均有分布,尤以外圈层分布更为密集,显示了微生物在巨鲕形成过程中具有重要作用,这为探讨巨鲕的成因提供了一个重要的实例。 相似文献
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描述、界定和解释无穷多样的碳酸盐岩始终是一个谜团,因为许多复杂的问题只有推测性的答案.碳酸盐生产作用体系形象化地定义为碳酸盐岩工厂,最原始的定义是指小于15 m深的清澈浅水环境,因为这是绝大多数碳酸盐生产者的聚居地;后来,基于能量来源,对海相碳酸盐岩工厂提出了一个富有智慧的双重划分,即光养工厂和异养工厂.随着对碳酸盐沉淀作用样式的深入了解,产生了浅海碳酸盐岩工厂或生产作用体系的三重划分,而且被进一步形象化地简称为:①T-工厂,T源于热带或水柱顶部的涵义;②C-工厂,C代表着冷水或受到控制的沉淀作用;③M-工厂,在这里M意味着微生物、泥晶和泥丘.寒武纪苗岭世浅水碳酸盐岩工厂,具有以下两个方面的特殊性:首先是光养的,其次是微生物的(蓝细菌繁荣所滋养的),因此可以识别出两个特别的工厂,即光合作用生物膜诱发的放射鲕粒主导的光养T工厂、以及占据着T-工厂位置的蓝细菌微生物席建造的微生物礁主导的光养-M工厂.安徽寿县卧龙山剖面的寒武系苗岭统崮山组,从凝缩段的陆棚相泥岩变浅至强迫型海退体系域浅缓坡相鲕粒滩相灰岩和均一石主导的微生物礁灰岩,形成一个淹没不整合面所限定的三级层序.一个从微生物放射鲕粒滩到均一石主导的微生物礁的沉积序列,组成了该层序的强迫型海退体系域.下部的放射鲕粒主导的鲕粒滩相灰岩,在鲕粒核心、鲕粒皮层以及鲕粒间的泥晶团块或凝块之中,表现出高密度保存的而且较为肯定地类比于现代织线菌的丝状葛万菌化石,表明了光合作用生物膜诱发了放射鲕粒皮层的放射纤维状方解石的沉淀作用,所以不能理解为非生物成因的沉淀物,从而进一步表明鲕粒滩相灰岩代表着一个特别的光养-T工厂;覆盖在鲕粒滩相灰岩之上的均一石主导的微生物礁,也发育着高密度保存而且占据着超过一半体积或面积的丝状葛万菌,从而代表着一个占据着T-工厂位置的特别的光养M-工厂.因此,一个特别的从光养T-工厂到光养M-工厂的演变序列,发育在寒武纪苗岭世较高的大气圈二氧化碳和氧气含量之下的蓝细菌繁荣的方解石海之中.这些现象和重要发现,为进一步了解寒武纪时期与生物矿化作用得到进化的寒武纪后生动物大爆发相重合、以及与蓝细菌繁荣相关联的有机矿化作用产生的光养微生物碳酸盐岩工厂,提供了一个较为罕见的实例. 相似文献
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作为微生物碳酸盐岩的主要类型之一,叠层石是微生物席的主要建造物已成为共识。天津蓟县中元古界铁岭组二段叠层石生物礁灰岩发育,其中的细粒叠层石被前人解释为微生物席捕获碳酸盐泥的微生物建造物,使得其既不同于现代叠层石,也不同于显生宙尤其是寒武纪的叠层石。更为特殊的是,这些叠层石中的海绿石和黄铁矿代表着2种特殊的矿化作用,其中研究区普遍产出的黄铁矿,作为硫酸盐还原细菌的产物,是了解古代微生物的窗口;而发育在高能浅海的海绿石,产出环境不同于现代海绿石,不能作为慢速沉积环境的指示矿物,亦不具有沉积间断的地质意义。2种矿化作用表明铁岭组叠层石是由沉淀作用而非捕获碳酸盐泥形成,这为了解中元古代叠层石的形成和特征提供了一些有益的线索。 相似文献
12.
Marine pisolites from Upper Proterozoic carbonates of East Greenland and Spitsbergen 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Upper Proterozoic carbonate successions from central East Greenland (the Limestone-Dolomite ‘Series’ of the Eleonore Bay Group) and Svalbard (the Backlundtoppen Formation of the Akademikerbreen Group, Spitsbergen, and the Upper Russö Formation of the Raoldtoppen Group, Nordaustlandet) contain thick sequences dominated by pisolites. These rocks were generated in shallow marine enviroments, and the pisoids are essentially oversized ooids. A marine environment is supported by the thickness and lateral extent of the carbonates; by a sedimentary association of pisolites with stromatolites, flake-conglomerates, calcarenites, calcilutites, microphytolites, and ooids similar to that found in numerous other Proterozoic carbonate successions; by sedimentary structures, including cross-beds and megaripples that characterize the pisolitic beds; and by microfossils of endolithic cyanobacteria that are specifically comparable to microorganisms that inhabit modern marine ooids of the Bahama Banks. Petrographic features and strontium abundances suggest that the pisoids were originally aragonitic, but neomorphism, silicification, calcitization, and dolomitization have extensively modified original mineralogies and fabrics. The East Greenland and Svalbard pisolitic carbonates reflect similar depositional environments and diagenetic histories, reinforcing previous bio-, litho-, and chemostratigraphic interpretations that the two sequences accumulated contiguously in a coastal zone of pisoid genesis which extended for at least 600, and probably 1000 or more, kilometres. 相似文献
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Stromatolite, as the representative of recorder in the early life history of the Earth, has been traced back from 3.5 billion years to 3.7 billion years ago. Stromatolites do provide indirect evidence for the existence of early life on the Earth, especially the composition of modern carbonate stromatolites, which further proves that stromatolites are calcified structures of cyanobacterial mats. Among the modern carbonate stromatolites, the following examples have been studied for a long time: Coarse stromatolites on the platform of Bahamas, fine stromatolites in the ultra-salinity environment of Australia and ultra-salinity lagoon of southeastern Brazil. Based on the predecessors' research results, by tracing the growth mechanism of modern carbonate stromatolites and the complex microbial activities and deposition processes, the formation of stromatolites in the middle of the Zhangxia Formation of Cambrian in the Huolianzhai section of Benxi is obviously different from that of modern carbonate stromatolites, which indicates that the sedimentary model of modern stromatolites cannot be fully applied in the ancient stromatolites. Therefore, the comparison between modern carbonate stromatolites and ancient stromatolites provides a rich way to further understand the construction of Cambrian stromatolites and microbial carbonate factory. 相似文献
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Processes of carbonate precipitation in modern microbial mats 总被引：20，自引：0，他引：20
Christophe Dupraz R. Pamela Reid Olivier Braissant Alan W. Decho R. Sean Norman Pieter T. Visscher 《Earth》2009,96(3):141-162
Microbial mats are ecosystems that arguably greatly affected the conditions of the biosphere on Earth through geological time. These laminated organosedimentary systems, which date back to > 3.4 Ga bp, are characterized by high metabolic rates, and coupled to this, rapid cycling of major elements on very small (mm-µm) scales. The activity of the mat communities has changed Earth's redox conditions (i.e. oxidation state) through oxygen and hydrogen production. Interpretation of fossil microbial mats and their potential role in alteration of the Earth's geochemical environment is challenging because these mats are generally not well preserved.Preservation of microbial mats in the fossil record can be enhanced through carbonate precipitation, resulting in the formation of lithified mats, or microbialites. Several types of microbially-mediated mineralization can be distinguished, including biologically-induced and biologically influenced mineralization. Biologically-induced mineralization results from the interaction between biological activity and the environment. Biologically-influenced mineralization is defined as passive mineralization of organic matter (biogenic or abiogenic in origin), whose properties influence crystal morphology and composition. We propose to use the term organomineralization sensu lato as an umbrella term encompassing biologically influenced and biologically induced mineralization. Key components of organomineralization sensu lato are the “alkalinity” engine (microbial metabolism and environmental conditions impacting the calcium carbonate saturation index) and an organic matrix comprised of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which may provide a template for carbonate nucleation. Here we review the specific role of microbes and the EPS matrix in various mineralization processes and discuss examples of modern aquatic (freshwater, marine and hypersaline) and terrestrial microbialites. 相似文献
15.
Based on the comparison of conditions of organic matter (OM) accumulation in modern carbonate sediments in Paleozoic shallow-water carbonate sediments, it is shown that drastic disproportion in the degree of preservation of the primary dispersed OM (DOM) in the clayey and “pure” varieties of carbonate rocks is not caused by its loss due to the diagenetic oxidation in the shallow-water setting, its disintegration due to the vital activity of microorganisms, or due to its consumption for the reductive oxide forms of Fe. It has experimentally been proven that a great significance in oil and gas formation in carbonate rocks belongs to OM, which occurs in the carbonate component of the chloroform bitumen (CBCCR) and is not determined by the conventional analytical methods (e.g., incineration of the HCl-insoluble rock remnant). Higher concentration of hydrocarbons (HC) in CBCCR relative to CBA is confirmed by the oil-generating properties of “pure” carbonate rocks. The release and emigration of HC from carbonate rocks are promoted by their secondary transformations. 相似文献
16.
在现代和古代碳酸盐沉积物中,碳酸盐鲕粒的包壳结构类型均较多,因其常被用于恢复古海洋的化学、物理性质演化而备受关注。对碳酸盐鲕粒包壳的研究始于 1879年,此后现代和古代鲕粒包壳的原生和次生结构特征和成因均得到了详细描述和深入探讨;然而,目前仍存在对现代鲕粒包壳原生结构的部分术语定义不明确、对古代鲕粒包壳原生结构的特征识别和分类不尽准确等问题。文中归纳了现代鲕粒包壳的原生结构类型及其主要特征,指出鲕粒包壳结构组合的常见类型包括放射状、同心状、同心—放射状等,且对包壳结构组合类型的识别是鲕粒包壳结构研究的关键。古代鲕粒受成岩作用影响,包壳原生结构保存程度可能不尽相同,甚至完全被次生结构所替代,但其原生结构类型与现代鲕粒类似,以放射状和同心状结构为主,只是同心状结构中的切线状纹层难以识别。中国的古代鲕粒研究虽已取得大量成果,但在对包壳原生结构的识别和应用方面尚存在一些误区,故在借鉴现代鲕粒包壳结构研究成果的基础上,笔者以华南下奥陶统鲕粒为例,论述了对古代鲕粒包壳结构如何进行特征描述、如何识别出保存较好的原生结构及如何利用包壳结构组合类型进行鲕粒分类等问题,展示了古代鲕粒包壳原生结构研究的重要科学意义。 相似文献
17.
New interpretations of Great Salt Lake ooids and of ancient non-skeletal carbonate mineralogy 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
PHILIP A. SANDBERG 《Sedimentology》1975,22(4):497-537
Earlier interpretations of textural alteration affecting Great Salt Lake ooids have greatly influenced concepts of ooid diagenesis. Scanning electron microscope study shows, however, that the coarse radial aragonite rays are depositional, that no recrystallization of pellet cores has occurred, and that Great Salt Lake ooids have not suffered noticeable diagenesis. As suggested by Kahle (1974), radial texture in ancient calcitic ooids is probably mainly original, not diagenetic. Retention of such fine textures has been attributed to organic matter (since found to be equivalent in modern skeletal and non-skeletal grains) or to paramorphic replacement (proposed for non-skeletal grains whose original aragonite mineralogy was only inferred from modern analogs). Pleistocene ooids known to have been aragonite alter like aragonite shells to coarse neomorphic calcite, often with aragonite relics. The striking uniformity of that coarse texture in neomorphic calcite replacing known skeletal aragonites throughout the geologic record has been noted for over 100 years. In contrast, Mississippian ooids retain fine texture as do calcite layers of coexisting gastropods, but unlike the strongly altered aragonite layers of these same gastropods. Therefore, inferences of original aragonitic mineralogy of ancient non-skeletal carbonate grains (including muds) which are now calcite but retain fine texture appear unwarranted, as do assumptions of differential diagenetic behaviour of ancient aragonitic skeletal and non-skeletal grains. Accordingly, modern depositional environments of marine ooids and carbonate muds must be rejected as chemically unrepresentative of comparable ancient environments. It is inferred that ancient non-skeletal carbonates were originally predominantly or exclusively calcite because of an earlier lower oceanic Mg/Ca ratio (<2/1) which altered progressively to values favouring aragonite (modern Mg/Ca value = 5/1). Major influencing factors are: selective removal of calcium by planktonic foraminifers and coccolithophorids since Jurassic-Cretaceous time and by abundant younger, Mg-poor aragonite skeletons and an erratic trend toward decreasing dolomite formation (decreasing removal of oceanic Mg). The change to aragonite dominance over calcite for non-skeletal carbonates was probably during early to middle Cenozoic time. 相似文献
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In the Tarim Basin, dolomite, which formed during the middle Cambrian associated with evaporites, has been attributed to the sabkha-style dolomite formed during the syndepositional period. The sedimentary microfacies suggests dolomite formation in the middle Cambrian is an ancient analogue of the sabkha of Abu Dhabi. Poorly crystallised dolomite spheroids or ovoids within or on the surface of dolomite crystals are a common phenomenon that can be widely observed in different stromatolites in the upper part of the intertidal zone and strongly resemble the morphology in modern sabkha dolomite-producing microbial mats and in microbial culture experiments. These lines of evidence suggest organic substrates for dolomite nucleation. Dolomite formation in the middle Cambrian in the Tarim Basin has been considered a classic analogue for carbonate and evaporate assemblages. The extent of microbial dolomite in ancient sabkha environments is proposed as an alternative model for dolomite formation, in which the mineral properties of organic substrates play a crucial role. 相似文献
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G. GERDES K. DUNAJTSCHIK-PIEWAK H. RIEGE A. G. TAHER W. E. KRUMBEIN H.-E. REINECK† 《Sedimentology》1994,41(6):1273-1294
Non-skeletal carbonate particles in microbial mats were studied using thin sections and scanning electron microscopy. The microbial mats form biolaminated units (so-called potential stromatolites) in salterns. This study emphasizes the coexistence of different particle forms and makes a genetic connection between the heterogeneity of the organic substrate built by bacteria and diatoms and their extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Whereas allochthonous particles are scarce, Lanzarote microbial mats provide various autochthonous surfaces for the attachment of cells and EPS, including sheaths and capsules of cyanobacteria, frustules of diatoms, metabolic products such as gas bubbles, liquid globules and faecal pellets, as well as the carbonate precipitates themselves. Morphologically different carbonate precipitates are: (i) calcified organic clumps (peloids), (ii) particles composed of concentric aragonite and biofilm laminae (ooids and oncoids), (hi) isolated particles floating in gel-supported mats and coated by rims of fibrous cement (cortoids), (iv) particles bound by cryptocrystalline matrices or cement, resulting in aggregate grains and (v) lobate cement which fills out spaces and pores and fixes the particles. Peloids are suggested to represent faecal pellets although microbial systems also generate cell clumps by non-faecal processes. Ooid and oncoid constructions clearly record alternating processes of biofilm accumulation and aragonite encrustation. Further characteristic features of carbonate particles generated within a microbial mat are: (i) an irregular distribution ranging from isolated particles floating within the gel-like matrix to closely packed particles, (ii) the amalgamation of different particle types (e.g. peloids and ooids) in aggregate grains, (iii) the heterogeneous nature of nuclei comprising bacterial clumps, intraclasts, individual cells, cell colonies and bubbles, (iv) the enrichment of remains, casts and imprints of cells within precipitates and (v) deformation (e.g. truncated cortices) of particles. 相似文献