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1.
Six siliceous glass spheres, five siliceous glass-bonded agglutinates and one breccia fragment from Luna 20 LRL sample number 22003 were analyzed by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, scanning electron microprobe and energy-dispersive techniques. The data suggest that most of the glass spheres were probably derived locally by meteoritic impact processes and that most craters on their surfaces may have occurred from impacts of relatively high velocity particles in the impact-produced debris cloud while the glass sphere was at elevated temperatures. This is suggested by the nature of the craters, the partially buried fragments of plagioclase surrounded by radiating fractures and by the apparent absence of craters on the glass surfaces of the glass-bonded agglutinates. One glass sphere has a surface suggestive of a complex multiple impact origin involving liquid siliceous material and numerous siliceous spherules from 0.1 μm to 1 μm in diameter that may have formed from vaporization and condensation processes possibly in a relatively large scale meteoritic impact event.The surfaces of the siliceous glass spheres have several different types of materials. Concentration of metallic iron spherules on the surfaces of the glass spheres is generally lower than for similar Apollo 11 and 12 glass spheres. This is consistent with reduction processes being of primary importance in the formation of this metallic iron. Surface material composed only of Ca, C and O2, possibly CaCO3, is probably derived from carbonaceous chondrites. Splashes of material rich in Ca, Al, Fe, K and Cl occur. The origin of the relatively low temperature chlorine-bearing melt is unknown but it may be related to vaporization and condensation processes, possibly volcanic in nature, or possibly to partial fusion of components of carbonaceous chondrites. Siliceous surface material rich in potassium may represent either fused splash material of granitic composition or material enriched by vaporization and condensation processes.  相似文献   

2.
Large impacts are credited with the most devastating mass extinctions in Earth's history and the Cretaceous?–?Tertiary (K/T) boundary impact is the strongest and sole direct support for this view. A review of the five largest Phanerozoic mass extinctions provides no support that impacts with craters up to 180 km in diameter caused significant species extinctions. This includes the 170 km-diameter Chicxulub impact crater regarded as 0.3 million years older than the K/T mass extinction. A second, larger impact event may have been the ultimate cause of this mass extinction, as suggested by a global iridium anomaly at the K/T boundary, but no crater has been found to date. The current crater database suggests that multiple impacts, for example comet showers, were the norm, rather than the exception, during the Late Eocene, K/T transition, latest Triassic and the Devonian?–?Carboniferous transition, but did not cause significant species extinctions. Whether multiple impacts substantially contributed to greenhouse warming and associated environmental stresses is yet to be demonstrated. From the current database, it must be concluded that no known Phanerozoic impacts, including the Chicxulub impact (but excluding the K/T impact) caused mass extinctions or even significant species extinctions. The K/T mass extinction may have been caused by the coincidence of a very large impact (>?250 km) upon a highly stressed biotic environment as a result of volcanism. The consistent association of large magmatic provinces (large igneous provinces and continental flood-basalt provinces) with all but one (end-Ordovician) of the five major Phanerozoic mass extinctions suggests that volcanism played a major role. Faunal and geochemical evidence from the end-Permian, end-Devonian, end-Cretaceous and Triassic/Jurassic transition suggests that the biotic stress was due to a lethal combination of tectonically induced hydrothermal and volcanic processes, leading to eutrophication in the oceans, global warming, sea-level transgression and ocean anoxia. It must be concluded that major magmatic events and their long-term environmental consequences are major contributors, though not the sole causes of mass extinctions. Sudden mass extinctions, such as at the K/T boundary, may require the coincidence of major volcanism and a very large Impact.  相似文献   

3.
Catastrophic volcanic debris avalanches reshape volcanic edifices with up to half of pre-collapse cone volumes being removed. Deposition from this debris avalanche deposit often fills and inundates the surrounding landscape and may permanently change the distribution of drainage networks. On the weakly-incised Mt. Taranaki ring-plain, volcanic debris avalanche deposits typically form a large, wedge shape (in plan view), over all flat-lying fans. Following volcanic debris avalanches a period of intense re-sedimentation commonly begins on ring-plain areas, particularly in wet or temperate climates. This is exacerbated by large areas of denuded landscape, ongoing instability in the scarp/source region, damming of river/stream systems, and in some cases inherent instability of the volcanic debris avalanche deposits. In addition, on Mt. Taranaki, the collapse of a segment of the cone by volcanic debris avalanche often generates long periods of renewed volcanism, generating large volumes of juvenile tephra onto unstable and unvegetated slopes, or construction of new domes with associated rock falls and block-and-ash flows. The distal ring-plain impact from these post-debris avalanche conditions and processes is primarily accumulation of long run-out debris flow and hyperconcentrated flow deposits with a variety of lithologies and sedimentary character. Common to these post-debris avalanche units is evidence for high-water-content flows that are typically non-cohesive. Hence sedimentary variations in these units are high in lateral and longitudinal exposure in relation to local topography. The post-collapse deposits flank large-scale fans and hence similar lithological and chronological sequences can form on widely disparate sectors of the ring plain. These deposits on Mt. Taranaki provide a record of landscape response and ring-plain evolution in three stages that divide the currently identified Warea Formation: 1) the deposition of broad fans of material adjacent to the debris avalanche unit; 2) channel formation and erosion of Stage 1 deposits, primarily at the contact between debris avalanche deposits and the Stage 1 deposits and the refilling of these channels; and 3) the development of broad tabular sheet flows on top of the debris avalanche, leaving sediments between debris avalanche mounds. After a volcanic debris avalanche, these processes represent an ever changing and evolving hazard-scape with hazard maps needing to be regularly updated to take account of which stage the sedimentary system is in.  相似文献   

4.
Iridium enhancements are associated with the fine particle emanations from present day basaltic and acidic volcanic eruptions but are not associated with impact craters, with one possible exception of Precambrian age. Microscopic dynamic deformation features are associated with structures originating from a meteorite impact, volcanic and internal explosion event(s), and high tectonic strain-rate(s). The Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) distributions of inidium and shocked minerals extend over a stratigraphic interval of a few hundred thousand years, in agreement with the known record of intense volcanism at K/T time but not in accord with the signature expected from a single meteorite impact. The recently studied K/T sections in Haiti add further information on the associations of shocked minerals and iridium enhancements.  相似文献   

5.
Despite uncertainties in our understanding of early Earth volcanism and atmospheric composition, thermodynamic modelling is able to offer estimates of the global production of reactive trace species (NO, OH, SO3, Cl, Br and I) from early Earth volcanism, and thereby to shed light on processes which may have been different in Earth’s early atmosphere. Model results show that thermal decomposition of magmatic H2O, CO2 and SO2 in high-T mixtures of magmatic and atmospheric gases (at T > 1400 °C) generate high levels of reactive trace gas species. Production of these reactive trace species is insensitive to atmospheric CO2 in mixtures where the atmospheric gas is the minor component and will hence continue during periods of low atmospheric CO2. Fluxes of NO, OH, Cl, Br and I from early Earth volcanism are predicted to exceed those from modern Earth volcanism as the higher temperature of early Earth emissions compensates for lower levels of O2 in the atmosphere, compared to the modern Earth. Under certain conditions, the volcanic NO flux from early Earth volcanism is found to be comparable to other sources of reactive N such as lightning NO and photochemical HCN. This is one possible source of fixed nitrogen which may alleviate any postulated Archean nitrogen crisis. Our thermodynamic model reveals that production of SO3 (a potential precursor for near-source volcanic sulphate and hence ‘primary’ volcanic aerosol) is likely to be significantly lower from early Earth volcanism. Uncertainty in the pathway to near-source sulphate in modern volcanism (i.e., the reaction of SO3 with water or direct emission) introduces a large uncertainty into the production rate of near-source volcanic sulphate on the early Earth.  相似文献   

6.
黄土高原南缘午城黄土底部火山碎屑的来源和成因   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
一种与多类撞击记录共存的灰黑色碎屑，发现于黄土高原南缘段家坡黄土地层剖面午城黄土底部Ｇａ／Ｍ边界（２．４８ＭａＢ．Ｐ．）附近，通过对此碎屑的矿物学和地球化学特征研究，表明它们最初是源自青藏高原北部及其邻近地区碱性玄武质火山喷发的碎屑物，后来又在表生条件下与黄土层一起经历了包括水解、成土化和氧化等作用在内的风化改造。此外，本文更为强调的是，在火山碎屑形成过程中存在具有富Ｎｉ和Ｃｅ，高Ｓｍ／Ｎｄ比以及低Ｅｕ／Ｓｍ比等特点的地外物质的参与，据以论证这种火山活动确系Ｎ／Ｑ界面撞击事件引发。在黄土地层中，深入研究各种类型的火山碎屑，无疑对全面探讨第四纪环境变迁有着十分重要的意义。关键词午城黄土底部松山－高斯边界火山碎屑风化作用地外物质新近的研究表明，第四纪气候和环境变迁往往与起因于撞击和火山事件的大量尘埃物质有关［１］，而地外物体的撞击又常能引发火山活动［２、３］，因此第四纪沉积物中的火山喷发空落堆积物研究，无疑应该引起更大的关注。火山学发展至今，对各种火山碎屑物质，已有十分详尽的研究［４、５］。从国内第四纪火山碎屑的研究现状来看，虽然丁国瑜等早在１９６４年就曾在河北平原及太行山东麓的黄土地层中，首次发现了火山碎屑堆。  相似文献   

7.
福建永安吉山剖面的再研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
<正> 1943年陈恺在福建进行地质调查时,将不整合于火山岩之上,赤石群之下的一套河湖相砂页岩统称为坂头系,后人改称为坂头组。标准剖面位于永安市西北约10km之坂头村。1945年斯行健研究了其中所含植物化石,有Ruffordia goepperti,Onychio-psis?sp.,Cladophlebis cf.dunkeri,Sagenopteris yunganensis,S.? dictyozamoides,  相似文献   

8.
马昌前  邹博文  黄贵治 《地球科学》2022,47(11):4114-4121
火山是地球内部与表层系统连接的纽带,是地球充满生机活力的体现.减轻大型火山喷发对全球气候和环境的影响是地球科学的重大研究主题.提出探索岩浆储库的累积组装和演变规律,研究火山喷发的触发机制,聚焦地球内、外层圈的相互作用,认识火山活动与全球气候和表层环境变化的互馈关系,构建火山地球工程的理论体系和技术框架,是减轻火山灾害对全人类不利影响的关键.其中,基于岩浆动力学和火山学的岩浆通道系统研究,将会为火山活动的预测和监测提供新的理论依据.火山活动的影响是全球性的.所以,我们要抢占先机,在深化火山喷发机制理论研究和构建减轻火山灾害影响的工程技术体系等方面有所作为.   相似文献   

9.
Limestone breccia deposits in southern Mexico, Guatemala and Belize have recently been interpreted as proximal to distal ballistic fallout deposits, generated by a bolide impact that struck Yucatan at K/T boundary time. We review the age, lithology and the depositional environment of five K/T boundary sections in the South Petén area of Guatemala (Caribe, Aserradero, Chisec, Actela, Chemal) in order to evaluate the nature and origin of K/T limestone breccia deposition. The sections are located 500?km south of the proposed impact site at Chicxulub and trend in an east–west direction from the Guatemala/Mexico border to southern Belize. In four of the five sections examined, a breccia unit up to 50?m thick overlies reef-bearing shallow-water limestones of late Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian) age. Rhythmically bedded limestones, marls and siltstones of early Danian age overlie the breccia and were deposited under middle-to outer-neritic conditions. The breccia consists of differently coloured layers of shallow-water limestones. Clast size generally decreases upsection to thin layers of predominantly rounded clasts, and these fine-grained rudstones grade into grainstones at the top. In at least one section (EI Caribe) diagenetically altered glass spherules are present in the uppermost layers of the grainstone. These glass spherules are of stratigraphic position and chemical composition similar to black and yellow glass from Beloc, Haiti and Mimbral, Mexico, which some workers have chemically linked to melt glass within the breccia of the Chicxulub cores. We suggest that breccia deposition in Guatemala may have been multi-event, over an extended time period, and related to the collision of the Yucatan and Chortis plates as well as related to a major impact or volcanic event at the end of the Cretaceous.  相似文献   

10.
The unusual development of three volcanic chains, all parallel to the trend of the subduction trench, is observed in Kamchatka at the northern edge of the Kurile arc. Elsewhere on the Earth volcanic arcs dominantly consist of only two such chains. In the Kurile arc, magmatism in the third volcanic chain, which is farthest from the trench, is also unusual in that lavas show concentrations of incompatible elements intermediate between those of the two trenchward chains. This observation can be explained by relatively shallow segregation of primary magmas and high degrees of partial melting of magmas in the third chain, compared to the conditions of magma separation expected from a simple application of the general acrossarc variation. Initial magmas in such an atypical third chain may be produced by melting of K-amphibolebearing peridotite in the down-dragged layer at the base of the mantle wedge under anomalously hightemperature conditions. Such an unusual melting event may be associated with the particular tectonic setting of the Kamchatka region, i.e. the presence of subductiontransform boundary. Such a mechanism is consistent with the across-arc variation in Rb/K ratios in the Kamchatka lavas: lowest in the third chain rocks and highest in the second chain rocks.  相似文献   

11.
在西湖凹陷花港组低渗储层背景下,优质储层的发育伴随绿泥石和硅质胶结的同时富集,这与绿泥石抑制硅质胶结的观点存在矛盾.综合利用X衍射、铸体薄片、包裹体测试和扫描电镜及能谱分析等资料,以绿泥石分类及其成因分析为基础,通过对比不同粒度储层绿泥石和硅质胶结分布规律,结合地层条件和储层质量演化,分析绿泥石对硅质胶结的影响.研究结果表明:绿泥石发育孔隙衬里和孔隙充填两种产状,孔隙衬里绿泥石由早期黏土薄膜重结晶或直接由孔隙流体结晶而成,孔隙充填绿泥石受控于火山碎屑和长石溶蚀;绿泥石和硅质胶结均在物性较好的粗粒储层中富集;浅埋低地温阶段,孔隙衬里绿泥石有效抑制硅质胶结,仅在绿泥石不连续或颗粒破裂处发育孤立柱状石英晶体,深埋高地温阶段,难以有效抑制硅质胶结,多发育石英加大边;粗粒储层比细粒和砂质砾岩及泥砾岩储层孔隙发育,为石英加大边提供必要的生长空间,导致绿泥石相对含量更高的粗粒储层中硅质胶结也更发育.   相似文献   

12.
A review of the scenarios for the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary event is presented and a coherent hypothesis for the origin of the event is formulated. Many scientists now accept that the event was caused by a meteorite impact at Chicxulub in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Our investigations show that the oceans were already stressed by the end of the Late Cretaceous as a result of the long-term drop in atmospheric CO2, the long-term drop in sea level and the frequent development of oceanic anoxia. Extinction of some marine species was already occurring several million years prior to the K/T boundary. The biota were therefore susceptible to change. The eruption of the Deccan Traps, which began at 66.2 Ma, coincides with the K/T boundary events. It erupted huge quantities of H2SO4, HCl, CO2, dust and soot into the atmosphere and led to a significant drop in sea level and marked changes in ocean temperature. The result was a major reduction in oceanic productivity and the creation of an almost dead ocean. The volcanism lasted almost 0.7 m.y.. Extinction of biological species was graded and appeared to correlate with the main eruptive events. Elements such as Ir were incorporated into the volcanic ash, possibly on soot particles. This horizon accumulated under anoxic conditions in local depressions and became the marker horizon for the K/T boundary. An oxidation front penetrated this horizon leading to the redistribution of elements. The eruption of the Deccan Traps is the largest volcanic event since the Permian-Triassic event at 245 Ma. It followed a period of 36 m.y. in which the earth’s magnetic field failed to reverse. Instabilities in the mantle are thought to be responsible for this eruption and therefore for the K/T event. We therefore believe that the K/T event can be explained in terms of the effects of the Deccan volcanism on an already stressed biosphere. The meteorite impact at Chicxulub took place after the onset of Deccan volcanism. It probably played a regional, rather than a global, role in the K/T extinctions.  相似文献   

13.
Examination of new expanded K/T boundary sections near Beloc, Haiti, reveals deposition of a glass spherule-rich deposit (SRD) and two (PGE) anomalies (one Ir-dominated and one Pd-dominated) during the early Danian Parvularugoglobigerina eugubina Zone [Pla(l)]. The presence of the Haiti SRD within the early Danian is interpreted as being due to reworking. Ir is only slightly elevated within the SRD but forms an anomaly at the top of the SRD extending into the overlying pelagic limestones. It is unclear at present whether this Ir anomaly results from mechanical reworking of an impact at the K/T boundary, or an additional impact event in the early Danian. The second PGE anomaly upsection is dominated by Pd and Pt and is more compatible with a magmatic origin. This suggests a multi-event scenario consistent with one (and possibly two) impact(s), followed by a PGE-enriched volcanic event in the Caribbean.  相似文献   

14.
Sector or flank collapse with related debris avalanches is increasingly recognized as a relatively common volcanic behaviour, in particular, for large, hot‐spot related oceanic islands. Here, we report the case of a catastrophic collapse that occurred at Ischia volcanic island in prehistorical times and was driven by the volcano‐tectonic uplift of Mt Epomeo, the major relief of the island. The collapse left a subaerial to submarine horseshoe scar on the southern flank of the island and generated a debris avalanche incorporating thousands of giant blocks dispersed as far as 50 km from the island. During the emplacement, part of the debris avalanche evolved into a debris flow covering an area of 250–300 km2. This constitutes the first, clear evidence of a submarine debris avalanche in the Mediterranean Sea. The major collapse was followed, and probably also preceded, by recurrent, less catastrophic terrestrial and underwater failures. Two other undersea hummocky deposits are found north and west of the island and might tentatively be correlated to the major southern collapse. Such volcanic behaviour, previously unknown for Ischia Volcano, has likely triggered tsunami waves over the entire Bay of Naples raising the question of their impact on prehistorical/historical communities.  相似文献   

15.
万斌  关成国  周传明  孟凡巍  庞科  唐卿  饶馨 《岩石学报》2013,29(12):4373-4386
我国华南扬子地台不同地区（湖北宜昌、安徽休宁）埃迪卡拉系底部的盖帽碳酸盐岩中均保存有浅色粘土岩层。岩石薄片和扫描电镜观察,以及X射线衍射分析表明,这些粘土岩层以伊利石和伊/蒙混层矿物为主,同时含有港湾状熔蚀石英、高温透长石及岩浆锆石等斑晶矿物。X荧光光谱仪和ICP-MS等离子质谱仪等地球化学元素分析表明,这些粘土岩层具有相似的元素组成和配分模式,以高K2O、低TiO2,富含Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Th、Y等亲石元素为特征,Al2O3/TiO2、Zr/Hf 和Ti/Th 值均指示了酸性火山灰的性质,同时稀土元素配分模式与花岗岩较为相似。岩石学和地球化学特征表明,这些浅色粘土岩层是火山喷发事件形成的钾质斑脱岩。通过两处剖面的对比,可以将安徽休宁地区的钾质斑脱岩年龄限制在大约635Ma左右。岩浆判别图指示了这些钾质斑脱岩的原始岩浆为高钾亚碱性流纹英安岩;依据微量元素特征和构造环境判别图,初步认为原始岩浆形成于大陆弧环境。这些钾质斑脱岩在区域上的分布,表明我国扬子地台埃迪卡拉纪早期发生了广泛的火山活动,“雪球地球”事件的结束可能是导致这期以钾质斑脱岩为代表的火山喷发事件的诱因。  相似文献   

16.
黑龙江省先锋北山金矿床地处完达山造山带西南段,矿体主要赋存在流纹岩、岩屑晶屑凝灰岩和流纹质角砾岩中。文章系统研究了与成矿密切相关的火山岩的地球化学特征,同时,对其进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年。与成矿相关的火山岩(流纹岩、岩屑晶屑凝灰岩、流纹质角砾岩)表现出高硅、富碱,贫铝、镁、钙的特征,属碱性系列岩石;具有弱的Eu负异常;富集大离子亲石元素K、Rb、Th等;亏损高场强元素Ta、Nb、P、Ti等。同时,Ba、Sr、Eu等元素亦表现为亏损,具有典型的同碰撞环境的地球化学特征。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年显示,流纹岩、流纹质角砾岩和石英闪长玢岩的206Pb/238U谐和年龄分别为(116.98±0.47)Ma、(116.98±0.42)Ma和(108.48±0.99)Ma。结合矿区侵入接触关系,限定先锋北山金矿床的形成时间介于(116.98±0.47)Ma~(108.48±0.99)Ma,即早白垩世晚期。该矿床的形成与太平洋板块的俯冲和佳木斯与完达山地块的拼合有着密切的关系,系古太平洋板块构造体制由挤压变为伸展背景下的产物。  相似文献   

17.
An experimental study of bromine behaviour in water-saturated silicic melts   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
To assess the effect of the melt composition on bromine concentrations in magmas, we have investigated bromide solubility for water-saturated, iron-free silicic melts with variable Na+K/Al and Si/Al molar ratios (albite, haplogranite, rhyolite, and pantellerite). The experiments were performed in rapid quench cold-seal autoclaves over a range of pressure (1, 1.5, and 2 kbar) and temperature (900, 1000, and 1080 °C) with run durations from 5 to 7 days. A series of natural volcanic glasses and melt inclusions hosted in magmatic minerals were analysed together with the synthetic glasses by PIXE (proton-induced X-ray emission). The Br concentrations range from 5360 to 7850 ppm for albite, from 2800 to 3900 ppm for haplogranite, from 4300 to 5900 ppm for rhyolite, and from 9745 to 11,250 ppm for pantellerite. Br concentrations are negatively correlated with pressure in H2O-saturated silicic melts and vary with (Na+K)/Al molar ratio with a minimum value at the ratio close to unity. Br behaves similarly to chlorine for all of these melt compositions. The bromide solubility is similar in albitic and rhyolitic melts, which implies that Df/m is nearly the same for both compositions and is applicable for natural rhyolites as suggested in our previous study (Bureau et al., 2000). This means that the volcanic Br contribution to the atmosphere may be significant. In natural obsidian samples and MI hosted in quartz, olivine, and leucite, the Br concentration varies from < 3 to 28 ppm, with the highest concentrations in pantelleritic melts. We attribute the low Br concentrations of natural melts to a low initial abundance of this halogen in the Earth mantle. However, because Br behaves as an incompatible element before water exsolution, our results imply that magmas could contain much more dissolved Br before eruption and water degassing than the few ppm usually measured in volcanic rocks. Br behaviour during magma crystallisation is controlled by its partitioning into the H2O-rich fluid phase when this occurs. In addition, its potential high solubility in silicate melts makes it a very sensitive chemical tracer of magma contamination by seawater and Br-rich material. This infers that the investigation of Br behaviour in subduction-zone samples may help for a better understanding of volatiles cycling between the Earth reservoirs.  相似文献   

18.
We analyze mass-flow tsunami generation for selected areas within the Aleutian arc of Alaska using results from numerical simulation of hypothetical but plausible mass-flow sources such as submarine landslides and volcanic debris avalanches. The Aleutian arc consists of a chain of volcanic mountains, volcanic islands, and submarine canyons, surrounded by a low-relief continental shelf above about 1000–2000 m water depth. Parts of the arc are fragmented into a series of fault-bounded blocks, tens to hundreds of kilometers in length, and separated from one another by distinctive fault-controlled canyons that are roughly normal to the arc axis. The canyons are natural regions for the accumulation and conveyance of sediment derived from glacial and volcanic processes. The volcanic islands in the region include a number of historically active volcanoes and some possess geological evidence for large-scale sector collapse into the sea. Large scale mass-flow deposits have not been mapped on the seafloor south of the Aleutian Islands, in part because most of the area has never been examined at the resolution required to identify such features, and in part because of the complex nature of erosional and depositional processes. Extensive submarine landslide deposits and debris flows are known on the north side of the arc and are common in similar settings elsewhere and thus they likely exist on the trench slope south of the Aleutian Islands. Because the Aleutian arc is surrounded by deep, open ocean, mass flows of unconsolidated debris that originate either as submarine landslides or as volcanic debris avalanches entering the sea may be potential tsunami sources.To test this hypothesis we present a series of numerical simulations of submarine mass-flow initiated tsunamis from eight different source areas. We consider four submarine mass flows originating in submarine canyons and four flows that evolve from submarine landslides on the trench slope. The flows have lengths that range from 40 to 80 km, maximum thicknesses of 400–800 m, and maximum widths of 10–40 km. We also evaluate tsunami generation by volcanic debris avalanches associated with flank collapse, at four locations (Makushin, Cleveland, Seguam and Yunaska SW volcanoes), which represent large to moderate sized events in this region. We calculate tsunami sources using the numerical model TOPICS and simulate wave propagation across the Pacific using a spherical Boussinesq model, which is a modified version of the public domain code FUNWAVE. Our numerical simulations indicate that geologically plausible mass flows originating in the North Pacific near the Aleutian Islands can indeed generate large local tsunamis as well as large transoceanic tsunamis. These waves may be several meters in elevation at distal locations, such as Japan, Hawaii, and along the North and South American coastlines where they would constitute significant hazards.  相似文献   

19.
The Meishan section of China has been confirmed as the ＂Global Stratotype Section and Point＂ of the P/T boundary. In the section, the authors found several types of iron grains, including pyrite, pure iron grains and goethite. From the research of macro minerals, it is easy to find that the grains rich in iron appear from the bottom of the event layer of the section. In other words, it is probably residue of the geochemical catastrophe of that time. Therefore, it is important to trace the source of these iron grains and their relationships, which probably provides evidence for volcanic eruption or impact-volcanoes and has directive significance to the crisis during the P/T transitional period. Through the study of the characterization and relationships of these iron grains, the authors make a preliminary discussion on the P/T mass extinction.  相似文献   

20.
本文对广泛发育于中国南方,连续的二叠-三叠系海相界线及其附近粘土层(蒙脱石—伊利石粘土岩)进行了稀土元素地豫化学的研究。查明了REE分布特征;REE沿粘土层垂向上的变化,比较了界线粘土与非界线粘土在REE分布上的差异。讨论了界线粘土的成因,根据稀土模式所作的综合分析,提出了由中酸性山火山岩和代表冲击溅射产物的上部地壳物质组合的混合新模式。  相似文献   

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