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针对已有50余年污水灌溉历史的沈抚污灌区石油污染结冻土壤中微生物种群及石油优势降解菌株进行了分离、筛选及初步鉴定。结果表明:石油污染土壤中的细菌总数是未污染土壤的100倍左右,其真菌和放线菌数量也明显超过未污染土壤。通过筛选,共得到17株石油烃优势降解细菌和11株真菌,其中,降解性能较强的细菌为12号,石油烃降解率为30.54%,初步鉴定为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus);降解性能较强的真菌为22号真菌,石油烃降解率为34.21%,初步鉴定为常现青霉(Penicil-liam freguentans Westling)。 相似文献
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论中国城市生态健康与环境污染修复 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
从大气污染、水体污染、固体废弃物污染、噪声污染和土壤污染体等方面,对中国城市生态健康面I临的问题和环境污染现状进行了分析研究。结果表明,城市环境污染形势依然严峻,城市生态健康受到严重威胁,日益成为制约城市健康发展的主要因素。在此基础上,提出了中国城市环境污染修复的建议,认为保持生态健康,城市环境污染的物理和化学修复措施结合生物修复,是构成生态修复的重要要素。在实际修复过程中,把物理修复、化学修复和生物修复更好地结合起来,才能形成有效的生态修复技术。应该进一步增强城市生态健康意识,复合的城市生态系统还需用系统、生态的方法对城市环境污染进行修复,以实现可持续发展和构建和谐社会。 相似文献
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在河南省某高校校区内的规模绿地上采集21个土壤样品,在郊区农田采集2个对照样品。按照国家标准方法,测定了土壤Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb和Cr的含量。结果发现:校园土壤中Ni、Zn和Cr发生了不同程度的富积;土壤重金属含量空间变异明显;校园土壤普遍发生了Zn污染,平均污染分指数达2.48,中度和重度污染样点占总样点的57.14%;绝大部分样点的综合污染指数均大于1,其中轻度污染样点13个,中度污染样点5个,重度污染样点2个。根据校园土壤的实际,应从严格控制污染物排放、翻土和客土改良、增施有机肥料、植物修复等方面防治校园土壤重金属污染。 相似文献
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基于盘锦湿地生态系统野外观测站芦苇群落生长季6～9月的定位观测资料,分析了芦苇湿地土壤微生物季节动态及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明:盘锦芦苇湿地的土壤细菌、放线菌、真菌以及微生物的总数在生长季节呈现出先减少、后增加的变化趋势。湿地的土壤细菌、放线菌以及微生物的总数在8月达到最小,而真菌数量在7月达到最小。湿地土壤中,细菌数量最大,其次是放线菌,最少的是真菌。对细菌、放线菌、真菌以及微生物总数与环境因子的相关分析表明,细菌、放线菌与微生物总数主要受水分影响,而真菌则受水分与气温的协同作用影响 相似文献
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在沈阳市选取7个主要公园,于2017年3月采集土壤样品,采用高效液相色谱法对15种美国环保署优控多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,PAHs)的浓度进行分析。结果表明:2017年沈阳市各公园PAHs的污染特征不同,主要污染成分差别明显,其中万泉公园土壤污染水平最高,土样中PAHs浓度远高于其他采样点。由纵向分析发现,沈阳市各公园PAHs浓度随着土壤深度增加呈下降的趋势。由沈阳市各公园土壤样品中PAHs不同环数所占百分比可知,中、高环数污染物组分含量普遍较高而低环数污染物组分含量均较少,表征各公园土壤污染源主要为燃料燃烧。通过比值法进一步分析可知,沈阳市各公园土壤中PAHs来源主要为燃料的高温燃烧,燃烧源主要为煤、石油类、生物质燃烧的混合源。 相似文献
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土壤水分是植物耗水的直接与主要来源.土壤水分含量的变化对土壤中养分的分解和转移、土壤微生物的活动、土壤生产力以及植物的生理活动有很大影响. 相似文献
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影响农田氧化亚氮排放过程的土壤因素 总被引：23，自引：1，他引：22
土壤理化特性是影响农田氧化亚氮(N2O)产生和排放的重要因素.作者主要讨论了土壤微生物、土壤质地、土壤中化学物质、土壤温度和土壤pH值等对农田N2O的影响.继续深入研究这些因素对农田N2O排放的综合影响和机理以及与其排放量之间的数量关系应是未来的研究重点.为准确估计区域乃至全球范围的农田N2O排放总量,对农田N2O排放模型中关键土壤参数的确定尤为重要. 相似文献
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全球气候变化引起的中高纬度地区积雪覆盖和降雪格局变化,造成该区域土壤冻融交替强度和频次变化,是土壤氮循环的重要影响因素。冻融温差和冻融循环次数影响微生物数量和群落的变化,进而影响土壤氮素生物地球化学循环。以大伙房水库实验林场小流域的河岸缓冲带生态系统为研究对象,通过分析冻融交替对河岸缓冲带土壤无机氮和土壤微生物量氮的影响,阐明冻融交替对土壤无机氮含量变化的影响机制,为评估小流域氮素流失风险提供依据。结果表明：随着冻融循环次数的增加,土壤无机氮含量呈增加趋势;不同温差的冻融循环处理对土壤无机氮影响不同,冻融条件为-5/+5℃和-20/+5℃时土壤无机氮含量在冻融循环10次之后分别为34.9±0.9 mg/kg和37.2±0.8 mg/kg,是处理前的1.21和1.41倍;冻融温差和冻融循环次数对土壤NH4+–N含量有极显著影响(P<0.01),土壤冻融10次后土壤NH4+–N含量是对照处理的4-10倍;冻融循环次数对土壤NO3－–N含量有显著影响(P<0.05),冻融温差对NO3－–N含量无显著影响(P>0.05);土壤微生物量氮含量对冻融循环的响应显著(P<0.01)。可见,冻融交替显著增加了土壤无机氮含量,由于早春季节植被对无机氮吸收较少,可能增大土壤氮素随冰雪融化的淋溶流失风险。 相似文献
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S. YONEMURA M. YOKOZAWA S. KAWASHIMA H. TSURUTA 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》2000,52(3):919-933
CO and H2 uptake by soil was studied as a diffusion process. A diffusion model was used to determine how the surface fluxes (net deposition velocities) were controlled by in‐situ microbial uptake rates and soil gas diffusivity calculated from the 3‐phase system (solid, liquid, gas) in the soil. Analytical solutions of the diffusion model assuming vertical uniformity of soil properties showed that physical properties such as air‐filled porosity and soil gas diffusivity were more important in the uptake process than in the emission process. To incorporate the distribution of in‐situ microbial uptake, we used a 2‐layer model incorporating "a microbiologically inactive layer and an active layer" as suggested from experimental results. By numerical simulation using the 2‐layer model, we estimated the effect of several factors on deposition velocities. The variations in soil gas diffusivity due to physical properties, i.e., soil moisture and air‐filled porosity, as well as to the depth of the inactive layer and in‐situ microbial uptake, were found to be important in controlling deposition velocities. This result shows that the diffusion process in soil is critically important for CO and H2 uptake by soil, at least in soils with higher in‐situ uptake rates and/or with large variation in soil moisture. Similar uptake rates and the difference in deposition velocity between CO and H2 may be attributable to differences in CO and H2 molecular diffusivity. The inactive layer is resistant to diffusion and creates uptake limits in CO and H2 by soil. The coupling of high temperature and a thick inactive layer, common in arid soils, markedly lowers net CO deposition velocity. The temperature for maximum uptake of CO changes with depth of the inactive layer. 相似文献
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Snow amount is expected to decline in the Northern hemisphere as an effect of climate warming. However, snow amount in alpine regions will probably undergo stronger interannual fluctuations than elsewhere. We set up a short-term (1?year) experiment in which we manipulated snow cover in an alpine bog, with the following protocol: snow removal at the end of winter; snow removal in spring; snow addition in spring; removal of all aboveground plant tissues with no snow manipulation; no manipulation at all. We measured, at different dates from late spring to early autumn: ecosystem respiration (ER), and concentrations of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the soil and in microbes. We hypothesized that longer duration of snow cover will lead to: i) higher ER rates associated with increased microbial biomass; and ii) decreased soil nutrient availability. Contrary to our first hypothesis, ER and microbial C content were unaffected by the snow cover manipulations, probably because ER was decoupled from microbial biomass especially in summer, when CO2 efflux was dominated by autotrophic respiration. Our second hypothesis also was partially contradicted because nutrient content in the soil and in plants did not vary in relation to snow cover. However, we observed unexpected effects of snow cover manipulations on the N : P ratio in the microbial biomass, which declined after increasing snow cover. This probably depended on stimulation of microbial activity, which enhanced absorption of P, rather than N, by microbes. This may eventually reduce P availability for plant uptake. 相似文献
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冻融作用对大兴安岭多年冻土区泥炭地土壤有机碳矿化的影响研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
冻融循环是影响土壤碳氮生物地球化学过程较为重要的因素。在全球变化背景下,冻融作用对冻土区土壤碳库稳定性及其关键生物地球化学过程影响研究是当前国际热点,尤其是冻融作用影响下多年冻土区泥炭地土壤有机碳矿化研究目前仍未明确。选取我国大兴安岭多年冻土区泥炭地表层（0~15 cm）和深层（15~30 cm）土壤,采用冻融试验及室内培养方法,探索分析了冻融作用影响下泥炭地土壤有机碳矿化特征,并从土壤活性碳和土壤酶活性角度阐述了影响机制。结果表明在短期的培养中,土壤有机碳矿化量在483~2836 mg/kg间波动,而冻融循环均显著降低了表层和深层土壤有机碳矿化量,并且对深层土壤有机碳的矿化抑制作用更为明显,高达76%。值得注意的是,冻融循环却明显促进了CH4的排放,尤其是表层土壤,高达145%。冻融循环作用也显著增加了土壤可溶性有机碳（DOC）含量,但却降低了土壤微生物量碳（MBC）以及土壤纤维素酶、淀粉酶和蔗糖酶活性。冻融作用下低的土壤酶活性以及相对低质量碳是抑制土壤有机碳矿化的原因。全球变暖背景下,与单纯温度增加所导致的土壤有机碳矿化释放量相比,冻融循环作用能降低大兴安岭泥炭地活动层中土壤有机碳在短期内碳的释放。 相似文献
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土壤呼吸是陆地植被吸收的CO2返回大气的基本途径,土壤呼吸速度轻微变化也会引起大气中CO2浓度的明显改变,进而影响气候变化。陆面过程模式中更好地描述土壤呼吸过程对于预测未来气候变化是至关重要的。对于土壤呼吸的模拟研究,介绍了经验模型和以过程为基础的机理模型,以及国内外陆面过程模式中土壤呼吸的研究情况,并讨论了土壤呼吸模式中需要改进的问题。
相似文献
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Luwen WANG Jiwen GE Liang FENG Yaoyao LIU Yu LI Jiumei WANG Xiang XIAO Zhiqi ZHANG 《大气科学进展》2022,39(8):1375-1385
Wetland ecosystems are the most important natural methane (CH4) sources, whose fluxes periodically fluctuate. Methanogens (methane producers) and methanotrophs (methane consumers) are considered key factors affecting CH4 fluxes in wetlands. However, the symbiotic relationship between methanogens and methanotrophs remains unclear. To help close this research gap, we collected and analyzed samples from four soil depths in the Dajiuhu subalpine peatland in January, April, July, and October 2019 and acquired seasonal methane flux data from an eddy covariance (EC) system, and investigated relationships. A phylogenetic molecular ecological networks (pMENs) analysis was used to identify keystone species and the seasonal variations of the co-occurrence patterns of methanogenic and methanotrophic communities. The results indicate that the seasonal variations of the interactions between methanogenic and methanotrophic communities contributed to CH4 emissions in wetlands. The keystone species discerned by the network analysis also showed their importance in mediating CH4 fluxes. Methane (CH4) emissions in wetlands were lowest in spring; during this period, the most complex interactions between microbes were observed, with intense competition among methanogens while methanotrophs demonstrated better cooperation. Reverse patterns manifested themselves in summer when the highest CH4 flux was observed. Methanoregula formicica was negatively correlated with CH4 fluxes and occupied the largest ecological niches in the spring network. In contrast, both Methanocella arvoryzae and Methylocystaceae demonstrated positive correlations with CH4 fluxes and were better adapted to the microbial community in the summer. In addition, soil temperature and nitrogen were regarded as significant environmental factors to CH4 fluxes. This study was successful in explaining the seasonal patterns and microbial driving mechanisms of CH4 emissions in wetlands. 相似文献
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厌氧条件下土壤反硝化气体(N2、N2O、NO)和CO2排放——氦环境培养—气体同步直接测定法的应用初探 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
反硝化过程是维系闭合氮循环所必需的氮素形态转化环节。土壤反硝化过程速率及产物比的直接测定是研究氮循环过程机理的基础,但却是一个难题。为解决此难题,德国卡尔斯鲁厄技术研究所与中国科学院大气物理研究所最近合作新建了一套通过氦环境培养-气体同步直接测定土壤反硝化气体--氮气（N2）、氧化亚氮（N2O）、一氧化氮（NO）和二氧化碳（CO2）排放的系统和与之配套的三阶段培养方法。为检验该新建系统和配套方法测定土壤反硝化过程的准确性和可靠性,以华北地区广泛分布的盐碱地农田土壤（采自山西运城）为研究对象开展实验室培养试验,在初始可溶性有机碳（DOC）供应比较充足约300 mgC kg–1干土（d.s.）的条件下,测试了不同初始土壤硝态氮含量水平（10、100 mgN kg–1d.s.左右,分别表示为10N和100N）的反硝化气体和CO2排放过程。结果显示：100N的反硝化速率（定义为N2、N2O 和NO 排放速率之和）显著高于10N 处理（统计检验显著水平p＜0.01）;两个处理的反硝化产物均以N2为主（质量比分别占77%和75%）,产物的NO/N2O摩尔比分别为1.2和1.5,N2O/N2摩尔比均为0.19;土壤反硝化气体动态排放速率及相关指标的测定结果表明,培养土壤中消失的硝态氮被回收81%～87%,培养前后的氮平衡率达92%～95%。因此,该新建方法测定土壤反硝化速率和产物比的结果具有很好的可靠性,为定量研究土壤反硝化过程提供了有效的直接测定手段。研究中检测到的土壤反硝化产物NO/N2O摩尔比大于1,不同于以往用液体培养基纯培养反硝化细菌得出的NO/N2O摩尔比远小于1的结论。这意味着,不能用NO/N2O摩尔比小于1与否来推断土壤排放的N2O和NO是主要来源于反硝化作用还是硝化作用。 相似文献