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微曝气生态浮床净化入湖河口污染河水原位模型实验 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
针对污染河水黑臭缺氧、NH_4~+-N含量高等问题,研发了一种"漂浮载体悬挂弹性生物膜填料+水生植物并辅以人工微曝气系统"的微曝气生态浮床系统.通过原位模型实验,研究了其在大清河入湖河口对污染河水的净化效果,当水力负荷为1500mm/d时,对TN和NH_4~+-N的平均去除率分别为81.1%、91.3%,对TP的平均去除率为72.7%,对PO_4~(3-)-p的平均去除率为92.5%,对有机物亦有较强的去除能力;处理1m~3水需要的曝气费用约为0.007元.微曝气生态浮床系统整体运行稳定、去除效率高、能耗低,适合流水环境,可直接在污染河道和人湖河口区对污染河水进行自流净化. 相似文献
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针对人工湿地冬季净化能力不足以及不同湿地植物种植方式可能影响其净化效果的湿地构建问题,通过小试实验,研究了沙基法和浮床法种植水芹(Oenanthe javanica(Bl.)DC.)对冬季人工湿地净化富营养水体效果的影响.在整个冬季,4个实验周期中,处理期间总磷(TP)和总氮(TN)去除率表现出显著差异:对照组(CK)、沙基种植组和浮床种植组4个周期对TP的去除率平均值为20.17%±19.23%、59.60%±7.54%和45.44%±29.22%;对TN的去除率平均值依次为:29.83%±19.65%、64.89%±23.01%和60.50%±25.86%.与CK组相比,冬季种植水芹可显著提高湿地对TP和TN的去除率;与浮床种植方式相比,沙基种植方式的TP和TN去除率略有提高.而对于COD的去除率,沙基种植组周期间波动较大(-27.5%~52.92%),浮床种植组组周期间更为平稳(10.83%~40.42%),浮床种植组在全部4个周期的平均去除率(23.13%±14.41%)略高于沙基种植组(19.38%±35.38%).2种种植方式下,水芹均可安全适应冬季温带气候;与沙基种植法相比,浮床种植方式更有利于植物总生物量的增加,特别是根系生物量的增加;相对于浮床种植,传统的沙基种植法能使水芹根系在温带冬季大部分时间内保持较高的活力和泌氧能力.因此,考虑到建设成本,在浅水区域可优选传统的沙基(或底泥)种植方式;在深水区域,使用浮床种植的方式,也能保证耐寒水生植物安全度过冬季和保持较高的净化能力. 相似文献
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组合型浮床生态系统的构建及其改善湖泊水源地水质的效果 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
研究开发了一种由水生植物、水生动物及微生物膜构建的组合型浮床生态系统.在野外条件下,考察了该浮床对富营养化湖泊水在静态条件下的净化效果.结果表明,20 d内TN、TP的去除率分别为83.7%和90.7%,透明度也有大幅提高.而且,组合型浮床系统对有机物尤其是难降解有机物的去除能力较强,在25 d内,对r-BHC、HE、DDE、DDD、DDT的去除率分别为25.2%、63.8%、42.1%、71.6%和27.6%,氯苯、阿特拉津的去除率达55.9%和72.1%.水生动物的代谢活动提高了有机物的生物可降解性和氮磷的植物可利用性.该新型浮床可用于水源地水质改善、污水净化生态工程、富营养水体的生态恢复等. 相似文献
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为探究东南丘陵山区深水水库中生态浮床技术深度脱氮的效率及管理措施,以大型山谷型深水水库千岛湖为例,选取湿生植物空心菜(Ipomoea aquatica)和水生植物粉绿狐尾藻(Myriophyllum aquaticum),采用生态浮床技术,开展了原位模拟实验对比研究,探究不同营养盐浓度和光强下两种植物的生长状况与氮素去除效率。结果发现:(1)空心菜长势受营养盐和光照条件影响明显,添加氮磷后(TN=2.37 mg/L,TP=0.046 mg/L)的空心菜生物量是原位水体(TN=0.66 mg/L,TP=0.028 mg/L)的1.6倍,适当遮光有助于浮床植物生长,40%遮光条件下空心菜的生物量是不遮光条件下的1.5倍;而粉绿狐尾藻生长受营养盐和光照条件影响均较小。(2)空心菜对于水体氮素净化能力显著高于粉绿狐尾藻,在最佳条件下空心菜和粉绿狐尾藻对氮素的去除效率分别达到213.30和44.23 mg/(m2·d)。(3)空心菜去除氮主要以植物同化作用为主,占70%以上TN去除量,40%遮光环境通过明显提升空心菜同化吸收氮量和根系反硝化速率增强了氮的去除能力;粉绿狐尾藻同化吸收和反硝化脱氮作用各占50%左右,以遮光75%下脱氮效果最好。本研究表明,采用生态浮床技术能够强化深水水库的脱氮能力,空心菜更适合在氮浓度较高的水体生长,夏季为空心菜和粉绿狐尾藻浮床分别进行40%和75%的遮光处理将有更好的水质净化效果。因此,在滨岸湿地匮乏的深水水库实施多种植物搭配的生态浮床技术强化水体脱氮作用是一种行之有效的水质改善方法。 相似文献
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水生蔬菜对富营养化水体净化及资源化利用 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
通过采用水生蔬菜水芹和豆瓣菜作为生态浮床栽培材料,对其净化富营养化水体的效果及其处理后的品质等方面进行研究.结果表明,水生蔬菜不仅能在富营养化水体中正常生长,还对富营养化水体有较强净化能力,且净化能力随着处理时间的延长而提高.处理20d,水芹对富营养化水体中的TN、NH_4~+-N、TP、COD_(Mn)、Chl.a的去除率分别达到76.86%、69.39%、90.45%、95.03%和89.81%;豆瓣菜对富营养化水体中的TN、NH_4~+-N、TP、COD_(Mn)、Chl.a的去除率分别达到78.27%、67.95%、89.98%、95.38%和91.28%.水芹和豆瓣菜不仅能显著改善富营养化水体的水质,且没有产生硝酸盐及重金属富集,符合食用标准;还能产生一定的经济效益. 相似文献
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从美人蕉(Canna indica)植物体内分离内生细菌.通过测定内生细菌产吲哚乙酸(IAA)、铁载体、固氮、溶磷能力筛选出3株内生细菌C01、C16、C20.本试验的目的为评价接种内生细菌能否促进美人蕉种子萌发和幼苗生长,并通过小型浮床水质净化试验,评价接种内生细菌后的美人蕉对水体中营养物质的去除效果.结果表明:C01、C16、C20促进了美人蕉种子的萌发、生长,C16试验组萌发率为83.3%,显著高于对照组31.1%; C16显著提高了植株的株高和根长,分别比对照组高出23.33%、40.44%.水质净化实验阶段,C16试验组总磷、总氮的去除率分别达到88.4%、96.9%,分别比对照组高出26.4%、15.6%.最终,C01、C16试验组生物量、根长都显著高于对照组.C16试验组植株体内可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白显著高于对照组317.3%、97.8%.经鉴定,C01为荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens),C16为肠杆菌(Enterobacter sp.),C20为欧文氏菌(Erwinia sp.). 相似文献
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不同基质下菹草的生长及其对水体营养盐的吸收 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
设置两组实验分别研究不同基质对菹草生长繁殖的影响以及菹草对不同基质下水体营养盐的吸收净化作用.结果表明:湖泥、混合基质及黄土三种基质对菹草的生物量变化及石芽的形成有比较明显的差别,氮磷养分含量高的湖泥更有利于菹草植株的生长,其生物量增长幅度最大,混合基质次之,氮磷含量最低的黄土最差;黄土基质下菹草石芽产生的时间最早;混合基质下产生石芽数量最多.3、4月份菹草水体中不同形态的氮浓度均低于空白组,最大净化效率达74%,构成水体营养盐氮的汇;菹草对不同基质下水体中氮的净化效率表现为:湖泥混合底泥黄土;菹草对水体磷的控制吸收作用不明显,甚至有加快磷转换释放的作用;6月份处于腐败分解阶段的水草组水体营养盐浓度普遍高于对照组,构成水体营养增加的源. 相似文献
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湖泊湿地的水质净化效应——以太湖三山湿地为例 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
为了解湖泊湿地的水质净化效果,以太湖三山湿地为研究对象,综合利用遥感、GIS技术、现场水质监测、实验室分析和模型模拟等方法,分析三山湿地对污染物的拦截净化效果,进而探讨湖泊湿地对水体氮、磷污染物的削减渠道及其贡献率.结果表明三山湿地对太湖水体和三山岛生活污水均有明显净化效果.2014年三山湿地的总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)输入通量分别为549.45和19.4 t,通过水草打捞/收割分别去除20.99和4.52 t,湿地水体内TN、TP变化量分别为528.46和14.88 t,这部分营养盐输出途径包括沉积到底泥、降解转化、水体交换等.湿地的TN、TP拦截能力分别为2723.56和102.48 kg/(hm2·a).水生植物收割打捞与底泥疏浚是提高湿地水质净化能力的有效措施.水动力模拟结果显示,三山湿地建成后使附近水域水体流向发生变化,流速减小,对湿地内水质产生多方面的作用. 相似文献
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EVALUATION OF WATER AND SEDIMENT QUALITIES AT RIVER MOUTHS IN THE HAIHE RIVER SYSTEM 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
Cheng LIU Zhao-Yin WANG Yun HE Dongsheng CHENG 《国际泥沙研究》2007,22(4):318-326
Water and sediment qualities are studied by analyzing samples taking from the mouths of the Haihe, Duliujian, New Ziya and Beipai rivers in the Haihe river basin in north China in 2005 and 2001, in order to find the changes of water and sediment pollutions. The concentrations of heavy metals, arsenic, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) are analyzed and results have been compared for the two times. The in-situ measurement for Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Sediment Oxygen Demand (SOD) rates were carried at the Haihe and Duliujian river mouths in 2006. The results show that the waters of the 4 river mouths are still seriously polluted, though much improved in the case of the Haihe and Duliujian rivers. The main pollutants are TP and TN in the New Ziya and Beipai rivers and mercury (Hg) at all 4 river mouths. Compared with those in 2001, the concentrations of almost all metals and arsenic in the 4 river mouths have decreased. Water quality at Haihe and Duliujian shows an improving trend, while the water quality at Beipai is similar to that of 2001. In contrast, water at the New Ziya river mouth is more severely polluted. The sediments in the 4 river mouths are not seriously polluted by heavy metals but are polluted by nitrogen and phosphorus. Most of the pollutant contents in the sediments show little change between 2001 and 2005. The in-situ DO and SOD measurement shows that the waters at the Haihe river mouth is in the state of oxygen depletion, and SOD is important consumer of DO at the river mouths. The overall analysis shows that increasing water pollution and eutrophication in waters far from cities are ongoing causes of concern. 相似文献
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Channelization of the severely polluted Odra and Vistula Rivers in Poland induced intensive accumulation of fine‐grained deposits rich in organic matter and heavy metals. These sediments have been identified in vertical profiles in a narrow zone along river banks both in groyne‐created basins and on the floodplain. Grain size, organic matter, zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), copper (Cu) content and cesium‐137 (137Cs) was used for sediment dating and, stratigraphy and chemistry have been diagnostic features for these deposits, named industrial alluvium. In the most polluted river reaches stabilized by bank reinforcements and groynes, 2‐m‐thick slack water groyne deposits are composed of uniform strata of polluted silts with organic matter content over 10%, Zn content over 1000 mg/kg and average Cu and Pb over 100 mg/kg. The average rate of sediment accretion in groynes is higher than on the floodplain and reaches 5 cm/yr. Stratification which appears at higher levels in the groyne fields and on the levees reflects a change from in‐channel to overbank deposition and is typified by dark layers separated by bright, sandy, and less polluted strata. Stratified, 4‐m‐thick, sediment sequences have been found in groyne fields of incised river reaches. The average rate of sediment accretion in these reaches is of the order of 5 cm/yr. In stable and relatively less polluted river reaches, vertical‐accretion organic deposits are finely laminated and the average rate of deposition amounts to a few millimeters per year. Investigations indicate that groyne construction favors conditions for long‐term storage of sediments at channel banks. For this reason, groynes should be considered as structures that efficiently limit sudden release of sediment‐associated heavy metals stored in channels and in floodplains of the historically polluted rivers. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Suspended sediment adsorbs pollutants from flowing water in rivers and deposits onto the bed. However, the pollutants accumulated in the river bed sediment may affect the bio-community through food chain for a long period of time. To study the problem the concentration of heavy metals （Cr, Cd, Hg, Cu, Fe, Zn, Pb and As） in water, sediment, and fish/invertebrate were investigated in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River during 2006-2007. The concentrations of heavy metals were 100-10,000 times higher in the sediment than in the water. Benthic invertebrates had relatively high concentrations of heavy metals in their tissues due to their proximity to contaminated sediments. Benthic invertivore fish had moderately high concentrations of heavy metals whereas phytoplanktivore fish, such as the silver carp, accumulated the lowest concentration of heavy metals. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Fe were higher than Hg, Pb, Cd, Cr, and As in the tissue samples. The concentration of heavy metals was lower in the river sediments than in the lake sediments. Conversely, the concentration of heavy metals was higher in river water than in lake water. While a pollution event into a water body is often transitory, the effects of the pollutants may be long-lived due to their tendency to be absorbed in the sediments and then released into the food chain. The heavy metals were concentrated in the following order： bottom material 〉 demersal fish and benthic fauna 〉 middle-lower layer fish 〉 upper-middle layer fish 〉 water. 相似文献
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太湖宜溧河水系沉积物的重金属污染特征 总被引：83，自引：11，他引：72
用ICP方法分析了太湖宜溧河水系沉积物中主要重金属含量,以太湖宜溧河口下层沉积物作背景样品,用均根法对沉积物中重金属进行了污染综合指数计算,并根据划分的污染等级对宜溧河水系沉积物污染状况进行了分析和评价。结果表明：宜溧河及其入湖口沉积物平均呈轻污染状态,北部支流未受污染,南部支流和太湖沿岸呈轻污染,干流河段污染最为严重,呈偏中度污染水平,在个别测点综合评价已达到重度污染状态。全水系Cu,Zn,Cd和Pb的污染指数略高。其中仅有Cd含量高出我国土壤一级自然背景值,表现为Cd污染型,其原因能与该地区水泥制造业和有色金属冶炼的污染排放有关。 相似文献
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Many west coastal and northern Norwegian rivers run through deep, confined valleys with permeable layers of glacial and alluvial deposits. Groundwater flows through these permeable layers and enter lakes and rivers as underwater seepage and springs. Groundwater inflow to inland Norwegian rivers may constitute 40–100% of total water discharge during low flow periods in late summer and winter. Juvenile salmonids may take advantage of groundwater upwellings and actively seek out such patches. In regulated rivers groundwater influx may create refuges during low flow or hydropeaking episodes. The importance of groundwater for salmon redd site selection and egg survival is also clear, although less known and documented in regulated rivers.Eggs of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are deposited in redds in river bed gravels lacking fine sediments and with high oxygen levels. Egg development is therefore dependent on the interaction of a number of environmental factors such as groundwater influx, oxygen and temperature. Atlantic salmon in the regulated River Suldalslågen, Western Norway, spawn relatively late compared to other Norwegian rivers, with a peak in early January. Newly emerged fry are found from the end of May to the beginning of June, i.e. “swim up” one month earlier than expected using models for egg and alevin development and river water temperatures. The most plausible explanation is that groundwater has a higher and more stable temperature than surface river water. In field experiments, fertilized salmon eggs were placed in boxes close to natural spawning redds in the river bed at sites influenced and those not influenced by groundwater. A difference of up to 40 days in 50% hatching was found, and “swim up” occurred at the end of May in boxes influenced by groundwater.Preliminary studies have revealed that groundwater also plays an important role in survival of salmon eggs in the River Suldalslågen when dewatered in winter. Eggs placed in boxes in groundwater seepage areas during winter in the dewatered river bed survived even when covered by ice and snow. The survival from fertilization until 30 April, one month before hatching, was 91%, the same survival as found for eggs placed in boxes in the wetted river bed. However, mortality from fertilization to hatching was higher compared to the eggs placed in wetted river bed, 57 and 91% respectively.Groundwater creates a horizontal and vertical mosaic of temperatures in spawning redd areas leading to potentially greater variation in spawning sites, time of hatching and “swim up”. This is likely to increase egg survival during low flow periods in regulated rivers. In conclusion, the interaction between groundwater and surface river water should therefore be considered when managing fish populations in regulated rivers. 相似文献
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Changes in streamflow and water table elevation influence oxidation–reduction (redox) conditions near river–aquifer interfaces, with potentially important consequences for solute fluxes and biogeochemical reaction rates. Although continuous measurements of groundwater chemistry can be arduous, in situ sensors reveal chemistry dynamics across a wide range of timescales. We monitored redox potential in an aquifer adjacent to a tidal river and used spectral and wavelet analyses to link redox responses to hydrologic perturbations within the bed and banks. Storms perturb redox potential within both the bed and banks over timescales of days to weeks. Tides drive semidiurnal oscillations in redox potential within the streambed that are absent in the banks. Wavelet analysis shows that tidal redox oscillations in the bed are greatest during late summer (wavelet magnitude of 5.62 mV) when river stage fluctuations are on the order of 70 cm and microbial activity is relatively high. Tidal redox oscillations diminish during the winter (wavelet magnitude of 2.73 mV) when river stage fluctuations are smaller (on the order of 50 cm) and microbial activity is presumably low. Although traditional geochemical observations are often limited to summer baseflow conditions, in situ redox sensing provides continuous, high‐resolution chemical characterization of the subsurface, revealing transport and reaction processes across spatial and temporal scales in aquifers. 相似文献
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淤泥生态浮床的构建及其对富营养化水体净化效果 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用武汉月湖清淤底泥为主要原料,配以膨胀珍珠岩为轻质材料、灰渣胶凝材料为粘合剂制得淤泥生态浮床,并考察其对富营养化水体的改善效果.研究表明,湖泊淤泥、膨胀珍珠岩、灰渣胶凝材料掺量分别为60%、15%、25%时,浮床模块的密度、抗压强度、抗折强度、吸水率、软化系数达到797.2kg/m3、1.02MPa、0.21MPa、13.2%和85.5%,满足设计需要.在为期32d的净水试验中,淤泥生态浮床对富营养化水体净化效果较好,TN、TP、NH4+-N、PO34-P、CODMn、Chl.a的去除率最高分别可达31.1%、38.6%、37.2%、36.9%、39.7%和48.8%.淤泥生态浮床有效解决了湖泊清淤底泥的处置问题,并且可对富营养化水体取得较好的生态修复效果,适合推广使用. 相似文献