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1.
Ali Al-Hemoud Mane Al-Sudairawi Subramanian Neelamanai Adel Naseeb Weam Behbehani 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2017,10(1):18
Kuwait is an arid country with an annual average rainfall of about 110 to 120 mm. Hence, dust storms have become a common environmental crisis. Although the dry summer months commonly have more dust storms, in recent years, dust storms occur more frequently in the spring season as well. Accumulated data of dust storms in Kuwait for the past 14 years (2001–2014) showed that the month of March had the highest number of dust storms (total 19), which is rather unusual, with an average of 8 dust storms per year (year 2008 had the highest dust storms of total 22). This study explored four socioeconomic effects of dust storms in Kuwait, specifically traffic accident rates, oil export loss due to close out of marine terminals, airline delays due to airport operation shutdown, and agriculture degradation. Statistical analysis using t test and Pearson correlation showed no apparent relationship between dust storms and traffic accident rates or agricultural production; however, loss of oil export and flight delay cost were affected by dust storms. There has been very few published research on the socioeconomic impact of dust storms; this is the first paper that explores the detailed socioeconomic effect of dust storms in Kuwait. 相似文献
2.
Stanley A. Changnon 《Natural Hazards》2008,45(1):1-9
Winter storms are a major weather problem in the United States and their losses have been rapidly increasing. A total of 202
catastrophic winter storms involving ice storms, blizzards, and snowstorms, each causing >$5 million in damages, occurred
during 1949–2003, and their losses totaled $35.2 billion (2003 dollars). Catastrophic winter storms occurred in most parts
of the contiguous United States, but were concentrated in the eastern half of the nation where 88% of all storm losses occurred.
They were most frequent in the Northeast climate district (95 storms), and were least frequent in the West district (14 catastrophic
storms). The annual average number of storms is 3.7 with a 1-year high of nine storms, and one year had no storms. Temporal
distributions of storms and their losses exhibited considerable spatial variability across the nation. For example, when storms
were very frequent in the Northeast, they were infrequent elsewhere, a result of spatial differences in storm-producing weather
conditions over time. The time distribution of the nation’s 202 storms during 1949–2003 had a sizable downward trend, whereas
the nation’s storm losses had a major upward trend for the 55-year period. This increase over time in losses, given the decrease
in storm incidences, was a result of significant temporal increases in storm sizes and storm intensities. Increases in storm
intensities were small in the northern sections of the nation, but doubled across the southern two-thirds of the nation, reflecting
a climatic shift in conditions producing intense winter storms. 相似文献
3.
Stephen Vermette 《Natural Hazards》2007,42(1):91-103
The tropical storm database used in this study was obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA)
Coastal Service Center, using the Historical Hurricane Tracks tool. Queries were used to determine the number of storms of
tropical origin that have impacted the State and each of its counties. A total of 76 storms of tropical origin passed over
New York State between 1851 and 2005. Of these storms, 14 were classified as hurricanes. The remaining hurricanes passed over
New York State as weaker or modified systems—27 tropical storms, 7 tropical depressions, and 28 extratropical storms (ET).
Long Island experiences a disproportionate number of hurricanes and tropical storms. The average frequency of hurricanes and
storms of tropical origin (all types) is one in every 11 years and one in every 2 years, respectively. September is the month
of greatest frequency for storms of tropical origin, although the storms of greatest intensity tend to arrive later in the
hurricane season and follow different poleward tracks. While El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycles appear to show some
influence, the frequency and intensity of storms of tropical origin appear to follow a multidecadal cycle. Storm activity
was greatest in both the late 19th and 20th centuries. During periods of increased storm frequency and intensity storms reached
New York State at progressively later dates. While the number and timing of storms of tropical origin is likely to increase,
this increase appears to be attributed to a multidecadal cycle, as opposed to a trend in global warming. 相似文献
4.
E. E. Wheaton 《Natural Hazards》1984,5(1):53-63
Dust storms are quite frequent in the Canadian Prairies, but few scientific studies of prairie dust storms exist. The droughts of the 1980s have resulted in many dust storms, even in the winter. Dust storms can no longer be considered just phenomena of the past. Dust storms are defined and examples are provided. The effects of dust storms are numerous, costly and severe. They include soil degradation, crop damage, water and air quality deterioration, and health problems. The climatological analysis of prairie dust storms is in its infancy. Much more information about prairie dust storms is needed in order to control or avoid their impacts. 相似文献
5.
E. E. Wheaton 《Natural Hazards》1992,5(1):53-63
Dust storms are quite frequent in the Canadian Prairies, but few scientific studies of prairie dust storms exist. The droughts of the 1980s have resulted in many dust storms, even in the winter. Dust storms can no longer be considered just phenomena of the past. Dust storms are defined and examples are provided. The effects of dust storms are numerous, costly and severe. They include soil degradation, crop damage, water and air quality deterioration, and health problems. The climatological analysis of prairie dust storms is in its infancy. Much more information about prairie dust storms is needed in order to control or avoid their impacts. 相似文献
6.
Research Progress of Coastal Dunes Response to Storm 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The major areas of world coastal dunes have been frequently attacked by storms. The storm, as a high energy influential factor for the formation and evolution of coastal dunes, is also one of the important research contents on the surf zone-beach-dune interaction. The research progress are reviewed from the following aspects: Coastal dune morphological response to storms, coastal dune sediments response to storms, mechanisms of coastal dunes in response to storms, and the research methods and techniques used in the research on coastal dunes to storms. Finally, open questions and future developments were suggested. 相似文献
7.
为研究降雨过程雨强随历时的变化关系,利用中国14个气象站近40年逐分钟降雨资料,采用动态K均值聚类法并根据雨峰在降雨过程中出现的位置,将中国10256次降雨过程分为4种类型,即降雨前期集中型（Ⅰ型）、降雨中期集中型（Ⅱ型）、降雨后期集中型（Ⅲ型）和降雨均匀分布型（IV型）。结果表明:中国Ⅰ型降雨出现频次最高,占47.1%;Ⅱ型次之,占21.2%;Ⅲ型和IV型出现频次相当,分别占15.3%和16.4%。夏季Ⅰ型降雨发生频次占绝对优势,为夏季总降水过程的52.2%;冬季各类雨型发生频次相差不大。Ⅰ型多为短历时高强度降雨,而IV型多为长历时低强度降雨,Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型居中。历时越短时,Ⅰ型降雨的比重越大;随着降雨历时的增加,Ⅰ型降雨的比重明显下降,IV型降雨的比重增加。 相似文献
8.
The Alxa Plateau has one of the highest frequencies of dust events in China and one of the greatest contributions to East
Asian dust. We compiled climate and dust storm data for the Alxa Plateau based on observational data from ten meteorological
stations from 1960 to 2005. Our analysis showed that Guaizihu and Minqin dust centers had >26 days per year with dust storms
versus 7–13 days for other desert and Gobi regions on the plateau. Variations in dust storm frequency during the study period
showed that dust storms increased during the 1960s (until 1972), decreased until the late 1990s, and then increased slightly
until 2002. About 75.6% of dust storms occurred in March, April, May, June, and July. Between 78.2 and 88.1% of the dust storms
occurred during the daytime and 28.9% of the dust storms occurred between 13:00 and 16:00. The mean durations of dust storms
in the Alxa Plateau ranged from 715 to 3,462 min. The annual number of minutes of dust storms averaged >1,800 min in the western
Alxa Plateau. Dust storm frequency was inversely related to duration: the longer the average duration, the lower the frequency
of such storms. 相似文献
9.
用时面深概化法估算清江中上游流域可能最大暴雨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在分析清江流域暴雨洪水特点及含清江流域暴雨一致区内暴雨特性的基础上,推测出形成清江中上游可能最大暴雨的天气形势和梅雨形势类似,暴雨为梅雨雨带中的暴雨,水汽入流方向为西南方向,采用时面深概化法估算了清江中上游流域２４ｈ和３ｄ可能最大暴雨。 相似文献
10.
Mesbahzadeh Tayyebeh Salajeghe Ali Sardoo Farshad Soleimani Zehtabian Gholamreza Ranjbar Abbas Krakauer Nir Y. Miglietta Mario Marcello Mirakbari Maryam 《Natural Hazards》2020,104(2):1801-1817
Natural Hazards - Dust storms are a major natural hazard to human health. Severe erosive storms in parts of the Central Plateau of Iran have made the situation very difficult for the inhabitants,... 相似文献
11.
城市地区暴雨洪灾发生频繁，合理计算设计暴雨是解决城市洪涝的重要前提。采用随机暴雨移置方法（Stochastic Storm Transposition，SST），设定暴雨移置区并提取出暴雨目录，通过区域性概率重采样与暴雨空间变换相结合的方式进行降雨频率分析，估计本地化的极端暴雨频率。以上海地区为例，研究发现暴雨移置区内暴雨分布具有空间异质性，暴雨随机移置概率不均，计算得到的设计暴雨方案包含了降雨时空分布信息，在不同重现期下设计暴雨的时空结构存在变异性，说明传统方法中采用的简化雨型和均一化空间分布假设会增加设计暴雨的不确定性。 相似文献
12.
城市地区暴雨洪灾发生频繁，合理计算设计暴雨是解决城市洪涝的重要前提。采用随机暴雨移置方法（Stochastic Storm Transposition，SST），设定暴雨移置区并提取出暴雨目录，通过区域性概率重采样与暴雨空间变换相结合的方式进行降雨频率分析，估计本地化的极端暴雨频率。以上海地区为例，研究发现暴雨移置区内暴雨分布具有空间异质性，暴雨随机移置概率不均，计算得到的设计暴雨方案包含了降雨时空分布信息，在不同重现期下设计暴雨的时空结构存在变异性，说明传统方法中采用的简化雨型和均一化空间分布假设会增加设计暴雨的不确定性。 相似文献
13.
In this research, the frequency of dust storms was prepared at 87 synoptic stations for the period of 1987–2013. These data were classified by means of Fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm. Satellite images of MODIS and brightness temperature index were also used for detection and tracking dust storm of 30 Jun 4 July 2008. The results indicated that Iran is classified in five clusters by the dust-storm-frequencies from which, cluster 5 is reclassified in three clusters because of its wide range. The maximum number of days with dust storms was observed in cluster 1 that includes only Zabol station with the frequency of 790 days with the duration 1987–2013. The minimum number of days with dust storms was observed in cluster 5-3 that includes the stations located in portions of North, Northwest, Northeast Iran and the higher elevations of the Zagros in western Iran. A case study about a severe dust storm in Iran using satellite images indicate that brightness temperature index (BTI) is a desired index for detection and monitoring of dust storms. The source of the investigated dust storms is Iraq and South of the Arabian Peninsula that had influenced the western half of Iran in several days. The frequency of dust storms increased markedly in the west, southwest of Iran and Persian Gulf around as main receptors from emerging dusty areas but it increased slightly in the eastern half of Iran. 相似文献
14.
A Comparison of Water Quality Between Low- and High-Flow River Conditions in a Tropical Estuary, Hilo Bay, Hawaii 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Effects of storms on the water quality of Hilo Bay, Hawaii, were examined by sampling surface waters at 6 stations 10 times during low-flow and 18 times during high-flow (storms) river conditions. The direction of a storm’s impact on water quality parameters was consistent among storms and most stations; however, direction of the impact varied with the parameter. High river flow conditions increased concentrations of nitrate and decreased those of dissolved organic nitrogen (N); effects on ammonium and particulate N were station specific. Storms also increased dissolved organic and particulate carbon (C) concentrations. Dissolved phosphorus (P) concentrations were not affected by high river flow events. Dissolved organic forms dominated the N, C, and P pools under both low- and high-flow river conditions. Soil-derived particles and fecal indicator bacteria increased during storms, while chlorophyll a concentrations and bacterial cell abundances decreased. Our results suggest that an increase in storms with global warming could impact water quality of tropical estuaries. 相似文献
15.
Investigation into possible space weather hazards on cardiovascular system has been performed. A group of 14 healthy volunteers was examined in the spring of 2009 and 2 healthy persons performed electrocardiograph records for a period of 1 year everyday in the morning and in the evening. Results revealed that heart rate variability (HRV) parameters of the group varied strongly from the day before till 3 days after the registered weak storms during the time of investigation. Blood pressure and subjective psychophysiological complaints increased statistically significantly from 0 day till +2nd day. Heart rate (HR) of the group showed a trend for decrease. It was established that morning measurements were more sensitive to space weather variations in comparison with evening measurements. Both persons with prolonged registrations for a period of year did not reveal graded response to geomagnetic storms with different intensities. Both of them decreased HR during moderate storms, but they increased HR during major storms and on the days before and after these storms. HRV parameters varied significantly on these days. 相似文献
16.
Salih Muhammad Awadh 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,66(8):2247-2256
Five dust storms that occurred in 2008 (15 March, 11 April, 28 April, 25, May and 26 June) in addition to the many sand dunes disseminated in the Western Desert of Iraq are sampled. The worse dust storm that occurred in Iraq in 11 April, 2008 covered 75% of the Iraq area and deposited 6.9?million tons approximately as a total weight of fallout during just 8?h, declining temperature 6°C. During the episodes of dust storms, visibility decreased enormously, no more than 30?m. Many people were taken to hospitals after sustaining breathing problems. Some of them died. Clay fraction is the dominant part in the dust storms forming 70% besides a little silt (20.6%) and sand (9.4%), then classified as mature arkose of clay to sandy clay, whereas sand dunes are formed from 72.7% sand, 25.1% silt and 2.19% clay, then classified as mature arkose of silty sand. Sand dunes have much maturity. Mineralogical composition of dust storms and sand dunes are Quartz (49.2%, 67.1%), feldspar (4.9%, 20.9%), calcite (38%, 5%), gypsum (4.8%, 0.4%), dolomite (0.8%, 1%) and heavy minerals (3.2%, 6.6%), respectively. Heavy mineral suites in the dust storms are represented by zircon, pyroxene, hornblende, chlorite and magnetite; whereas the sand dunes are represented by zircon, tourmaline, garnet and pyroxene, concentrated within sand fraction. Heavy minerals according to satellite images revealed the dry land of Sahara Desert in North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula as well as Syria and Jordan were a major source of the dust storms that have occurred in Asia, including Iraq. 相似文献
17.
Radar data from Cerro Catedral (a peak close to Mexico City) were used to investigate the properties of convective storms over central Mexico, a region with complex orography. The spatial distribution shows a preference for storms to form and move to the west of radar, over a narrow band of high terrain. However, the storms with the higher volumes and echo-top heights tend to be located southwestward over lower terrain. Each radar feature was matched with the number of cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning produced inside it, as retrieved from the World Wide Lightning Location Network dataset. The storms in which lightning was detected, with an average of more than six lightning bolts, clearly outperform in size and intensity the group of storms in which lightning was not detected, and tend to lie over lower terrain. The sample of over 98 000 identified cells was divided into four elevation groups to look for elevation trends in the mean properties, as reported for other Mexican regions. While the number of storms per unit area increases with terrain height, the average values for properties related to both size (area, volume, echo-top height) and intensity (maximum reflectivity, number of CG bolts, height of maximum reflectivity, maximum height of 30 dBZ echo) decrease. These results could be related to the possible shallower warm-cloud depths over the higher elevations. The diurnal cycles of convection and lightning north of the radar show a nearly typical continental regime of precipitation in that zone, with maxima at 18:00 LT in both variables. However, south of the radar, a maximum in lightning activity occurs during late night and early morning, which is linked with the deeper nocturnal convection over the lower terrain in that zone. 相似文献
18.
Stanley A. Changnon 《Natural Hazards》2011,59(2):1175-1187
High winds are one of the nation’s leading damage-producing storm conditions. They do not include winds from tornadoes, winter
storms, nor hurricanes, but are strong winds generated by deep low pressure centers, by thunderstorms, or by air flow over
mountain ranges. The annual average property and crop losses in the United States from windstorms are $379 million and windstorms
during 1959–1997 caused an average of 11 deaths each year. Windstorms range in size from a few hundred to hundreds of thousands
square kilometers, being largest in the western United States where 40% of all storms exceed 135,000 km2. In the eastern United States, windstorms occur at a given location, on average, 1.4 times a year, whereas in the western
US point averages are 1.9. Midwestern states average between 15 and 20 wind storms annually; states in the east average between
10 and 25 storms per year; and West Coast states average 27–30 storms annually. Storms causing insured property losses >$379 million and windstorms
during 1959–1997 caused an average of 11 deaths each year. Windstorms range in size from a few hundred to hundreds of thousands
square kilometers, being largest in the western United States where 40% of all storms exceed 135,000 km2. In the eastern United States, windstorms occur at a given location, on average, 1.4 times a year, whereas in the western
US point averages are 1.9. Midwestern states average between 15 and 20 wind storms annually; states in the east average between
10 and 25 storms per year; and West Coast states average 27–30 storms annually. Storms causing insured property losses >1
million, labeled catastrophes, during 1952–2006 totaled 176, an annual average of 3.2. Catastrophic windstorm losses were
highest in the West and Northwest climate regions, the only form of severe weather in the United States with maximum losses
on the West Coast. Most western storms occurred in the winter, a result of Pacific lows, and California has had 31 windstorm
catastrophes, more than any other state. The national temporal distribution of catastrophic windstorms during 1952–2006 has
a flat trend, but their losses display a distinct upward trend with time, peaking during 1996–2006. 相似文献
19.
A total of 269 tropical storms and hurricanes originated in the North Atlantic basin from 1960–1989. Of these, 76 made landfall on the continental United states. This study divides the 76 tropical storms into their month of formation. Seasonal shifts in the principal areas of tropical cyclone formation over the Atlantic basin have been recognized for many decades. The results of the study suggest that the early and late season tropical cyclones develop in areas which are first affected by the position of the sun, resulting in an increase in water temperatures. These cyclones normally make landfall along the Gulf Coast and usually are of low intensity. Formation areas shift eastward in mid-summer with a slight increase in intensity. By late August and early September, the formation areas have extended to the Cape Verde Islands. These storms tend to strike the east coast of the US and are normally more intense. By the end of the hurricane season, the primary formation area has shifted back to the Gulf of Mexico, with low intensity storms affecting the Gulf Coast. 相似文献