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1.
中国北方土壤风蚀问题研究的进展与趋势 总被引：70，自引：0，他引：70
土壤风蚀是中国北方土地退化的主要原因之一。国内土壤风蚀的研究工作相对比较薄弱，所取得的进展主要包括区域性的土壤风蚀分布地带性规律和不同时间尺度的准周期性规律，描述性的风蚀强度分级与危害评价，单因子风蚀过程的风洞实验，农田风蚀防治等方面。今后的研究趋势主要表现在土壤风蚀的物理本质、影响因素及发展动态的综合研究，土壤理化性质与表面性质对抗蚀性的影响及其与风蚀的反馈关系，土壤风蚀的基本过程及防治原理，土壤风蚀预报方程与数字模拟，土壤风蚀影响评价模型，土壤风蚀与土地利用以及全球变化的关系，各种观测与实验设备的研究等方面。 相似文献
2.
Review and Prospect of the Study on Soil Wind Erosion Process 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Soil wind erosion processes include mechanical process and dynamic changes of the factors affecting soil wind erosion, as well as the corresponding changes of wind erosion rate. The former is rich in experimental and theoretical researches that have clearly defined the process of particle starting, transporting and settling. The latter focuses on the dynamic changes of various wind erosion factors and the response of soil wind erosion rate to the change of the factors, of which systematic research of which is very limited. The difficulties in research of soil wind erosion process include: ①Dynamic parameterization of wind erosion factors; ②Observation and quantitative expression of the dynamic changes of wind erosion factors; ③Scaling problem of wind erosion process; ④Prediction ability of wind erosion models. At present, it is urgent to carry out the following work on soil wind erosion. The first is to establish standard wind erosion observation field in typical regions to obtain continuous and complete data of wind erosion in the field; the second is to study the saturation path of wind sand flow to solve scale problem; and the third is to construct a wind erosion model with solid theoretical foundation and fully consider both mechanical process of soil wind erosion and dynamic changes of the factors. 相似文献
3.
Wind streaks with two-dimensional plane shapes are a collective term for a variety of aeolian features that display distinctive albedo surface patterns and they do not have three-dimensional shape. Wind streaks are widely distributed on Mars， and are good proxy indicators of the surface wind regime， and even of global circulation patterns on Mars. However， the study on wind streaks has been largely ignored for a long time. Based on published studies， this paper summarized the types， morphology and formation mechanism of wind streaks. According to the relationship between albedo and obstacles， wind streaks can be divided into six basic types： bright wind streaks， dark wind streaks， mixed-tone wind streaks， splotches and related wind streaks， dune shadow wind streaks and frost wind streaks， of which the bright and dark streaks are the most common and representative， for they are the most abundant types of variable features on Mars. Wind streaks are primarily distributed in the latitudinal zone between 60°S and 60°N with little difference among different types， and they have many shapes such as tapered， fan， oval and parallel shapes due to the diverse obstacles. Considering the relationship between sediment characteristics and aeolian erosion and deposition， bright wind streaks are generally depositional with a consensus and dark streaks are erosional with a controversy. In the absence of Martian meteorological observation data， the retrieval of surface wind regime based on the orientation of wind streaks has good reliability， which helps to understand the modifications of Martian surfaces by wind in the geological context. 相似文献
4.
Observation and assessment of wind resources is a prerequisite for wind farm construction. Due to the investment cost of offshore wind farm is very expensive, more accurate assessment of wind resources is needed to reduce their investment risks. From traditional field observation to multi-platform remote sensing and from ordinary mathematical statistics to coupled numerical model simulation, abundant offshore wind data and evolving assessment methods make the results of offshore wind resource assessment more and more reliable. Poor station observations and rich remote sensing data are distinct characteristics of offshore wind data. Technology integration of applying multi-scale coupled models to assimilate multi-source remote sensing and station data is a mainstream development direction of offshore wind resource assessment methods. The wind resource assessment for offshore wind farm should focus on data quality and method selections of data interpolation, wind speed calculation of return period and wind energy parameters adjusted for a long term condition because these factors can significantly affect the operating efficiency of future wind farm. 相似文献
5.
基于19个人工气象站1961—2017年风速风向实测数据对南极冰盖近地面风速时空变化和风向进行了分析。结果表明：近50年来,南极冰盖近地面各季节平均风速和年平均风速变化的空间模式基本一致。东南极0°~120° E沿海地区风速呈显著上升趋势;南极半岛气象站风速变化趋势各异,且变化速率相差甚大,但从区域平均结果来看,南极半岛年和季节平均风速均呈上升趋势。这与近几十来局地气温、气压变化及南半球环状模趋向于正位相发展有关。东南极受下降风和绕极东风影响,大部分地区盛行偏南风或偏东风,且频率较高风向稳定;而受天气活动影响,南极半岛风向复杂,主风向频率低,风向多变。 相似文献
6.
在渤海,中尺度模式预报的风速通常比实际风速低得多.利用1990-2001年渤海不同观测站的风场、温度场资料,按季节、风向对海、陆风速统计分析,得到海陆风速的对比值,同时对造成海陆风速差异的原因进行动力、热力等分析.结果表明:海、陆风速在不同的天气系统以及动力和热力方面都存在明显差异.据此渤海风速场推算模式进行了改进,既考虑动力摩擦的作用,也考虑热力差异引起的海陆风增幅作用,改进的渤海风场推算模式有了很大的提高.因此,应用改进后的渤海风速场推算模式,对中尺度数值预报的风速场进行订正,使预报的风速明显提高,更加接近实际情况. 相似文献
7.
青藏铁路沿线的大风特征及风压研究 总被引：23，自引：3，他引：20
选取青藏高原及周边66个气象站资料, 分析了青藏高原及青藏铁路沿线1971-2000年大风日数的空间分布特征及建站以来大风和风向特征, 计算了百年一遇的最大风速和风压. 分析发现: 青藏高原大风日数主要集中在青藏铁路沿线地区, 年际和年代际变化明显; 铁路沿线极端最大风速和历年平均最大风速都出现在铁路中部的托托河, 风向多为偏西风; 铁路沿线50 a、 100 a一遇的10 min平均最大风速和风压都出现在安多地区. 以新疆达扳城为参考站, 推算出青藏铁路沿线各站的列车停驶临界风速. 为确保列车运营安全, 建议在昆仑山口至错那湖间的高山地段风口和列车转弯处建造防风设施. 相似文献
8.
The watershed of the Ningxia–Inner Mongolia reach of the Yellow River suffers serious wind erosion hazards and the areas with high wind erosion probabilities need to be identified to help in the building of the correct wind-sand blown hazard protection systems. In this study, the Integrated Wind-Erosion Modelling System model and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data set were used to identify the distributions of threshold wind speeds and wind erosion occurrence probabilities. Through field observations, the relationships among NDVI, vegetation cover, frontal area (lateral cover), roughness length, and threshold friction velocity were obtained. Then, using these relationships, the spatial distributions of threshold wind speeds for wind erosion at a height of 10 m for the different months were mapped. The results show that the threshold wind speed ranged from 7.91 to 35.7 m/s. Based on the threshold wind speed distributions, the wind erosion occurrence probabilities of different months were calculated according to the current wind speed. The results show that the distributions of wind erosion occurrence probabilities and threshold wind speeds were related to each other. The resulting maps of threshold wind speeds and wind erosion occurrence probabilities would help environmental and agricultural researchers in determining some strategies for mitigating or adapting from wind erosion hazards. 相似文献
9.
青藏高原公路路基周边风场特征风洞实验研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
路基高度是影响冻土路基工程热力稳定性的一个重要指标。同时,不同高度的路基对其周边风场的扰动也将不同,进而影响到局地的地-气能量交换过程。为揭示不同高度路基对其周边风场特征的影响规律及程度,基于风洞实验,研究了3种环境风速条件下青藏高原典型高度公路路基周边风场分布特征,并进行了量化分区。结果表明：路基坡前为流场减速区,不同高度情况下路基坡前减速区水平范围差异显著。10 m·s-1环境风速条件下,3、4和5 m高路基坡前减速区水平范围约为1.8、2.2和2.5倍路基高度（H）。在路基坡前减速区0.3~1.1 m高度范围内,随环境风速增加,同一水平高度流场在靠近路基过程中风速的变化率呈下降趋势。路基上部为流场加速区,路肩处风速增长幅度与路基高度呈正相关。路基坡后为低速回流区,路基高度越大,低速回流区水平范围越大,10 m·s-1环境风速条件下,3、4和5 m高度路基坡后低速回流区水平范围分别约为2.0H、3.0H和4.1H。低速回流区后,流场逐渐恢复到初始运动状态,其消散恢复区水平范围与环境风速密切相关,但与路基高度关系不显著,10 m·s-1环境风速条件下,3、4和5 m高度路基坡后消散恢复区水平范围均约为9.8H。通过考虑路基高度对其周边风场分布的影响,可为块石、通风管、热管等冻土路基结构的设计和布局优化提供参考。 相似文献
10.
11.
Wind tunnel test of snow loads on a stepped flat roof using different granular materials 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
An accurate prediction of wind-induced redistribution of snow load on roof surfaces is vital to structural design. To represent the pattern of snow distribution caused by snowdrift in wind tunnel test, appropriate modeling particles should be selected. The particle density is the key to determine the values of several important similarity parameters. In this study, the redistribution of snow load on a stepped flat roof was simulated by means of wind tunnel test using low-density saw wood ash, medium-density polyfoam, and high-density silica sand, respectively. To ensure the comparability of the test results of the three modeling particles, the wind tunnel test results for comparison were performed under almost the same conditions of dimensionless wind velocity and dimensionless time. Then, the results of the present study were compared with those from field observations of prototypes in previous studies. The effects of wind duration, wind velocity, and roof span on the redistribution of snow on roof surfaces were investigated. The characteristics of erosion/deposition range and the location of maximum quantities of erosion/deposition under independent effects of wind duration, wind velocity, and roof span were also studied. 相似文献
12.
On the influence of changes in the drag relation on surface wind speeds and storm surge forecasts 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In this study it is investigated how uncertainties in the magnitude of the drag coefficient translate into uncertainties in storm surge forecasts in the case of severe weather. A storm surge model is used with wind stress data from a numerical weather prediction (NWP) model, to simulate several recent storms over the North Sea. For a fixed wind speed, the wind stress is linear in the drag coefficient. However, in the NWP model the wind speed is not fixed and increasing the drag in the NWP model results into reduced wind speeds. The results from simulations show that for given increase in the drag coefficient, the weakening of the 10-m wind field reduces the increase in the stress considerably. When the Charnock parameter is increased in the NWP model, the resulting relative changes in the wind stress are almost independent of the wind speed. This is related to the fact that the depth of the surface boundary layer depends on the wind speed. The ratio between relative changes in the wind stress and relative changes in the drag coefficient depends on the wind speed. For 10-m wind speeds larger than 20?m?s?1 the ratio is 0.52; for lower wind speed criteria the ratio is somewhat larger (??0.60). Approximately 36% of the relative change in the drag coefficient translates into a relative change in the surge in stations at the Dutch coast. The relative increase in the storm surge is approximately 68% of the relative increase in the stress. 相似文献
13.
风力发电工程是我国乃至世界可持续发展之路的重要一步,而梁板式风机基础是陆上风机基础的一种新型形式,梁板式风机基础的研究正受到学术界和工程领域的广泛关注。基于江苏射阳港风电项目,通过在风机基础底板下埋设土压力盒,桩内布设钢筋计,测算风机基础从风机施工至正常运行过程中的基底土压力分布和桩顶轴力。重点讨论风机处于施工过程中和正常运行状态下桩顶轴力的变化规律,分析桩土分担比,并将现场试验得到的基础内力与实际设计方法计算所得基础内力进行对比验证。结果表明,风机运行前,竖向荷载主要由内圈桩承担,风机运行后,外圈桩承担荷载增加,内圈桩承担荷载减小;风机运行后土体承担荷载较大,目前的设计方法不考虑土体的承载作用,计算结果偏于安全。 相似文献
14.
Huading Shi Qingxian Gao Yongqing Qi Jiyuan Liu Yunfeng Hu 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,61(4):689-697
The most serious environmental problems of the Mongolian Plateau are land degradation and sand storms caused by wind erosion,
but the evaluation of wind erosion at regional scales has been a difficult process in wind erosion research. In this study,
fuzzy c-means clustering (FCM) was used to assess the spatial pattern of wind erosion hazard on the Mongolian Plateau. By fuzzy clustering
four main wind erosion factors (vegetation cover, average degree of land surface relief, degree of soil dryness and intensity
of wind energy), wind erosion hazard was classified into six grades. Results show that FCM can effectively integrate related
information between wind erosion and environmental factors, which provides the basis for predictive mapping of wind erosion
hazard. Spatial patterns of wind erosion hazard indicate a gradual trend of increasing hazard in the Mongolian Plateau from
east to west. Similar patterns were also found in NDVI and soil dryness, indicating that soil moisture and vegetation are
the most important factors in the formation of wind erosion hazard. In addition, the distribution of different levels of wind
erosion hazard is basically consistent with the regional distribution of landscape vegetation types in the Mongolian Plateau. 相似文献
15.
F. Nateghi-A 《Natural Hazards》1996,14(1):73-84
A method to determine the wind speed to cause damage to buildings is described. The method is based on engineering calculations of wind loads generated on the weakest links of buildings such as the roof-to-wall joints of a wood-frame house. Data needed for the calculation include wind direction, building geometry, conditions of windows, doors and other exterior openings immediately before the occurrence of wind damage, and details of the weakest links that initiated the failure. The method can be used for estimating the maximum wind speed of a storm from an in-depth post-disaster investigation. Results of this study indicate that it takes no more than the wind speed of a F-2 tornado to completely destroy either a wood-frame house or a nonreinforced masonry building. The study supports the belief that the wind speed associated with F-3, F-4 and F-5 tornadoes are grossly overrated. 相似文献
16.
Storm surge induced by hurricane is a major threat to the Gulf Coasts of the United States. A numerical modeling study was conducted to simulate the storm surge during Hurricane Michael, a category 5 hurricane that landed on the Florida Panhandle in 2018. A high-resolution model mesh was used in the ADCIRC hydrodynamic model to simulate storm surge and tides during the hurricane. Two parametric wind models, Holland 1980 model and Holland 2010 model, have been evaluated for their effects on the accuracy of storm surge modeling by comparing simulated and observed maximum water levels along the coast. The wind model parameters are determined by observed hurricane wind and pressure data. Results indicate that both Holland 1980 and Holland 2010 wind models produce reasonable accuracy in predicting maximum water level in Mexico Beach, with errors between 1 and 3.7%. Comparing to the observed peak water level of 4.74 m in Mexico Beach, Holland 1980 wind model with radius of 64-knot wind speed for parameter estimation results in the lowest error of 1%. For a given wind model, the wind profiles are also affected by the wind data used for parameter estimation. Away from hurricane eye wall, using radius of 64-knot wind speed for parameter estimation generally produces weaker wind than those using radius of 34-knot wind speed for parameter estimation. Comparing model simulated storm tides with 17 water marks observed along the coast, Holland 2010 wind model using radius of 34-knot wind speed for parameter estimation leads to the minimum mean absolute error. The results will provide a good reference for researchers to improve storm surge modeling. The validated model can be used to support coastal hazard mitigation planning.
相似文献17.
This study examines shelter effect against the wind by using wind fence with various porosities and distance. The shelter
effect of wind fence was investigated by a wind tunnel test. Flow characteristics of velocities and turbulences behind wind
fence were measured using a hot-wire anemometer. This was done by varying the porosity by 0, 20, and 40% of the wind fence.
The wind fence distance ranged from 1H to 9H. In addition, the overall characterization of the wind fence was investigated by measuring a total of 28 points on the wind
fence, which forms a lattice structure on it with 7 points in the lateral direction and 4 points in the vertical direction.
The results indicate that the degree of the turbulence is lowered and the velocity of the wind is decreased when porosity
of 40% is used at a distance of 4H–7H. The effectiveness of the wind fence depends on the porosity and distance. Porosity of 20% proved to be effective for the
protection area of 1H–3H, while that of 40% was effective for the protection area of 4H–6H. 相似文献
18.
为了研究北方浅水湖泊冬季结冰对风生流的影响,采用MIKE21构建山东省聊城市东昌湖水动力学模型,分析真实风场作用下6种风应力拖曳系数对应的模拟流速与实测数据的差异,进一步讨论了冰盖面积对模拟结果产生的影响。结果表明,风应力拖曳系数为随风速连续变化比设置为常数模拟精度提高20%左右,其中采用微风条件下的风应力拖曳系数表达式模拟效果最好。此外,冬季水体结冰对风生流数值模拟影响较大,尤其是在被冰盖所覆盖的水域,风应力对水体流动的作用减弱甚至被抵消。与传统的风生流模拟相比,在北方浅水湖泊冬季风生流模拟中,引入冰场或是对风应力拖曳系数进行相应调整是有必要的。 相似文献
19.
青藏铁路沿线砾石方格固沙机理风洞模拟研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过对青藏铁路沿线砾石方格内风速特征、固沙效率的风洞模拟实验研究发现,当气流运行至砾石方格前缘,水平风速迅速降低,砾石方格对风速的削弱作用非常显著,达到50%左右。气流在沿砾石方格向下风向移动过程中,水平梯度风速逐渐减小,但其减小幅度比较缓慢。砾石方格中风速随高度的分布遵循对数规律,各方格间风速变化趋势相对稳定。砾石方格地表粗糙度在5.2cm左右,摩阻速度为2.4 cm/s。砾石方格中固沙量随着进口风速的增加而增加,在相同风速下,固沙量随离沙源距离的增加呈指数关系递减。 相似文献
20.
In order to study the relationship between the shapes of roughness-elements on sand beds and the surface sand activity inhibition, we chose six shapes of elements including spherical, triangular pyramid shape, cylindrical, square shape, pie and hemispherical shape by hand with equal quality kept. We carried out the experiment with the 10% coverage on the wind tunnel. The results revealed that ① the erosion and anti-erosion rate of spherical, triangular pyramid shape, cylindrical and square roughness-elements were better than the pie and hemispherical on the non-sand wind; ② On the sand-driving wind conditions, spherical, triangular, cylindrical covered beds became erosion to erosion-deposition with the increase of wind speed, and the erosion rate was increased with the wind speed. When the wind speed was more than 10 m/s, the sand-beds showed a strong erosion, and the pie and hemispherical elements’ resistance function were weakest; ③ No matter the non-sand wind or sand wind, the erosion rate was affected by the elements’ aspect ratio, height and spacing. The slender elements with a prominent upper edge were clearly superior to broad rounded elements. 相似文献