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1.
When a slug test is conducted in a highly permeable aquifer, a shallow pressure transducer in the well casing produces an oscillatory pressure head that is representative of the water level fluctuation, whereas a deep pressure transducer in the well casing yields an oscillatory pressure head that is different from the water level change. Although the solutions for shallow and deep pressure head are different, it is found that the ratios of the subsequent extremity displacements are in an identical relationship (an extremity can be a maximum or a minimum in the oscillatory pressure head). Based on this relationship, an analytical data analysis method for the determination of the hydraulic conductivity is developed for both shallow and deep pressure transducer data. This analytical method is applied to the pressure head measured at different depths in the well casing of a well partially penetrating an unconfined coarse sand aquifer. Satisfactory results are obtained, validating the applicability of this analytical method for pressure transducer data at any depth in a well casing. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

2.
A vibrating-wire transducer measurement system was investigated to determine its accuracy, precision, and stability for use in a study of ground water movement in low-permeability material. Twenty transducers with a pressure range of 10 psi were tested for stability over 100 days. half under low pressure (0.256 psi) and half under approximately full-scale pressure (10 psi). Measurement precision and stability were far better than measurement accuracy. Random noise in the data indicates that the transducers were precise to within 0.02 psi. The transducer measurements were generally stable to within 0.05 psi. but most showed a blight decrease in pressure over time. Measurements by transducers under low pressure were within 0.038 psi of actual pressure, and those made by transducers under high pressure were within −0.20 psi. as indicated by the difference between the mean measurement of each transducer and the mean measurement of all transducers. These measurements were within the reported accuracy for transducers under low pressure, but differed by more than the reported accuracy for transducers under high pressure: this indicates that transducer accuracy is largely determined by the pressure coefficient used to convert transducer readings to pressure units. Pressure coefficient calibration of selected transducers by a water filled standpipe and a digital manometer indicate that hysteresis could be the most significant factor affecting the transducer accuracy Standpipe calibrations indicate a pressure coefficient difference of about 13 percent between increasing and decreasing pressure, but deadweight calibrations indicate a difference of only 1.5 percent. The observed measurement and equipment error could affect interpretation of water level measurements; thus, independent water level measurements and rigorous review of the data arc needed to evaluate the accuracy of transducer measurements.  相似文献   

3.
Based upon the stochastic resonance theory,the formation mechanism of 100-kyr cycles in climate system is numerically studied in the perspective of stochastic dynamics.In this study,firstly we combine the idealized albedo model with the geological evidence and observation in climate system to construct a new albedo model.Secondly,a bistable nonlinear system is constructed by introducing the albedo model into zero-dimensional energy balance model.Finally,based on this new system,with the solar radiation cycles and stochastic perturbation simultaneously taken into account,the variation of 100-kyr cycles is analyzed by numerical simulations.The results show that,when the noise intensity reaches a certain value,the stochastic resonance can be triggered.However,the noise intensity in this level does not exist in the actual climate system.In order to explain the formation mechanism of 100-kyr glacial-interglacial cycles forced by the weak solar radiation cycles,besides the solar radiation stochastic perturbation,the stochastic dynamic effects of the other "non-solar" radiation stochastic perturbation in the climate change processes should also be considered.The stochastic dynamic simulations taking the two types of stochastic perturbation into consideration show that,when the two types of appropriately observable stochastic perturbation are introduced,the stochastic resonance also can be generated.In this situation,the contribution rate of solar radiation stochastic perturbation is about 38%,which proves the importance of solar radiation stochastic perturbation in the formation of 100-kyr climate cycles.  相似文献   

4.
Iodine geyser, located in the Waimangu Geothermal Valley (New Zealand), has been studied by both passive electrical and seismic methods. The activity of the geyser was monitored at various distances from the vent using self-potential method. The self-potential signals display cyclic negative variations with respect to a baseline drawn when the geyser is quiet. The minimum in the self-potential signals coincides with the maximum overflow. We provide a numerical model able to explain both the polarity and magnitude of the observed signal. This model is based on the fluctuations of the hydraulic head in the conduit of the geyser; the divergence of the streaming current density is created at the interface between the pipe and the surrounding rock. Passive seismic experiments were used to localize ambient noise sources. These signals have been processed with the so-called Matched-Field Processing technique (MFP); a dominant source emerged from this processing, that we characterized in range and depth with a good accuracy.  相似文献   

5.
The uncertainty in a transducer/tensiometer system was assessed with temperature and pressure calibrations. A reference transducer/tensiometer pair was used to factor out temperature related deviations from two monitoring pairs. The reference pair removed most of the deviations, resulting in a high estimate of precision. In contrast to earlier reports of high accuracy, these estimates of accuracy were considerably reduced by a time correlated residual pattern. The calibrations suggested that the electronic components may be responsible for these residual errors and illustrated the need for experimentation which isolates the error among groups of components. The complexity of transducer/tensiometer networks, and the differing response of each component to thermal loading, demonstrated the necessity of using a reference system, which when properly designed can yield reliable pressure readings for soil water.  相似文献   

6.
A closed form slug test theory for high permeability aquifers   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
We incorporate a linear estimate of casing friction into the analytical slug test theory of Springer and Gelhar (1991) for high permeability aquifers. The modified theory elucidates the influence of inertia and casing friction on consistent, closed form equations for the free surface, pressure, and velocity fluctuations for overdamped and underdamped conditions. A consistent, but small, correction for kinetic energy is included as well. A characteristic velocity linearizes the turbulent casing shear stress so that an analytical solution for attenuated, phase shifted pressure fluctuations fits a single parameter (damping frequency) to transducer data from any depth in the casing. Underdamped slug tests of 0.3, 0.6, and 1 m amplitudes at five transducer depths in a 5.1 cm diameter PVC well 21 m deep in the Plymouth-Carver Aquifer yield a consistent hydraulic conductivity of 1.5 x 10(-3) m/s. The Springer and Gelhar (1991) model underestimates the hydraulic conductivity for these tests by as much as 25% by improperly ascribing smooth turbulent casing friction to the aquifer. The match point normalization of Butler (1998) agrees with our fitted hydraulic conductivity, however, when friction is included in the damping frequency. Zurbuchen et al. (2002) use a numerical model to establish a similar sensitivity of hydraulic conductivity to nonlinear casing friction.  相似文献   

7.
Chen CS  Wu CR 《Ground water》2006,44(3):472-477
A curve-matching method is developed for the analysis of depth-dependent pressure head responding to a slug test in a highly permeable aquifer. The depth dependency is due to the fact that the pressure transducer is placed at depth relatively far from the initial water level. The Springer and Gelhar solution and a depth correction relation are used to generate theoretical curves of pressure head vs. time. A trial-and-error procedure is established to find the theoretical curve best fitting the field data by adjusting the two unknown parameters, the horizontal hydraulic conductivity, and the effective length of the water column. Analytic relations for some oscillation characteristics of the converted pressure head are derived. A field example indicates that the theoretical relations and the curve-matching method developed herein are suitable to deal with the oscillatory head data dependent on depth of measurement. Nevertheless, it is recognized that placing the pressure transducer close to the initial water level and using a small initial water displacement can effectively avoid complicating the data analysis, such that previous, simpler data analysis methods can be used.  相似文献   

8.
The observation that high speed solar wind streams are correlated with outer radiation belt electrons requires a transducer to convert this mechanical energy to hot electrons. We hypothesize that the high latitude cusp is the ideal location for this acceleration region. We support this hypothesis with two arguments: a forward model to show that the cusp can theoretically accelerate electrons to MeV energies which then are transported to the radiation belts; and, a backward model that deduces a cusp source based on empirical properties of the radiation belt MeV electrons. Accordingly, in the first half we apply the trapping properties of the static equinoctal cusp to deduce the dynamical response of interplanetary transients; in the second half we analyze several peculiar statistics of MeV electron correlations with solar wind as the response of a non-linear, multi-parameter dependence on the solar wind driver. Our model would permit the formulation of more physically accurate MeV electron predictors, which we demonstrate by connecting physical explanations to several empirical predictors recently published.  相似文献   

9.
This paper presents an analytical solution to tide‐induced head fluctuations in a two‐dimensional estuarine‐coastal aquifer system that consists of an unconfined aquifer and a heterogeneous confined aquifer extending under a tidal river with a semipermeable layer between them. This study considers the joint effects of tidal‐river leakage, inland leakage, dimensionless transmissivity between the tidal‐river and inland confined aquifer, and transmissivity anisotropic ratios. The analytical solution for this model is obtained via the separation of variables method. Three existing solutions related to head fluctuation in one‐ or two‐dimensional leaky confined aquifers are considered as special cases in the present solution. This study shows that there is a threshold of tidal‐river confined aquifer length. When the tidal‐river length is greater than the threshold length, the inland head fluctuations remain sensitive to the leakage effect but become insensitive to the tidal‐river width and dimensionless transmissivity. Considering leakage and transmissivity anisotropy, this study also demonstrates that at a location farther from the river–inland boundary, head fluctuations increase with increasing leakage and transmissivity anisotropy; the maximum head fluctuation occurs when leakage and transmissivity anisotropy are both at their maximum values. The combined action of the 3 effects of loading, tidal‐river aquifer leakage, and inland aquifer leakage differs significantly according to various aquifer parameters. The analytical solution in this paper can be applied to demonstrate the behaviours of the head fluctuations of an estuarine‐coastal aquifer system, and the head fluctuations can be clearly described when the tidal and hydrogeological parameters are derived from field measurement data or hypothetical cases.  相似文献   

10.
目的:通过尝试直接降低管电压的方法控制辐射剂量,并评价图像质量,探讨其临床应用价值。方法:前瞻性选取2013年9月~2014年7月拟行头颈CTA检查的患者40例,并满足入组条件。患者分为A、B两组。A组患者采用低管电压设置,B组患者采用常规管电压设置。评价两组患者双侧颈动脉客观图像质量(包括CT值、SNR与CNR)与主观图像质量、辐射剂量。P<0.05认为差异具有统计学意义。结果:A组SNR为11.39±3.80,B组总SNR为12.48±4.48,t=-1.660,P=0.099,差异无统计学意义。A组总对CNR为10.12±3.55,B组总CNR为10.44±4.14,t=-0.485,P=0.628,差异无统计学意义。A、B两组可评估率比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.013,P=0.314)。A组有效剂量为2.29mSv±0.12mSv,B组有效剂量为6.69mSv±0.31mSv,t=-59.756,P=0.000,差异具有统计学意义。结论:通过降低管电压至80kV行头颈CTA扫描可以大幅度减低辐射剂量,而图像质量无明显影响,可以进行初步临床应用。   相似文献   

11.
A study on subsurface airflow plays a vital role in quantifying the effectiveness of natural attenuation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or in determining the need of engineering systems (e.g., soil vapor extraction of VOCs). Here, we present a new analytical solution for describing the subsurface airflow induced by barometric pressure and groundwater head fluctuations. The solution improves a previously published semi‐analytical solution into a fully explicit expression and can save much computation efforts when it was used to estimate the soil permeability and porosity, which was demonstrated by a hypothetical example. If the groundwater head and barometric pressure fluctuations have the same frequency and the same order of magnitude for the amplitudes, each or the combination of both fluctuations will generate the air exchange volumes of the same order of magnitude through the ground surface. Particularly, the air exchange volume caused by the combined fluctuations increases with the upper layer's permeability and lower layer's porosity and decreases with the phase difference between these two fluctuations, fluctuation frequency, and the upper layer's thickness. The air exchange volume may decrease quickly to zero essentially when the upper layer's permeability decreases 10‐fold and decrease fourfold to fivefold when the phase difference decreases from π to zero.  相似文献   

12.
 The Kupaianaha vent, the source of the 48th episode of the 1983-to-present Pu'u 'O'o–Kupaianaha eruption, erupted nearly continuously from July 1986 until February 1992. This investigation documents the geophysical and geologic monitoring of the final 10 months of activity at the Kupaianaha vent. Detailed very low frequency (VLF) electromagnetic profiles across the single lava tube transporting lava from the vent were used to determine the cross-sectional area of the molten lava within the tube. Combined with measurements of lava velocity, these data provide an estimate of the lava output of Kupaianaha. In addition, lava temperatures (calculated from analysis of quenched glass) and bulk-rock chemistry were obtained for samples taken from the tube at the same site. The combined data set shows the lava flux from Kupaianaha vent declining linearly from 250 000 m3/day in April 1991 to 54 000 m3/day by November 1991. During that time surface breakouts of lava from weak points along the tube occurred progressively closer to the vent, consistent with declining efficiency in lava transport. There were no significant changes in lava temperature or in bulk MgO content during this period. Another eruptive episode (the 49th) began uprift of Kupaianaha on 8 November 1991 and erupted lava concurrently with Kupaianaha for 18 days. Lava flux from Kupaianaha decreased in response to this new episode, but the response was delayed by approximately 1 day. After 14 November 1991, lava velocities were no longer measurable in the tube because the lava stream beneath the skylight had crusted over; however, the VLF-derived electrical conductances documented the decreasing flux of molten lava through the tube. Kupaianaha remained active, but output continued to decrease until early February 1992 when the last active surface flows were seen. In November 1991 we used the linearly decreasing effusion rate to accurately predict the date for the death of the Kupaianaha vent. The linear nature of the decline in lava tube conductance and the delayed and slow response of the Waha'ula tube conductances to the 49th eruptive episode led us to speculate that (a) the Kupaianaha vent shut down because of a decrease in driving pressure and not because of a freeze-up of the vent, and (b) that Pu'u 'O'o, episode 49, and Kupaianaha were fed nearly vertically from a source deep within the rift zone. Received: 29 September 1995 / Accepted: 21 November 1995  相似文献   

13.
The results of recording the intensity of low-frequency electromagnetic emissions at altitudes of the outer ionosphere based on satellite data at various levels of solar activity have been investigated. The intensity of low-frequency emissions has been found to depend on the solar activity, i.e., the spatial noise characteristics vary. Mean values of the noise amplitude variations at various phases of the solar activity cycle are presented. The low-frequency emissions are shown to serve as a source of information about the processes in the surface plasma; in particular, the state of the radiation belts is judged from them. The noise carries information about the variations in the particle fluxes intruding into the Earth’s plasmasphere under various solar activity conditions and about the magnetospheric plasma variations related to the growth of solar activity. In other words, the electromagnetic low-frequency noise can be a peculiar kind of indicator of the solar activity and the state of the magnetosphere.  相似文献   

14.
The true or full ground motion information is frequently necessary in seismology to deal with a wide range of urgent scientific and applied problems; this information includes knowledge not only of ground motion along three axes at the recording site, but also the values of tilt or rotations of the surface at the site. This problem is usually attacked using a special type of seismic instrument-tiltmeters. Gyrotiltmeter is one of the many types of tiltmeters in which the gyroscope is used as the active sensor. The main obstacle in the way of developing effective long period seismic instruments, including gyrotiltmeters, consists in various sorts of noise, frequently not of seismic origin, which influence on the instrument increases as its frequency characteristic is extended toward longer periods. The present paper is concerned with problems arising in the use of optimal filters to detect seismic signals in records of a gyrotiltmeter where also noise may be present, e.g., that due to air pressure fluctuations. Examples are provided of tests of the algorithms, which clearly demonstrate that the application of the optimal filters to records of long period gyrotiltmeter channels can significantly enhance the signal/noise ratio to detect seismic signals disguised by induced noise.  相似文献   

15.
Subsurface temperatures in rocks naturally fluctuate under the influence of local meteorological conditions. These fluctuations play a role in mechanical weathering, thus creating the environmental conditions conducive to natural hazards such as rockfalls and providing important sediment source terms for landscape evolution. However, the physics that control heat penetration into rocks are not fully understood, which makes the underground thermal state difficult to interpret when temperature measurements are available and even more difficult to estimate for unmonitored sites. This is an important lacuna given possible impacts of future climate change on mechanical weathering processes. The natural daily variations of subsurface temperatures were investigated on a bare gneiss outcrop exposed to solar radiation, where temperatures at various depths (up to 50 cm), as well as the solar radiation reaching a pyranometer, were monitored hourly for several months. This detailed times series of thermal data was used to gain insight into the heat balance at the inclined free surface of the rock mass. Attention was focused on two major contributors to the heat balance; the heat flux entering the rock mass through conduction and the incoming shortwave (solar) radiation. A Fourier decomposition of the temperature measurements provided an estimate of the in situ thermal conductivity of the rock and was used to calculate the conductive term. The shortwave radiation term was determined on the basis of the pyranometer measurements adjusted to account for the angle of incidence of the sun. It is shown that, throughout clear‐sky periods, heat exchanges at the surface are mainly controlled by direct solar radiation during the day, and by a roughly constant outgoing heat flux during the night. Subsurface temperatures can be reliably estimated with a semi‐infinite medium model whose boundary condition is derived from an analytical insolation model that takes atmospheric attenuation into account. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

16.
Siphon dredging with a float tank and different siphon suction heads, including the plain-type and wedge-type with/without side holes, through flume experiments were used to investigate the reservoir sediment removal efficiency. The experiment revealed maximum suction pressure and velocity when the distance from the suction head to the bed was about 25% of suction head diameter. Suction pressure decreased rapidly as the distance from the suction head to the bed increased to 50% and 100% of suction head diameter. Suction pressure achieved by wedge-type suction head was only 16.9-17.6% of that around plain-type suction head, and the velocity around wedge-type suction head was 64.7-68.4% of that around plain-type suction head. However the plain-type suction head was easily clogged doe to its long bobbing period. The average bobbing period for the plain-type suction head was about 105-263% that of the wedge-type suction head. The sediment removal efficiency was achieved when float tank diameter was 3-4 times that of the suction head. Flow discharge and sediment removal increased as the suction head diameter and side hole diameter increased, respectively. The most efficient side hole area was an area within 15% of suction head area. Totally, the optimal sediment removal efficiency was the wedge angle of 20° with 3 side holes. The efficiency of sediment dredging by siphon suction with a suction tube passing through the dam bottom was better than that with suction passing over the top of the dam. The wedge-type siphon suction with a float tank is preferable for sediment dredging in small reservoirs because it is inexpensive and efficient.  相似文献   

17.
Transmissivity can be estimated by several well documented methods employing data from rising water level slug tests in wells. A very simple and relatively inexpensive system can be constructed to lower the water level in a well. Compressed air is injected through a sealed device called a well head manifold, which screws onto the casing top and contains an air pressure gauge, an air entry valve, a quick release valve and a multi-channel water level indicator or a pressure transducer. Either of the latter is lowered into the well prior to pressurization.
Compressed air is injected into the casing at a low rate through the manifold, depressing the water level a desired amount. After stabilization, the quick release valve is opened and the air pressure inside the casing is reduced to atmospheric pressure instantaneously; the water level then starts to rise. Successive elevations of the rising water level are determined with the indicator or transducer and their elapsed times from valve opening are recorded. Plots of water level recovery vs. time can then be used to estimate transmissivity by the published methods of Cooper, Bredehoeft and Papadopulos (1967), Ferris and Knowles (1954) and Hvorslev(1951).
All of the items used for construction, with the exception of the quick release valve, can be bought off the shelf. The valve can be easily constructed in a machine shop. The total cost of the device, exclusive of the transducer, should be less than $500.  相似文献   

18.
Results of comparing ionospheric radio noise at wavelength of 2 m at midlatitudes to the data of the ionospheric vertical sounding during the partial phase of the solar eclipse of August 11, 1999, are presented. Disturbances in the ionospheric layers, radio noise of the ionospheric plasma, and variations and fluctuations in the atmospheric pressure at the Earth surface during the eclipse are considered. The parameters of the Lamb wave, which propagated with velocity of 300 m/s from the region of the total phase of the eclipse are determined. The Lamb wave characteristics in the summer midlatitude and auroral ionosphere have been compared.  相似文献   

19.
Magnetohydrodynamic compressive fluctuations of the interplanetary plasma in the region from 0.3 to 1 AU have been characterized in terms of their polytropic index. Following Chandrasekhar’s approach to polytropic fluids, this index has been determined through a fit of the observed variations of density and temperature. At least three different classes of fluctuations have been identified: (1) variations at constant thermal pressure, in low-speed solar wind and without a significant dependence on distance, (2) adiabatic variations, mainly close to 1 AU and without a relevant dependence on wind speed, and (3) variations at nearly constant density, in fast wind close to 0.3 AU. Variations at constant thermal pressure are probably a subset of the ensemble of total-pressure balanced structures, corresponding to cases in which the magnetic field magnitude does not vary appreciably throughout the structure. In this case the pressure equilibrium has to be assured by its thermal component only. The variations may be related to small flow-tubes with approximately the same magnetic-field intensity, convected by the wind in conditions of pressure equilibrium. This feature is mainly observed in low-velocity solar wind, in agreement with the magnetic topology (small open flow-tubes emerging through an ensemble of closed structures) expected for the source region of slow wind. Variations of adiabatic type may be related to magnetosonic waves excited by pressure imbalances between contiguous flow-tubes. Such imbalances are probably built up by interactions between wind flows with different speeds in the spiral geometry induced by the solar rotation. This may account for the fact that they are mainly found at a large distance from the sun. Temperature variations at almost constant density are mostly found in fast flows close to the sun. These are the solar wind regions with the best examples of incompressible behaviour. They are characterized by very stable values for particle density and magnetic intensity, and by fluctuations of Alfvénic type. It is likely that temperature fluctuations in these regions are a remnant of thermal features in the low solar atmosphere. In conclusion, the polytropic index appears to be a useful tool to understand the nature of the compressive turbulence in the interplanetary plasma, as far as the frozen-in magnetic field does not play a crucial role.  相似文献   

20.
在宇宙中,众多恒星发出的光线充斥于万物之间.光压虽然早在1901年就被人们发现和试验证实,但一直未把它作为一种客观存在的自然力看待.其原因是(光压)斥力相互作用(自然力)主要表现在宇观物体(天体)上,在太阳系内的(太阳光压)斥力作用下,能否证明地球物质的宏观运动状态发生了变化及发生了什么样的变化,则是人们把(光压)斥力相互作用是否作为一种自然力看待的关键.宋贯一(1991)发现,太阳光压、地球的自转与公转组成了一套类似金属塑性压力加工中的一套天然"轧机",太阳的能量(动量)就是通过这种"轧制"式耦合物理机制传递给地球的,并依据这种耦合机制产生的地壳"轧展"效应特征,发现(1999)太阳光压斥力作用才是控制全球地壳运动和地震活动的唯一重要因素.宋贯一(1992)又发现,太阳光压、地球的自转与公转及赤黄交角的存在,组成了一套天然的日地间太阳能量(动量)相耦合的"摇摆"式物理机制,依据这种耦合机制特征,发现和证明(2006,2011)太阳光压斥力相互作用才是激发自转轴摆动并产生极移及地球自转速度季节性变化的主要力源.上述一系列发现,为(光压)斥力相互作用在自然界的客观存提供了具有说服力的证据.它与(万有)引力相相互作用一样,在宇宙的演化中起着同等重要的作用.  相似文献   

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