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1.
Zhigang YAO Zhengyu BAO Pu GAO 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):137-137
Although eutrophication and trace element contamination are two key environmental problems in Dongting Lake, a systematic study of the distribution of trace elements in sediments of this lake has not previously been undertaken. In order to identify the current levels of trace metal contamination in Dongting Lake, the concentrations of trace elements （Cd, Cr Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, As and Hg） in the sediments at 53 locations were investigated in this study. The lake, the second largest fresh-water lake in China, boasts three China wetlands of international importance. Dongting Lake which lies in the south of the middle Yangtze River is the most important reservoir lake in the Yangtze River drainage area, and is characterized by fast flow-through water, large runoff volume and short period of exchanging water （no more than 20 days）. The granulometric analysis result of sediments shows that a large proportion of the sediments measures at 2-63 μm in size; the result of mineralogical analysis shows that original mineral is the main composition of the sediments, followed by clay mineral and carbonate. The contents of copper, lead, zinc, cadmium, arsenic and mercury are higher than the background levels of soil （ Ⅰ Soil） in China, but lower than the threshold values for severely polluted soil （Ⅲ Soil） in China except Cd higher than that in Ⅲ Soil. The concentrations of trace elements analyzed are higher than the Threshold Effect Level of Interim Sediment Quality Guideline by Canada EPA and are lower than the Probable Effect Level. The assessment by geoaccumulation index shows that the contamination of Cd reached strong level in Dongting Lake. Study on speciation of metals by a BCR procedure indicates that the trace elements （Cu, Zn, Cr, and Ni） analyzed are mainly distributed in residual phases but Pb in Fe/Mn oxhydroxide phase and Cd in soluble and carbonate-bound fraction. The potential risk was the highest in East Dongting Lake based on the calculated contamination factors which are mostly probably caused by the deposition of the trace element pollutants via the Xiangjiang River and the discharge of the pollution sources in the vicinity of East Dongting Lake. 相似文献
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In permafrost regions, many methods about active cooling embankment are put forward, one of these representations is ventilated embankment, its cooling effect is the result of the air convection in the duct, and this leads to reducing the annual average ground temperature. The present work in this article is to determine the boundary conditions of the ventilated embankment and natural ground in numerical work. There are several effects which influence boundary conditions, they are: radiation, evaporation,phase change, convection and embankment material etc. Radiation and convection are the main effects in those. We mainly consider sun radiation in this article. The added-surface effect in ventilated embankment lowers its temperature, so the temperature on the wall of the ventilated embankment is different from the temperature in atmosphere. There are two methods in determining the surface temperature, experimental method and experiential method. Detailed research is discussed in the article. 相似文献
3.
Using pore-solid fractal dimension to estimate residual LNAPLs saturation in sandy aquifers: A column experiment 
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下载免费PDF全文 The“tailing”effect caused by residual non-aqueous phase liquids(NAPLs)in porous aquifers is one of the frontiers in pollution hydrogeology research.Based on the current knowledge that the residual NAPLs is mainly controlled by the pore structure of soil,this study established a method for evaluating the residual saturation of NAPLs by investigating the fractal dimension of porous media.In this study,the soil column experiments of residual light NAPLs(LNAPLs)in sandy aquifer with different ratios of sands and soil were carried out,and the correlation between the fractal dimension of the medium,the residual of LNAPLs and the soil structure parameters are statistically analyzed,and its formation mechanism and main control factors are discussed.The results show that:Under our experimental condition:(1)the fractal dimension of the medium has a positive correlation with the residual saturation of NAPLs generally,and the optimal fitting function can be described by a quadratic model:SR=192.02 D2-890.73 D+1040.8;(2)the dominant formation mechanism is:Smaller pores in the medium is related to larger fractal dimension,which leads to higher residual saturation of NAPLs;stronger heterogeneity of the medium is related to larger fractal dimension,which also leads to higher residual saturation of NAPLs;(3)the micro capillary pores characterized by fine sand are the main controlling factors of the formation mechanism.It is concluded that both the theory and the method of using fractal dimension of the medium to evaluate the residual saturation of NAPLs are feasible.This study provides a new perspective for the research of“tailing”effect of NAPLs in porous media aquifer. 相似文献
4.
Hui ZHANG 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):197-197
The speciation of heavy metals is very important to evaluate their environmental impact. This issue has become an interested topic many decades ago and many significative studies were carried out such as direct detecting, calculation with mathematical model represented in recent years as well as Tessier＇s work in 1979, BCR＇s work in 1993, etc. In all of them, the methods recommended by Tessier and BCR are most often used in practical study today. But it should be seen that experimental schedule and agents define these methods including BCR＇s method, which improved on Tessier＇s method, only. In many cases, there always are deviations between analytical results and real content of the speciation. Otherwise, steps of the extraction experiment are always strict and excessive in the experimental process. The method, which is fitting to extract the speciation of bioavailability and easy to assess the effect of metals in the environment, is very anticipant. In this paper, the sequential three steps schedule of speciation analysis of copper in soil and water sediment is discussed as an example based on the comparative results of experimental analysis with the schedules of BCR＇s （mended by Rauret et al. in 1999） and TDPA （diethylenetriamine pentacetic acid） extraction, respectively. The results from sequential three steps method and other methods recommended by prevenient work suggest that the analytical schedule of sequential three steps of separating speciation （the speciation of easy effect to life-form, the speciation available to life-form, and the speciation of no effect to life-form） is valuable for copper speciation analysis in soil and sediment. Because of easy process and saving time to evaluate its availability for life form, 相似文献
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Seng Chee Poh Norhaxati Mohd Tahir Hafiza Mohamed Zuki Mohd Izwadi Musa Khai Hock Ng Noor Azhar Mohamed Shazili 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):56-56
A total of 63 soil samples from 3 different soil profiles （urban, suburban and industrial areas） in major towns in the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia were analyzed for the total concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni and Cr. The soil samples were subjected to acid digestion and the concentrations of total metals extracted were measured or flame atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma - atomic emission spectrometry. According to the result of this study, Pb and Zn concentrations in urban soils are much higher than those of industrial and suburban soils. Total concentrations of Cu and Cr in industrial soil samples are high compared to other two soil profiles and Ni concentrations in the suburban area are slightly higher those of urban and industrial soils. Since Malaysia has not yet to come up with her own soil maximum allowable limit, the heavy metal concentrations were compared with the Dutch maximum allowable limit. The results indicated that the median of heavy metals values in the three different soil profiles is still below the Dutch system limit. From the maximum allowable value obtained from the Dutch system, a contamination/pollution （C/p） index for each site was calculated for the set of these five heavy metals. An advantage of using this method is to make a differentiation between pollution （C/p〉1） and contamination （C/p〈1） status in soils as well as being able to characterize each status into 5 different categories （slight, moderate, severe, very severe and excessive）. 相似文献
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Leaching Behavior of Fly Ashes from Power Plants 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
LIU Guijian GAO Lianfen ZHENG Liugen ZHANG Haoyuan PENG Zicheng School of Earth Space Science University of Science Technology of Chin Hefei Anhui Key Lab of Loess Quaternary Geology Institute of Earth Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Xi''an Shaanxi 《《地质学报》英文版》2004,78(3):720-723
The Yanzhou mine district, located in southwestern Shandong Province, is about 1300 km2 with more than 8×109tons of proved coal reserves and there are 10 big power plants in this area. A large amount of coal ashes, which are regarded as waste materials, have been stockpiled in the area and have influenced the environment of the mine district. In this paper, analysis of fly ash samples from three power plants is carried out, the enrichment and concentration of trace elements, Pb, Zn, Cu and As, in coal ashes are analyzed, and petrological and mineralogical characteristics and chemical compositions of coal ashes are studied. The aim of this work is to provide basic scientific data for utilization of ashes and reduction of environmental pollutions. 相似文献
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Yaping WANG Chunxue XU Ziyi AN Suming WANG 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):205-205
Different species of one element have different activities, so it has different effects on environment and human health. To analyze qualitatively and quantitatively the speciation of a special element in sample, which is the important basis for appraising the toxicity and studying the rule of transfer and translation of elements. Since the 1970＇s, the scheme of sequential extraction has already been used at many laboratories both at home and abroard, to get the information about heavy metals＇ activity in polluted soils. Because this method has the experimental nature, many schemes of problem has taken place, the absence of consistency of these sequential extraction have been formed. Thus the complexity of the schemes, the lack of selectivity of reagent, the lack of quality control, the result mainly related to the extraction scheme used, and so on. In the face of these problems, the study of experimental methods of sequential extraction on three different soils, sediment in Dongting Lake, soil in Jiangsu Province and loess in Shanxi Province was made. Reference materials of heavy metal speciation following sequential extraction in soil and sediment had been developed. Nowadays two kinds of sequential extraction methods which are widely used are BCR （three steps） and improved Tessier methods （seven steps）. Based on three steps of BCR, water-soluble speciation and the residual speciation were increased in our research. BCR701 was determined eight times at different laboratories using BCR three steps. The results showed that determined data obtained eight times were identical to the standard value, and it is indicated that this method has good reproducibility. The stability and homogeneity experiments indicated that the preparation of three types of candidates accorded with our requirements. Eight laboratories had afforded the determined values of 12 heavy metal elements （Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, Co, Ni, Cd, Cr, Mo, As, Sb, Hg, Se et al.） using BCR three steps. Also, these three candidates afforded the determined values by seven steps, and 12 laboratories had participated. 相似文献
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A method is proposed for the prospecting prediction of subsurface mineral deposits based on soil geochemistry data and a deep convolutional neural network model.This method uses three techniques(window offset,scaling,and rotation)to enhance the number of training data for the model.A window area is used to extract the spatial distribution characteristics of soil geochemistry and measure their correspondence with the occurrence of known subsurface deposits.Prospecting prediction is achieved by matching the characteristics of the window area of an unknown area with the relationships established in the known area.This method can efficiently predict mineral prospective areas where there are few ore deposits used for generating the training dataset,meaning that the deep-learning method can be effectively used for deposit prospecting prediction.Using soil active geochemical measurement data,this method was applied in the Daqiao area,Gansu Province,for which seven favorable gold prospecting target areas were predicted.The Daqiao orogenic gold deposit of latest Jurassic and Early Jurassic age in the southern domain has more than 105 t of gold resources at an average grade of 3-4 g/t.In 2020,the project team drilled and verified the K prediction area,and found 66 m gold mineralized bodies.The new method should be applicable to prospecting prediction using conventional geochemical data in other areas. 相似文献
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The karst area accounts for 61.9% of the total area in Guizhou Province, which gives rise to a fragile environment and backward economy. Comparative studies on the element contents of rock and soil and agriculture production in both carbonate area and non-carbonate area have been made to establish factors leading to low output and poor quality of agricultural products in the karst area. The result shows that there is an apparent lack of nutrient elements in carbonate rocks. The trace element contents of carbonate rocks are only 3532.27×10-6, but those of non-carbonate rocks are 10894.21×10-6. The available element contents in culti-vated soil delivered from carbonate rocks are merely 101.4×10-6, but those from non-carbonate rocks are 326.05×10-6. The available element contents and total element contents in cultivated soil delivered from non-carbonate rocks are 3 times higher than those from carbonate rocks. Besides, high-quality agricultural products such as rice, potato and tea are mainly produced in the non-carbonate area. It is indicated that the low output and quality of agricultural products are caused by the above-mentioned low trace element contents and poor agricultural environment. Therefore, a new method of mineral nutrients compensation has been put forward, which is very effective to raise the load-bearing capacity of agricultural environment, agricultural output and quality of agricultural products. 相似文献
10.
Some soft and mud samples have been determined for eadmiun, lead, copper,nickel and cobalt by atomic absorption speetrophotometry with a high-temperature graphite tube, after their extraction with sodium diethylthiocarbonate into methy lisolutyl ketone. The tests of the effects of acidity on extraction and interference have been also carried out and the optimum conditions have been obtained. In addition, experiments on recoveries by this procedure have been performed for the elements in ppb amount. The recovery of the metals added to soil samples is made in the same manner and the precision values are given in this paper. This method is considered as to be applicable to the determination of soil and mud samples for the above-mentioned elements, of which the concentration is higher than 1 ppb. 相似文献
11.
分层冻胀量的观测方法研究 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
当前使用的分层冻胀量观测方法有单体冻胀尺法、叠合冻胀尺法和磁环法, 分析了这3种方法各自的优缺点, 从冻胀的机理出发, 在正冻土中的水分迁移和成冰规律的基础上, 提出了表面冻胀量和冻深对比法. 依据内蒙古永济冻土试验场、内蒙古巴林左旗二龙灌区冻害试验场和大庆地区等3个季节冻土区的分层冻胀量观测结果, 分析了该方法在季节冻土区不同地下水位和不同土质条件下的适用性; 同时, 还据青海江仓的资料, 对在多年冻土地区的应用性进行了评估. 结果表明, 对比法只可以用于近似确定季节冻土区的分层冻胀量, 要确定多年冻土区的分层冻胀量, 该方法是失效的. 相似文献
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通过对新疆兵团垦区硫酸盐渍土路基的野外试槽试验测得的地温、盐冻胀变形量等试验数据进行整理,并运用SPSS软件进行多元线性回归分析,探讨了硫酸盐渍土路基的盐冻胀变形规律、盐冻胀变形量的影响因素及其计算方法,研究结果表明：①在一个冻融循环周期内,路基中各测点的地温-变形量曲线可以分成3个阶段,不同阶段的盐冻胀变化规律不同;②在降温、升温过程中,硫酸盐渍土路基盐冻胀变形量的影响因素不同,相应的计算公式也不同;③在一个冻融循环周期内,路基中各测点的盐冻胀变形量的最大值均出现在升温初期,因此,建议采用升温过程中盐冻胀变形量的计算公式计算路基的最大盐冻胀变形量。 相似文献
13.
冻胀力是冻土隧道支护结构产生病害的主要原因之一,为掌握多年冻土区昆仑山隧道冻胀力的分布形态以及随温度变化的规律,进行了现场测试研究。研究结果表明,到目前为止昆仑山隧道整个支护结构是安全可靠的;冻胀力随着气温、季节的变化而变化,2004年后其变化基本趋于稳定,实测到的冻胀力最大值为0.3 MPa,分布于围岩与初期支护之间仰拱部位;初期支护与二次衬砌之间的冻胀力很小,二次衬砌支护强度可考虑适当减弱;运用影响线理论绘制出了冻胀力包络图,其为确定作用于支护结构上的最不利荷载提供了一种合理有效的方法。 相似文献
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场地土层的自振频率是场地土的重要动力特性之一。为避免结构物与场地地基的共振效应,工程设施的固有频率应尽量避开地基的固有频率。在传统的基于集中质量矩阵的剪切质点系法（集中质量法）的基础上,发展了基于一致质量矩阵的剪切质点系法。在此基础上,对利用剪切质点系法求解水平层状场地自振频率的精度的影响因素进行了分析,主要考虑了土层分层特性、质量矩阵形式以及材料阻尼3个影响因素,分析表明：分层数越多,计算结果越接近真实解,从实际工程角度出发,分层数超过三层时可不再细分;在层数相等的情况下,层厚对计算结果精度的影响甚微;一致质量法的计算结果要优于集中质量法,且表现出上限解性质;在通常小阻尼情况下,阻尼对自振频率的影响很小。 相似文献
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详细地介绍了曲墙式、直墙式和圆形断面隧道衬砌在约束条件、隔热保温层及含水状况等因素变化情况下的相似材料冻胀力室内模型试验,通过分析试验得出不同衬砌断面在各种因素影响下衬砌和围岩间冻胀压力的量值和分布特征,以及由冻胀压力引起的结构内力分布特征。研究表明,直墙式断面受冰胀力最大,曲墙式次之,圆形面最小;曲墙式、直墙式断面冻胀力均呈分布荷载形态,前者拱脚及仰拱脚处冻胀力最大,后者边墙、底板处冻胀力最大。 相似文献
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兰新第二双线是世界上第一条修建在高海拔季节冻土区的高速铁路,路基填料采用通常认为是冻胀非敏感性材料的粗颗粒土（A、B组填料）。基于2015-2017年军马场-民乐区间（长约38 km）运营期现场监测发现,部分路段仍有较大冻胀量发生,对列车高速运营存在安全隐患。现场监测结果表明：该区间高铁路基平均冻结期为5个月,最大冻深介于3.0~3.8 m,约是天然冻深的2倍,路基2.7 m以上地层最大冻胀量可达27.5 mm。0~0.5 m级配碎石层含水量很低,控制在4%以内,暖季较高,寒季由于冻结而降低;0.5 m以下地层含水量相对较高,介于8%~15%之间,暖季较低,寒季较高,呈现“正弦”式分布,且随着路基深度增加而逐渐减小。路基冻胀发展过程大致可分为三个线性阶段,其中第二阶段（12月中下旬至次年1月中旬）为冻胀发展最快时期,历时约20天可达到稳定冻胀量。 相似文献
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