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1.
Variation of albedo to soil moisture for sand dunes and biological soil crusts in arid desert ecosystems 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ya-feng Zhang Xin-ping Wang Rui Hu Yan-xia Pan Hao Zhang 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,71(3):1281-1288
Surface albedo plays a crucial role in the energy balance of soils. The surface albedo and surface soil moisture of bare sand and biological soil crusts (BSCs) were concurrently observed on field plots of shifting sand dune and in revegetated desert ecosystems at Shapotou, northwestern China, to study relationships between surface albedo, solar elevation angle, and surface soil moisture. Results indicated that rainfall exerted a remarkable lowering effect on the variation of surface albedo by increasing surface soil moisture. Surface albedo was an exponential function of solar elevation angle, and the normalized surface albedo (solar elevation angle effect was removed) decreased exponentially with the increase of surface soil moisture. Sand surface had a higher albedo (0.266) than BSCs (0.226) when the surfaces were very dry. However, sand surface albedo became increasingly lower than that of BSCs when the surfaces were in wet conditions and when the soil moisture exceeded a critical value. The changes in soil surface albedo from sand dune to BSCs after revegetation in shallow soil profiles associated with the variation of the surface soil moisture can be seen as an indicator of the degree of sand dune stabilization when compared with the original shifting sand dune soil. 相似文献
2.
高寒冻土区生物结皮对土壤理化属性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
生物结皮是高寒地区地被层的重要组分之一。其作为地表特殊的结构层,能够改变地表结构及土壤理化属性,从而影响冻土环境。迄今为止,关于青藏高原高寒生态系统中生物结皮对土壤理化属性的影响尚不清楚。以青藏高原高寒冻土区生物结皮为研究对象,初步研究了生物结皮的特征及其对土壤理化属性的影响。结果表明：生物结皮在高寒草甸退化过程中广泛发育,主要以藻结皮为主,其盖度可达37.3%~51.7%,结皮层平均厚度为12.6 mm。由于生物结皮的发育,高寒地区5~20 cm土层粉粒含量有所增加,但差异不显著,而结皮层土壤田间持水量相比于裸地表层（2 cm）增加了10%~40%,结皮层容重较裸地降低了30%;两种类型藻结皮均显著增加了结皮层及其下0~20 cm土层土壤有机质,而深色藻结皮增加了结皮层及其下0~20 cm土层土壤全氮含量,浅色藻结皮仅增加了结皮层土壤全氮含量,对其下0~20 cm土层土壤全氮含量没有显著影响;生物结皮对土壤pH没有显著影响;生物结皮是高寒生态系统植被退化过程中的关键环节。研究结果为揭示生物结皮在高寒生态系统中发挥重要生态功能提供依据。 相似文献
3.
Effect of climate change on the trends of evaporation of phreatic water from bare soil in Huaibei Plain,China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 
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下载免费PDF全文 When the soil condition and depth to water table stay constant, climate condition will then be the only determinant of evaporation intensity of phreatic water from bare soil. Based on a series of long-term quality-controlled data collected at the Wudaogou Hydrological Experiment Station in the Huaibei Plain, Anhui, China, the variation trends of the evaporation rate of phreatic water from bare soil were studied through the Mann-Kendall trend test and the linear regression trend test, followed by the study on the responses of evaporation to climate change. Results indicated that in the Huaibei Plain during 1991-2008, evaporation of phreatic water from bare soil tended to increase at a rate of 5% on monthly scale in March, June and July while in other months the increase was minor. On the seasonal basis, the evaporation saw significant increase in spring and summer. In addition, annual evaporation tended to grow evidently over time. When air temperature rises by 1 °C, the annual evaporation rate increases by 7.24–14.21%, while when the vapor pressure deficit rises by 10%, it changes from-0.09 to 5.40%. The study also provides references for further understanding of the trends and responses of regional evapotranspiration to climate change. 相似文献
4.
The relationship between sensible and latent heat flux and diurnal variation in soil surface temperature and moisture under
four freeze/thaw soil conditions was investigated using observed soil temperature and moisture and simulated sensible and
latent heat flux. The diurnal range of latent heat flux had a similar temporal change pattern as that of unfrozen soil water
at depths of 0–3 cm during the freezing stage. Also, there was a better relationship with the diurnal range of unfrozen soil
water at depths of 3–6 cm during the thawing stage. Diurnal variation in latent heat flux was significant and depended mostly
on solar radiation during the completely thawed stage. However, while diurnal variation in solar radiation during the completely
frozen stage was significant, for latent heat flux it was quite weak due to low unfrozen soil water content. Thus, diurnal
variation in latent heat flux depended mostly on unfrozen soil water content during this stage. During the freezing and thawing
stages, diurnal variation in latent heat flux was also significant and depended mostly on diurnal variation in unfrozen soil
water content. However, the impacts of air temperature change from solar radiation on latent heat flux could not be ignored. 相似文献
5.
基于原状土蒸渗仪的潜水蒸发昼夜变化及差异性比较 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探究潜水蒸发昼夜变化及差异,利用五道沟水文实验站蒸渗仪群,进行了砂姜黑土和黄潮土两种代表土壤裸地及种植小麦和玉米三种情景下的实验。结果表明:有作物时,不同需水阶段昼夜潜水蒸发差异明显。需水大时,受蒸腾作用影响,潜水蒸发较大,两种土壤均为白天大于夜间。玉米生长初期需水小,但夏季白天气温较高,均为白天大于夜间。而小麦生长初期,冬季气温低,砂姜黑土昼夜差异不明显,各有大小,黄潮土则为夜间较大。裸土时,黄潮土受夜间水汽凝结及白天毛管断裂影响明显,夜间会大于白天。砂姜黑土则反之。 相似文献
6.
Effects of straw mulching on soil evaporation during the soil thawing period in a cold region in northeastern China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
To study the effect of straw mulching on soil water evaporation, it is necessary to measure soil water evaporation under different conditions of straw mulching during the soil thawing period. A field experiment was conducted in winter, and soil evaporation was measured using a microlysimeter on bare land (LD) and 4500 (GF4500), 9000 (GF9000) and 13500 \(\hbox {kg/hm}^{2}\) (GF13500) straw mulch. The influence of different quantities of straw mulch on soil water evaporation during the thawing period was analyzed using the Mallat algorithm, statistical analysis and information cost function. The results showed that straw mulching could delay the thawing of the surface soil by 3–6 d, decrease the speed at which the surface soil thaws by 0.40–0.80 cm/d, delay the peak soil liquid water content, increase the soil liquid water content, reduce the cumulative evaporation by 2.70–7.40 mm in the thawing period, increase the range of soil evaporation by 0.04–0.10 mm in the early stage of the thawing period, and reduce the range of soil evaporation by 0.25–0.90 mm in the late stage of the thawing period. Straw mulching could reduce the range of and variation in soil evaporation and can reduce the effect of random factors on soil evaporation. When the amount of straw mulch exceeded 9000 \(\hbox {kg/hm}^{2}\), the effect of increasing the amount of straw mulch on daily soil water evaporation was small. 相似文献
7.
Biological soil crust development and its topsoil properties in the process of dune stabilization, Inner Mongolia, China 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
This study was undertaken at Horqin Sand Land, Inner Mongolia, Northern China. Field samples of biological soil crusts (BSCs)
and underlying topsoil (0–5 cm under BSC) were taken in areas of different dune stabilization stages, and their physicochemical
properties were analyzed, including particle size distribution, bulk density, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, electrical
conductivity (EC), pH, and CaCO3 content. The results revealed that semi-mobile dunes, semi-fixed dunes and fixed dunes had developed a physical crust, algae
crust and moss crust, respectively. The thickness, hardness, water content, fine fraction and nutrient contents of BSCs were
gradually increasing along the dune stabilization gradient. Meanwhile, BSC establishment and development enhanced the bulk
density, silt and clay content, and nutrients of the topsoil under it, in an increasing tend from semi-mobile dune to fixed
dune. Organic matter concentrations and other nutrients in the 0–5 cm topsoil layer under BSCs were significantly higher compared
to unconsolidated soil (control). Moreover, there were strong significant positive correlations between topsoil and BSCs’
organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, CaCO3, and <0.05 mm particle content, suggesting that BSCs have an influence on some of the properties of the underlying topsoil. 相似文献
8.
Successional stages of biological soil crusts and their microstructure variability in Shapotou region (China) 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
In order to investigate succession of biological soil crusts (BSCs) and their microstructure variability, we conducted this
work in Shapotou revegetation region at the southeast edge of Tengger Deser. The results showed that BSCs generally succeeded
as a pathway of “Algae crusts, algae–lichen crusts, lichen crusts, lichen–moss crusts and moss crusts”. Occasionally mosses
directly occurred on algae crusts, and BSCs succeeded from algae crusts to moss crusts. Crust vertical stratification was
a common phenomenon, from top to bottom an inorganic layer, algae-dense layer and algae-sparse layer were divided in algae
crusts; a thallus layer, rhizoid layer and sub-rhizoid layer in lichen crusts; a “stem-leaf” layer, rhizoid layer and sub-rhizoid
layer in moss crusts, respectively. The main crust binding organisms varied from filamental cyanobacteria (dominated by Microcoleus) in algae crusts to lichen rhizoids, free-living cyanobacterial filaments and fungal hyphaes in lichen crusts, and to moss
rhizoids and fungal hyphaes in moss crusts. The dominant phototrophic organisms varied from Microcoleus (algae) in algae crusts to Collema (lichens) in lichen crusts, and to Bryum (or Didymodon and Tortula; mosses) in moss crusts. Total phototrophic biomass increased while the free-living algal biomass decreased with the succession
of BSCs. In addition, exopolysaccharides and fine particles accumulated in the course of development and succession of BSCs,
all of which lead to a gradual increase in crust thickness and porosity, while decrease in the bulk density. 相似文献
9.
探索了一种由土壤基本物性指标、气象数据预测非饱和土表层蒸发过程的方法。通过土壤基本物理性质（颗粒分布、土粒相对密度、干密度）预测出土-水特征曲线（SWCC）,进而得到土壤气相对湿度与含水率的关系,采用Penman-Wilson模型预测出了非饱和土表面的蒸发曲线。通过该方法,只需实地采取土样,获取其基本物理性质,由任意时刻土壤的含水率及气象数据就能预测出该时刻土表的蒸发速率。采用自制的自动蒸发测量系统进行浅层土蒸发试验,得到了蒸发曲线,与预测结果进行比较发现预测蒸发过程与实测结果一样皆由临界含水率和风干含水率将其分为3个阶段：稳定阶段、减速阶段和残余阶段,且蒸发量吻合,证明了所提出方法的准确性和实用性,对工程界估计土表蒸发量,确定水流量边界有重要意义。 相似文献
10.
通过室内压力陶土板系统测定土壤含水率与基质势的关系与Star-1土壤水分物理特征测定系统确定非饱和土壤水力传导度的方法,结合应用van Genuchten公式模拟,分析了位于腾格里沙漠东南缘包兰铁路沙坡头段人工生态防护体系生物土壤结皮的水文物理特征,确定了其水分特征曲线、非饱和土壤水力传导度、非饱和弥散系数,并与原始沙丘沙进行比较。结果表明,生物土壤结皮的持水能力是沙丘沙的3~9倍。当土壤基质势在-1~-3 000 cm的较高范围变化时,生物土壤结皮平均非饱和水力传导度低于沙丘沙(约为12%);而当土壤基质势在-3 000~-15 000 cm的较低范围变化时,沙丘沙的平均非饱和水力传导度又大大低于生物土壤结皮(约为91.0%)。正是由于生物土壤结皮特殊的质地与结构,使其非饱和水力传导度随着土壤基质势的降低,以及土壤含水量的减少,而趋于增大。与原始沙丘沙比较,生物土壤结皮独特的水文物理特点决定了它对荒漠地区土壤微生境的改善与促进作用,特别是通常情况下的高持水能力与低土壤基质势条件下的较高非饱和水力传导度,能够提高浅层土壤水分的有效性,有利于人工生态防护体系主要组分浅根系灌木、草本植物与小型土壤动物的生存繁衍。 相似文献
11.
Biological soil crusts (BSCs) are an important cover in arid desert landscapes, and have a profound effect on the CO2 exchange in the desert system. Although a large number of studies have focused on the CO2 flux at the soil–air interface, relatively few studies have examined the soil CO2 concentration in individual layers of the soil profile. In this study, the spatiotemporal dynamics of CO2 concentration throughout the soil profile under two typical BSCs (algae crusts and moss crusts) and its driving factors were examined in a revegetated sandy area of the Tengger Desert from Mar 2010 to Oct 2012. Our results showed that the mean values of the vertical soil CO2 concentrations under algal crusts and moss crusts were 600–1,200 μmol/mol at the 0–40 cm soil profiles and increased linearly with soil depth. Daily CO2 concentrations showed a single-peak curve and often had a 1–2 h time delay after the maximum soil temperature. During the rainy season, the mean soil CO2 concentration profile was 1,200–2,000 μmol/mol, which was 2–5 times higher as compared to the dry season (400–800 μmol/mol). Annually, soil moisture content was the key limiting factor of the soil CO2 concentration, but at the daily time scale, soil temperature was the main limiting factor. Combined with infiltration depth of crusted soils, we predicted that precipitation of 10–15 mm was the most effective driving factor in arid desert regions. 相似文献
12.
地表-地下水系统水、热迁移转化与裸土蒸发机理研究对于水量平衡以及地表能量转化具有重要意义。以鄂尔多斯盆地风沙滩地区为研究区,基于原位蒸渗仪长期观测,结合数值模拟,选择2种地下水位初始埋深分别为80 cm（浅埋深）和290 cm（深埋深）的情景,研究了变饱和带水热迁移转化的动力学过程以及对裸土蒸发的影响。结果表明:变饱和带土壤水的运动规律受水头梯度和温度梯度的共同驱动,且在不同水位埋深条件下呈现不同的运动方式;浅埋深条件下,受水头梯度的作用,土壤的毛细上升高度能够到达地表,蒸发条件下土壤水在毛细力驱动下向上运移,土壤内部不存在零通量面,温度对水分运动的影响较小,发现当地下水位埋深小于毛细上升高度时,地下水在毛细力作用下直接贡献土壤蒸发;深埋深条件下,水头和温度是土壤水运动过程的关键因素,位于地表以下18 cm以浅土壤内部出现孤立的零通量面,阻止了土壤水的向上运移,导致蒸发量减小。当地下水位埋深大于毛细上升高度的1.6倍时,地下水不再直接参与土壤蒸发,但会间接地影响包气带的水分转化;因此模拟期间浅埋深的裸土累积蒸发量约为深埋深累积蒸发量的4倍。 相似文献
13.
认识沙漠土壤水分的时空变异性,是揭示沙漠生态系统生态-水文格局的基础。利用中子土壤水分仪的实测数据,对古尔班通古特沙漠树枝状沙丘土壤水分时空变异进行了系统分析。研究表明:① 沙丘不同部位土壤水分随时间具有一致性变化规律,上层土壤和下层土壤的变化趋势有所不同。0~1 m土层坡顶>坡中>坡脚,1~2 m土层坡脚>坡中>坡顶。② 土壤水分具有明显的季节变化和分层变化特征。春季是古尔班通古特沙漠土壤水分最丰富、变化最迅速的时期;0~40 cm、40~140 cm、140~200 cm土层土壤水分变异系数分别为13.56%、5.35%和0.80%,与不同土层水分来源和消耗以及植物根系分布相对应;不同土层土壤水分的变异强度要大于不同部位土壤水分的变异强度。③ 植被和地形对土壤水分的空间分异作用明显,沙丘坡脚处以及荒漠灌木梭梭根区始终存在土壤水分相对富集区。 相似文献
14.
膨胀土的收缩性明显,容易引发边坡与地基开裂,但有关结构性对收缩特性影响的认识甚少。采用收缩自动试验装置,在恒湿恒温条件下对原状膨胀土和重塑膨胀土开展了收缩对比试验和扫描电镜（scanning electron microscope,简称SEM）测试分析,结果表明：与原状土相比,重塑土在土中水流动阶段的蒸发速率较小,蒸汽扩散阶段收缩稳定速率较慢,最终体积收缩应变量更大;重塑土体积收缩−含水率关系曲线的线性段较长,斜率较大,直线段与稳定段之间的过渡不明显,而原状土则反之;重塑土和原状土的收缩特征曲线（soil shrinkage
characteristic curves,简称SSC）在较高含水率段基本重合,随着含水率下降,重塑土的SSC下降更快,对应的含水率范围更宽,最后进入残余−零收缩阶段时,孔隙比明显较小;Chertkov收缩模型适用于原状膨胀土,但不适用于重塑膨胀土。SEM测试结果表明,原状膨胀土较重塑膨胀土具有更强的原生结构性,初始密度与湿度相同情况下,两者颗粒排列、接触方式、胶结状态、孔隙大小与分布特征等微观结构上差异明显,导致蒸发过程中重塑土的水分迁移速率较小、基质吸力较大,是重塑土收缩更剧烈的内在原因。研究结果可为膨胀土边坡的坡面工程防护设计提供参考依据。 相似文献
15.
针对盐碱化土壤地表蒸发速率研究的不足,以表层土壤为研究对象,采用土壤蒸发试验和数学模型相结合的方法分析了溶质势对地表蒸发速率的影响。结果表明:当土壤中盐分没有沉淀结晶时,溶质势是盐分引起地表蒸发速率降低的主要原因;溶质势越低,蒸发速率下降比例越大,该下降比例与溶质势有近似线性关系,但同时还受到空气温度与相对湿度、土壤温度以及土壤基质势等因素的影响;当表层土壤存在水盐补给时,地表蒸发速率总是变化趋向于水分补给速率,但含盐土壤蒸发速率变化较慢,而且若补给水分中含盐,那么其稳定蒸发速率会低于水分补给速率。 相似文献
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鉴于包气带蒸发的水分是从地表散失,故查明裸土蒸发规律对研究包气带水分蒸发、潜水蒸发问题具有重要意义。为了查明西北干旱内陆盆地区裸土蒸发强度规律,通过开展裸土含水率观测、包气带负压观测等野外原位试验,结合气象资料,对包气带剖面流场特征进行分析,采用有限差分法对裸土蒸发强度进行计算。结果表明：依据包气带水分在垂向上迁移的不同状态,将裸土区包气带剖面划分为水分向上传输带和水分向下迁移带2个带;西北内陆干旱盆地裸土包气带极限蒸发深度为1.2 m;受外界蒸发能力和包气带向上输水能力交替控制作用,盆地内裸土蒸发出现在4月下半月至9月下半月,其中4月下半月至5月裸土蒸发强度最大,平均蒸发强度达0.56 mm/d;裸土蒸发强度平均仅占水面蒸发强度的3.5%,最大达6.7%。 相似文献
18.
大气影响下平顶山膨胀土地表蒸发研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探索膨胀土的蒸发特征,对平顶山市区膨胀土进行了不同初始含水量土体的室内和室外蒸发试验研究,测试了蒸发过程中土体含水量在不同深度的变化。对室内、外试验结果及其差异性进行了分析,发现室内和室外土样的蒸发强度差别较大,但是蒸发系数相差不大,蒸发系数与土体含水量、含水量梯度有较强的相关性。地表土体接近饱和时,蒸发系数在1上下波动。随着蒸发的持续,蒸发系数随地表含水量降低而下降,含水量梯度随地表含水量的降低而升高。当地表含水量达到残余含水量时,含水量梯度达到极大值,持续蒸发含水量梯度将继续减小。土体蒸发系数与蒸发历时进行拟合,呈较好的对数关系。 相似文献
19.
Influence of soil moisture content on surface albedo and soil thermal parameters at a tropical station 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Half hourly data of soil moisture content, soil temperature, solar irradiance, and reflectance are measured during April 2010 to March 2011 at a tropical station, viz., Astronomical Observatory, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India (76°59’E longitude and 8°29’N latitude). The monthly, seasonal and seasonal mean diurnal variation of soil moisture content is analyzed in detail and is correlated with the rainfall measured at the same site during the period of study. The large variability in the soil moisture content is attributed to the rainfall during all the seasons and also to the evaporation/movement of water to deeper layers. The relationship of surface albedo on soil moisture content on different time scales are studied and the influence of solar elevation angle and cloud cover are also investigated. Surface albedo is found to fall exponentially with increase in soil moisture content. Soil thermal diffusivity and soil thermal conductivity are also estimated from the subsoil temperature profile. Log normal dependence of thermal diffusivity and power law dependence of thermal conductivity on soil moisture content are confirmed. 相似文献
20.
缓冲/回填材料的收缩特性对高放废物处置库的长期安全性和稳定性具有重要影响。以高庙子（GMZ） 膨润土-砂混
合物缓冲/回填材料为研究对象,探究了0~50%掺砂率下,试样蒸发失水过程中的收缩特性。试验结果表明：（1） 试样的水
分蒸发过程可分为常速率阶段、减速率阶段和残余阶段,且掺砂率对各阶段水分蒸发过程均有显著影响;（2） 掺砂率对试
样缩限值基本没有影响,但收缩应变却随着掺砂率的增大而减小;试样收缩系数在掺砂率为30%时达到最大,之后随掺砂
率的增大而减小;（3） 在不同掺砂率下,试样收缩均呈现出明显的各向异性;（4） 掺砂率越高,试样进气点对应的含水率
越大,最终孔隙比也越大。 相似文献