共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 359 毫秒
1.
《Applied Geochemistry》2002,17(8):1149-1157
Regression analysis is a well-established method to correct for grain size differences in suites of sediments. However, distortion caused by the presence of outliers and imprecision in both variables can hinder many common regression models from performing adequately. Median sum of weighted residuals (MSWR) regression is strongly outlier-resistant and accounts for imprecision in both variables for each member of a dataset. In a case study of Ni and Pb normalisation for a suite of stream sediments in NE Estonia, the ability of MSWR regression to detect anomalies was compared to ordinary least squares, weighted least squares, least absolute deviation and least median of squares regression. MSWR regression not only revealed more anomalous samples than the other methods, but also was able to distinguish anomalies in samples at comparatively low heavy metal concentration. This feature is particularly significant when tracking heavy metal dispersion downstream from point sources. 相似文献
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估算水系沉积物的地球化学背景值和识别其异常对人为污染判别与环境风险评估非常重要。采集并分析了珠江58件水系沉积物样品,经分析检验,Al、Fe和Sc被选作参考元素,并对比了确定地球化学背景及识别异常值的方法。其中,基于最小截断二乘法的回归分析是定义地球化学背景的有效方法,它是一种对异常值不敏感的稳健统计方法,而基于局部富集因子的箱线图和回归诊断图更适用于识别异常值。珠江不同河段重金属污染存在差异,北江和河网区主要受As、Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn污染,东江主要受Cu、Cr和Ni污染,而西江几乎不存在重金属污染。水系沉积物的主要污染类型是点源污染,主要污染来源是采矿和电镀等相关的工业活动。 相似文献
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The multiquadric method (MQ) with high interpolation accuracy has been widely used for interpolating spatial data. However, MQ is an exact interpolation method, which is improper to interpolate noisy sampling data. Although the least squares MQ (LSMQ) has the ability to smooth out sampling errors, it is inherently not robust to outliers due to the least squares criterion in estimating the weights of sampling knots. In order to reduce the impact of outliers on the accuracy of digital elevation models (DEMs), a robust method of MQ (MQ-R) has been developed. MQ-R includes two independent procedures: knot selection and the solution of the system of linear equations. The two independent procedures were respectively achieved by the space-filling design and the least absolute deviation, both of which are very robust to outliers. Gaussian synthetic surface, which is subject to a series of errors with different distributions, was employed to compare the performance of MQ-R with that of LSMQ. Results indicate that LSMQ is seriously affected by outliers, whereas MQ-R performs well in resisting outliers, and can construct satisfactory surfaces even though the data are contaminated by severe outliers. A real-world example of DEM construction was employed to evaluate the robustness of MQ-R, LSMQ, and the classical interpolation methods including inverse distance weighting method, thin plate spline, and ANUDEM. Results showed that compared with the classical methods, MQ-R has the highest accuracy in terms of root mean square error. In conclusion, when sampling data is subject to outliers, MQ-R can be considered as an alternative method for DEM construction. 相似文献
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Regression diagnostics and robust regression in geothermometer/geobarometer calibration: the garnet-clinopyroxene geothermometer revisited 总被引：25，自引：1，他引：25
ROGER POWELL 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》1985,3(3):231-243
Abstract The calibration of geothermometers and geobarometers should involve not only the determination of the parameters in the equation used, but also the uncertainties on, and the correlations between, these parameters. This necessitates the use of a technique such as least squares. Given the poor performance of least squares in the presence of outliers in the data, techniques for identifying outliers for exclusion—regression diagnostics, and techniques for handling data which include outliers—robust regression and jackknifing, are essential. These techniques are summarized and their importance is emphasized, and they are applied to the calibration of the garnet-clinopyroxene Fe-Mg exchange geothermometer.
The experimental data of Raheim & Green (1974) and Ellis & Green (1979) are explored using regression diagnostics to discover outliers in the data. After exclusion of the two influential outliers found, a new geothermometer equation for garnet-clinopyroxene Fe-Mg exchange is derived using robust regression and based on all the data: thus, T (K) = 2790 + 10 P + 3140xca,g /1.735 + In K D where T is in Kelvin and P is in kbar. This equation, as might be hoped, is essentially identical to that of Ellis & Green (1979). Equations for calculating the uncertainty in a calculated temperature, contributed by uncertainties in the calibration, are also derived. 相似文献
The experimental data of Raheim & Green (1974) and Ellis & Green (1979) are explored using regression diagnostics to discover outliers in the data. After exclusion of the two influential outliers found, a new geothermometer equation for garnet-clinopyroxene Fe-Mg exchange is derived using robust regression and based on all the data: thus, T (K) = 2790 + 10 P + 3140x
5.
Diaspore (α-AlOOH) samples of different origin have been investigated by means of X-ray powder diffraction. Film and diffractometer data, evaluated by common least squares and least squares profile-fitting refinement methods, respectively resulted in the same values of structural parameters. The structural invariability of natural diaspores can be concluded from the results. 相似文献
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对2006年4月17日北京降尘的粒度和磁学性质进行深入分析,提出降尘磁化率相对黄土样品较高是现代降尘磁化率的特点,源区表土磁化率普遍较高是本次降尘磁化率值高的主要原因,污染产生的磁性物质对其也有一定的影响。同时通过对比几次降尘的粒度特征和传输方式提出粒度可以有效地指示源区的变化。结合降尘的粒度、磁化率分析与沙尘暴的监测信息和卫星云图,认为此次降尘粒度为0.8～20.0μm的组分可能是来自内蒙古西部的物质;20～70μm与>70μm的组分可能是来自距离北京较近的河北北部和内蒙古中部发生强烈沙尘暴的地区。 相似文献
7.
Multivariate analysis of ATR-FTIR spectra for assessment of oil shale organic geochemical properties
In this study, attenuated total reflectance (ATR) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was coupled with partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis to relate spectral data to parameters from total organic carbon (TOC) analysis and programmed pyrolysis to assess the feasibility of developing predictive models to estimate important organic geochemical parameters. The advantage of ATR-FTIR over traditional analytical methods is that source rocks can be analyzed in the laboratory or field in seconds, facilitating more rapid and thorough screening than would be possible using other tools. ATR-FTIR spectra, TOC concentrations and Rock–Eval parameters were measured for a set of oil shales from deposits around the world and several pyrolyzed oil shale samples. PLSR models were developed to predict the measured geochemical parameters from infrared spectra. Application of the resulting models to a set of test spectra excluded from the training set generated accurate predictions of TOC and most Rock–Eval parameters. The critical region of the infrared spectrum for assessing S1, S2, Hydrogen Index and TOC consisted of aliphatic organic moieties (2800–3000 cm−1) and the models generated a better correlation with measured values of TOC and S2 than did integrated aliphatic peak areas. The results suggest that combining ATR-FTIR with PLSR is a reliable approach for estimating useful geochemical parameters of oil shales that is faster and requires less sample preparation than current screening methods. 相似文献
8.
Lin Li 《中国地质大学学报(英文版)》2011,(5)
Partial least squares(PLS) regression was applied to the Lunar Soil Characterization Consortium(LSCC) dataset for spectral estimation of TiO2.The LSCC dataset was split into a number of subsets including the low-Ti,high-Ti,total mare soils,total highland,Apollo 16,and Apollo 14 soils to investigate the effects of interfering minerals and nonlinearity on the PLS performance.The PLS weight loading vectors were analyzed through stepwise multiple regression analysis(SMRA) to identify mineral species driving and... 相似文献
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Tomi P. Luoto 《第四纪科学杂志》2009,24(2):150-158
Numerical techniques were used to study chironomid distribution and abundance in lakes from a 1000 km transect in Finland, with special interest on the effect of local summer air temperatures on chironomid assemblages. The final aim of the study was to develop a chironomid‐based palaeotemperature inference model. The dataset consisted of 82 lakes (of which 77 were used in the model after deletion of outliers), with catchments spanning from boreal coniferous forests to mountain birch woodland and tundra vegetation. Numerical analysis showed that the mean July air temperature was the most significant variable explaining the distribution and abundance of chironomids in Finnish lakes. Weighted‐averaging partial least squares techniques were used to develop a palaeotemperature inference model for mean July air temperature reconstructions. The model performance statistics were favourable, with cross‐validated coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.78, root mean squared error of prediction of 0.721°C and maximum bias of 0.794°C. Based on these values, the transfer function is a valid means of performing quantitative palaeotemperature estimates in downcore studies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
11.
Surendra P. Verma Rosalinda González‐Ramírez Rodolfo Rodríguez‐Ríos 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2011,35(2):183-192
Pressed powder pellets and fused beads or glass disks are routinely used in X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry for the determination of major and trace elements, respectively, in geological materials. In order to evaluate the performance of these two sample preparation methods, we determined Ni and Cr concentrations of fourteen RMs from Japan, France and South Africa, and eighty‐five igneous and three sedimentary rock samples from Mexico in both powder pellets and glass beads. We also computed new values of statistical parameters for RMs from an outlier‐based multiple‐test method and compared them with the literature mean and confidence limit values. The results showed that the multiple‐test method provided more reliable central tendency and dispersion parameters for RMs than those obtained previously from the two or three standard deviation method, or from robust methods. The powder pellet and fused bead sample preparation methods provided consistent results for Ni and Cr at concentration levels > 50 μg g?1 in this application; for lower concentration levels, however, these methods showed somewhat greater differences. For quantitative comparisons, both ordinary and weighted least‐squares linear regression models were used to show that the two sample preparation methods provided generally unbiased results. 相似文献
12.
本文从理论上推导了约束条件为参数平差的相关观测值的一次范数最小平差（Ｌ１平差）模型，并对不同的数学实例进行了试算。结果表明，Ｌ１平差具有较好的抗粗差能力。 相似文献
13.
土壤铅含量高光谱遥感反演中波段选择方法研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
利用高光谱遥感数据进行了南京郊外土壤重金属元素铅的含量反演,由于高光谱数据波段众多,波段选择或变换至关重要。比较了基于次贪婪的前向选择模型的最小角度拟合和基于遗传算法进行波段选择的最小二乘和偏最小二乘拟合,结果发现基于遗传算法的偏最小二乘反演结果优于全波段的偏最小二乘,表明波段选择在高光谱反演重金属中是有益的。尽管采取了波段选择后的各方法在反演时均能达到70%以上的训练精度,但因遗传算法搜索的解空间范围更宽广,使得基于遗传算法的偏最小二乘优于前向选择模型的最小角度拟合。最后还比较了基于遗传算法的普通最小二乘和偏最小二乘拟合,结果表明偏最小二乘更优,因此在高光谱反演重金属含量当中,偏最小二乘精度较高,而在波段选择方法中,遗传算法更优。 相似文献
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Considering the geomechanical characteristics of rocks which are a mixture of rock blocks embedded in fine grain matrix can be challenging due to their complex structure and difficulty in preparing representative in situ or laboratory samples. In the literature, this group of rocks is called block in matrix Rocks (bimrocks). In this paper, the effects of volumetric block proportion (VBP), maximum block size, and distribution function on the compressive strength and failure patterns of these rocks were considered by executing the unconfined compressive test on large-scale synthetic samples. The compressive strength of bimrocks was found to have a direct relation with VBP and maximum block size and an indirect one with fractal dimension in accordance with multivariable regression analysis. The fracture patterns of remolded samples were changed from an inter-granular facture to a matrix and between-granular one by the reducing the VBP and increasing the fractal dimension. In addition, the failure mechanism was spalling for the low values of VBP and the high values of fractal dimension and it was changed to shear failure by increasing VBP and decreasing fractal dimension. 相似文献
16.
The origin of the Tertiary ‘red clay’ underlying the Pleistocene loess in the Chinese Loess Plateau remains controversial, although several lines of evidence have suggested a wind‐blown origin. This study examines the particle‐size parameters of the late Miocene and Pliocene ‘red clay’ by comparing it with those of the late Pleistocene loess. The particle‐size distribution of a total of 15 339 loess and 6394 ‘red clay’ samples taken from 12 loess sections along a north–south transect and two ‘red clay’ sequences at Lingtai and Jingchuan was systematically analysed. The median grain size, skewness and kurtosis of the late Pleistocene loess all show a systematic southward change and are principally influenced by distance from source region. The spatial and temporal differentiation of dust deposits is expressed in a skewness–kurtosis–median grain size ternary diagram, from which the distance to the source region can be inferred. The particle‐size characteristics of the Tertiary ‘red clay’ sediments are very similar to those of the palaeosols within the late Pleistocene loess deposits, suggesting an aeolian origin for the ‘red clay’. Based on the comparison of ‘red clay’ and loess in the ternary diagrams, it is inferred that the source–sink distance was greater in the Neogene than in the last and penultimate interglacials, and that the dust source region in north‐western China underwent a progressive expansion during the period from at least 7·0 Ma to the present. 相似文献
17.
伽马测井曲线包含了储层的粒度信息,采用二进制小波变换对伽马测井曲线处理可以提取粒度参数。通过分析不同粒度区间单位体积含量(以Udden-Wentworth方案为标准)与伽马测井曲线变换后信号的幅度、频率之间关系,考虑测井仪器探头测量速率造成的采样间隔的影响,建立求解不同粒度区间体积含量的递归方程组。将获得不同粒度区间的绝对体积转化为相对体积含量,按照Trask或Folk-Ward公式,计算粒度中值、平均粒度、分选系数、偏度、峰度。选择塔里木盆地大北地区DB101等4口井51个取样点进行方法适用性和可靠性验证,此方法的计算结果与筛选法相比,各项参数误差均在允许接受范围内。与国内外同类方法相比,此方法在信息来源、耗时、成本方面的要求均有所降低。 相似文献
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胡杨回涡沙丘是别里库姆沙漠常见的一种风积地貌类型,通过测试分析来自6个样区胡杨回涡沙丘的195个表层沉积物样品,结合粒级-标准偏差法、Sahu成因判别和相关统计分析法,对其粒度特征进行研究,以分析别里库姆沙漠表层沉积物类型、沉积环境的稳定性。结果表明:(1)胡杨回涡沙丘表层沉积物粒度组成以砂和粉砂为主,从北向南、从东向西沉积物粒级均呈现变细趋势。(2)6个样区平均粒径的均值属于极细砂或细砂范围,71.79%的物质样品分选较好,97.94%的沉积物样品属于近对称分布,100%的物质样品属于中等峰态。(3)6个样区的粒级-标准偏差曲线均呈现多峰分布,沉积环境不稳定。(4)6个样区胡杨回涡沙丘表层沉积物的Sahu成因判别值介于-7.277~ -5.912,均属于风成沉积。 相似文献
20.
The reflectance of vitrinite (collotelinite) particles is a widely used parameter as a geothermometer for the estimation of the thermal maturity of organic matter enclosed in rocks. However, several problems have occurred during the last decades, which can be traced back to basically three causes: human mistakes, technical problems, and problems associated with the structural and compositional inhomogeneity of organic matter. Whilst in most cases the first two types of uncertainties can be handled by standardization, the third can cause significant problems during interpretation due to its generally inestimable character. The suppression of vitrinite reflectance and statistical problems originated from small sample size, and outliers belong to this latter type.International standards, such as the ASTM and the ISO, define the vitrinite reflectance parameter as a statistical average of measured data, disregarding the fact that the average is an unresisting and unrobust statistical parameter. In other words, the average is very sensitive to outliers and distribution.The aim of this research was to find and test a better, more resistant, and robust statistical parameter used by traditional parametric and nonparametric statistics, which can be applied in practice instead of the average. Three categories of statistical problems were studied on coal and disperse organic matter (DOM) samples: the distribution of measured values, the effect of data number, and the effect of outliers on statistical parameters. The statistical experiments carried out on numerous original and generated sample sets show that the median (med) and the most frequent value (Mn), a special weighted average, are better parameters to estimate the thermal maturity of organic matter especially above 1% reflectance value. 相似文献