共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
重金属污染土壤的修复一直是国内外环境研究者关注的重点环境问题之一.近年来,纳米材料在土壤重金属污染修复中的应用也受到了越来越多的关注.综述了主要纳米材料及其改性材料修复土壤重金属的应用、纳米材料的组合技术应用以及影响纳米材料修复土壤重金属效果的主要因素,提出了今后该领域应重点加强研发新的纳米材料,同时提高其在土壤中的扩散能力,研究从室内实验到田间实验的应用;进一步深入探讨了纳米材料在土壤中的环境行为及相关机理等,以期充分理解并进一步推动纳米材料在土壤重金属污染修复中的应用. 相似文献
2.
矿物法--环境污染治理的第四类方法 总被引：26，自引：0，他引：26
总结介绍了近10年开展环境矿物材料研究所取得的较为系统的研究成果。新提出环境矿物材料基本性能,包括矿物表面效应、孔道效应、结构效应、离子交换效应、结晶效应、溶解效应、水合效应、氧化还原效应、半导体效应、纳米效应及矿物生物交互效应等。展示环境矿物材料开发应用方面的崭新成就,包括利用天然铁的硫化物矿物强还原性,发明一步法还原Cr(Ⅵ)与沉淀Cr(Ⅲ)废水处理新工艺;利用天然锰的氧化物矿物强氧化性,发明处理高浓度与强污染的印染和酚类废水新方法;利用天然钛的氧化物矿物日光催化性,发明光催化降解卤代有机污染物新方法;利用天然蛭石高温脱水膨胀热效应,发明能大幅度提高型煤固硫率与除尘新方法;利用天然钙基蒙脱石低成本制备出同时防止水体与无机和有机污染物渗漏的自愈性强的填埋场衬层建造用新型防渗材料,发明生活垃圾尤其是危险废物填埋场衬层建造新工艺;发现凝灰岩与花岗岩中长石类矿物发育有良好的孔道结构,核素进入可发生固定化作用,成为有效阻滞核素迁移的天然屏障;利用天然纳米管状纤蛇纹石成功制备二氧化硅纳米管,接枝有机物可由亲水性变为疏水性;利用黄钾铁矾的胶体特征作为多金属矿山废石堆隔离防渗层,防止金属硫化物矿物氧化分解与矿山酸性废水污染等。着重指出今后环境矿物? 相似文献
3.
Samih Al Rawashdeh Rami Ruzouq A’kif Al-Fugara Biswajeet Pradhan S. H. Abu-Hamatteh Ziad Abu Rumman Ghayda 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2013,6(9):3241-3248
Remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) are very useful for environmental-related studies, particularly in the field of surface water studies such as monitoring of lakes. The Dead Sea is exposed to very high evaporating process with considerable scarcity of water sources, thus leading to a remarkable shrinkage in its water surface area. The lake suffers from dry out due to the negative balance of water cycle during the previous four decades. This paper discusses the application of RS, GIS, and Global Positioning System to estimate the lowering and the shrinkage of Dead Sea water surface over the period 1810–2005. A set of multi-temporal remote sensing images were collected and processed to show the lakes aerial extend shrinkage from 1973 up to 2004. Remote sensing data were used to extract spatial information and to compute the surface areas for Dead Sea for various years. The current study aims at estimating the fluctuation of Dead Sea level over the study period with special emphasis on the environmental impact assessment that includes the degradation level of the Dead Sea. The results indicated that there is a decrease of 20 m in the level of the Dead Sea that has occurred during the study period. Further, the results showed that the water surface area of the Dead Sea has shrunk from 934.26 km2 in 1973 to 640.62 km2 in 2004. 相似文献
4.
基于MODIS数据的石羊河流域地表温度空间格局 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用2010年4期MODIS影像, 基于植被指数、 地表比辐射率、 大气透过率和星上亮度温度, 采用分裂窗口算法, 反演石羊河流域不同季节地表温度并对其进行验证. 结果表明: 石羊河流域四季地表温度变化明显, 昼夜温差很大, 其中, 春季温度分布在-13.45~29.27℃之间; 夏季温度分布在-3.75~56.29℃之间; 秋季温度分布在-10.15~32.67℃之间; 冬季温度分布在-17.15~12.75℃之间. 从地表温度空间分布上看, 在武威、 民勤、 古浪等绿洲地区地表热量丰富, 水土和植被效应显著, 热量呈圈状空间递减趋势; 在下游地区腾格里沙漠和巴丹吉林沙漠地区夏季温度最高, 祁连山东端的石羊河上游地区由于受常年积雪、 河流、 地表植被和海拔等因素影响地表温度较低. MODIS数据为宏观小流域热环境监测提供了新的途径, 且将遥感数据和地表下垫面数据相结合能提高反演精度. 相似文献
5.
In Algeria, the climate change in recent decades has a negative impact on water resources. The goal of this study is to determine the influence of these hazards on surface water resources in the basin of Macta (Northwest of Algeria). The study of climatic pulsations is implemented from the climate coefficient changes and its moving averages over 3 years. Variations of this coefficient based on years, for the period 1949–1973, show an alternation of wet and dry years. Starting from 1973, a very dry period of more than 20 years was installed in the basin, with deficits ranging from 22% to 72%. The consequences of the surface water deficit can damage the environmental balance and consequently affect the various human activities that are directly or indirectly related to the use of these resources. 相似文献
6.
自然科学基金资助下的我国冰冻圈科学发展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
冰冻圈是指地球表层水以固态形式存在的圈层,包括冰川、冻土、积雪、海冰、河冰、湖冰等.作为一门新兴学科,冰冻圈科学研究其各组成部分的形成机理、演化规律、与其他圈层之间的相互作用,以及对经济社会的影响.在全球变暖背景下,冰冻圈研究受到前所未有的重视,成为气候系统研究中最活跃的领域之一,也是当前全球变化和可持续发展最关注的热点之一.中国是中低纬度地区冰冻圈最发育的国家,中国冰冻圈变化的气候效应、环境效应、水资源效应和生态效应非常显著,因此,对国家西部发展战略有重大意义.我国冰冻圈科学的发展与国家自然科学基金项目的支持息息相关,许多前瞻性、先导性、基础性的项目源自于基金项目的支持.国家自然科学基金在引领冰冻圈研究新领域和人才培养两方面起到了奠基和推动作用.着重回顾了在自然科学基金资助下我国冰冻圈科学的发展历程. 相似文献
7.
白令海表层沉积物中硅质生物的变化及其环境控制因素 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
中国首次北极科学考察在白令海采取了12个表层沉积物样品, 其中对硅质生物和陆源碎屑的详细研究发现, 它们主要由硅藻、放射虫和海绵骨针组成.其中, 硅藻在样品中的丰度均占绝对优势, 高出放射虫和海绵骨针一个数量级.它们与环境控制因素关系的分析表明, 硅藻、放射虫和海绵骨针丰度的高低及其保存程度与深度、温度、盐度和受大规模季节性气候变化控制的表层海水的高营养和高生产力, 以及陆源物质输入的变化密切相关.这一研究结果对白令海第四纪的古气候与古海洋学研究具有十分重要的意义. 相似文献
8.
H. Elhatip 《Environmental Geology》1997,31(1-2):27-33
The carbonate rocks of Turkey, which underlie about one third of the country, possess major water resources with great potential
for electricity generation and water supplies. The ongoing development of karst features, especially in the southern part
of Turkey, demonstrates specific environmental problems that occur in many karst water supply projects. Karst aquifers, springs,
sinkholes, dolines, poljes and other karst features are of great importance from the standpoint of karst water resources and
environmental research studies. In karst regions, conservation and protection of groundwater resources for both qualitative
and quantitative evaluations is possible only when the catchment area is determined accurately. Since the catchment area in
karst terrains is not limited by the surface drainage boundaries and the groundwater flows through well-developed coduits
or fissures, the equations used in non-karstic areas cannot be applied to such karstic regions. Studies on the development
of karst features and its environmental impacts in Turkey are of recent origin. Therefore, many unreliable methods are being
applied in karstic areas. For example, the use of "shallow holes or sinkholes and fault zones" for septic water waste disposal
or as sewage by those who are not familiar with karst, sometimes causes very serious problems of extensive groundwater pollution.
This paper discusses the development of different karstic features in Turkey and case studies on its environmental impacts.
Received: 27 December 1995 · Accepted: 10 July 1996 相似文献
9.
Sustainable water use of the Haihe River Basin is studied by using the ecological network analysis (ENA) approach. Two related
aspects including socioeconomic and environmental water uses sustainability and network organization inherent in system structures
are analyzed. For the study of sustainable water use from each single aspect including water use intensity, water use pressure,
and environmental protection, a series of new indicators termed as total system throughput water use intensity (TSTUI), total
system throughput pressure (TSTP), and environmental flow indicator (EFI) are set up by incorporating parameters of GDP, population,
and environmental flow. Based on these three indices, a new integrated index, intensity-pressure-environment (IPE) is established
for synthesized measure of sustainable socioeconomic and environmental water uses. The indices of ascendency and overhead
are applied for analyzing and characterizing water use network organization. The four subbasins of the Haihe River during
1999–2002 and 2005–2007 are studied. The results show that (i) the water use intensity in subbasin II is the best, while that
in subbasins I and III are the worst; (ii) subbasin II and subbasins I and III suffer the highest and lowest water use pressure,
respectively; (iii) the environmental flow situations in subbasins II and III are the worst and that of subbasin I is the
best; (iv) as for the integrated socioeconomic and environmental water uses sustainability, subbasin III is the best, and
subbasins I and IV are the worst; (v) the organization level of subbasin I is better than the others’, in which that of subbasin
IV is the worst. It can be concluded that the application of ENA in sustainable water use study can provide new angles for
water resources management to address the challenges of assessing and optimizing options to obtain more sustainable water
use. 相似文献
10.
同地表水体一样,地下水系统本身也具有一定的纳污能力,即地下水环境容量。目前,国内外真正意义上的地下水环境容量研究开展得非常少,主要是进行了与地下水环境容量相关的地下水溶质迁移理论和试验研究。以郑州市平原岗区为例,分析了污染物在土壤包气带中随下渗水体向下迁移的机理过程,借助数值模型计算了不同岩性和厚度包气带的水环境容量,成果可为地下水污染防治提供科学依据。 相似文献
11.
John F. Shroder Jr. 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,67(7):1971-1986
Because of its climatically stressed dry land and high altitudes, coupled with severe human despoliation amid three decades of war and known rampant corruption, Afghanistan has long had severe environmental problems. Overgrazing, deforestation, ??deshrubification,?? soil erosion, soil salinization, ground and surface water contamination and water overuse beyond natural recharge, climate change, threats to biodiversity, and natural hazards are the background problems already causing strong environmental stress. With the advent of the newly recognized mineral resources that will be exploited, additional environmental stressors are likely. Agencies of the United Nations, in concert with new national environmental laws and programs, offer some potential for remediation of environmental problems in the face of unrelenting societal pressures to ignore them. Whether Afghanistan will rise out of its status as a failed state depends in some large way upon whether the newly recognized mineral resources are exploited in environmentally benign ways. 相似文献
12.
在工程建设与自然环境中,土体因失水而产生收缩、开裂的过程受多重因素的影响,且各因素之间的相互作用关系十分复杂。其中,环境温度在土体开裂的起始与结束中,起至关重要的影响;同时,鲜见关于土体内部黏土、砂粒配比对于裂隙发育影响的研究。故本研究设置了不同环境温度、含砂率条件,展开一系列室内蒸发试验,通过记录试验过程中土体内部水分散失以及表面裂隙发育、发展情况,利用相关图形分析软件,对裂隙率、裂隙网络的几何形态进行定量分析,进而探究不同温度、含砂率对土体干缩、开裂的影响机理。研究结果表明：（1）砂粒的存在,导致土体内部的结构发生改变,部分输水通道被堵塞,从而延长了自由水的运移路径,水分蒸发速率随着含砂率的增加而降低。（2）砂粒的存在将导致土体表面提前产生开裂,此现象受含砂率的影响较小,与是否含砂有关。（3）土体内部含砂率越高,裂隙发育纵深越小,延伸长度越短,同时裂隙的宽度与含砂率呈反比。（4）相同含砂率条件下,环境温度越高,水分蒸发速率、土体表面形成的裂隙宽度越大,且在一定程度上促使表面裂隙提前产生。 相似文献
13.
The subject of this paper is the detailed hydrological simulation of two playa lakes located in southern Spain from January 2011 to March 2012 on a daily basis. These playas are placed over a 400-km 2 shallow aquifer, which is exposed to an increasing stress caused by agricultural activities, mainly olive grove plantations. The objective of the paper is to elaborate a detailed numeric model that simulates the water regime of each playa lake on a daily scale. The simulation is compared to measured water level (WL) data of the playas in order to characterize the groundwater–surface interactions. The ultimate objective of this paper is to assess the environmental impact of the increasing anthropogenic water consumption within the area of research. The results of the GW–surface interaction were very consistent with previous works. One of the playa lakes is groundwater-dependent and the other one is presumably a perched playa lake. The GW discharge of the former playa (214 mm) during the research period stands in sharp contrast to no regional GW discharge in the latter. Water level data prove that the hydrological year (2011–2012) had a very negative water budget. The evapotranspiration estimation was almost as high as double the sum of the precipitation, the run-off, and the groundwater discharge. The simulation of an anthropologically altered water regime proves that water retrieval has a harmful impact on the WL of the playa lakes as well as on the aquifer. 相似文献
14.
Ahmed M. Youssef Adly A. Omer Mohamed S. Ibrahim Mohamed H. Ali Jeffrey D. Cawlfield 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2011,4(5-6):719-733
Land application is the only currently available technique for sewage wastewater disposal along the Nile Valley in Upper Egypt. Wastewater disposal projects have been established in the lowland desert zone extending between the cultivated floodplain and the Eocene Limestone plateau. The plan is to use the treated wastewater in irrigating woody farmlands. Some wastewater disposal sites are already operating, and several others will be established in the near future. The proposed wastewater disposal sites are located in a sensitive desert zone that is extremely narrow and situated very close to vital resources including the cultivated floodplain, reclaimed lands, residential areas, and surface water resources. In addition, the subsurface sediments of this zone (Pleistocene sand–gravel succession) constitute a significant part of the Quaternary aquifer of the valley. The objective of this study is to characterize and investigate the wastewater disposal sites and assess their probable environmental hazards. The study showed that the available lands are insufficient to accommodate the projected quantities of wastewater. At the currently operating sites, excess raw wastewater is accumulating on the ground surface forming large uncontrolled ponds. Such wastewater ponds represent a potential environmental hazard and might cause disastrous health effects, where chemical and bacteriological pollution of soil, crops and water resources may occur. 相似文献
15.
纳米地球科学是纳米科技与地球科学的结合,是一门高度综合的交叉学科,很难划分出经典意义上的单科性研究.纳米地球科学的研究对象主要分为纳米物质与纳米孔隙,二者成因多样、尺度效应明显、广泛分布,对于前者,主要通过各类图像表征手段观察其形态、大小、聚集方式,通过各类谱学方法研究其晶体结构、分子结构等;对于后者,则主要通过图像表征手段、流体注入方法与数值模拟的结合来表征孔隙形态、孔径分布、连通性等特征.纳米地球科学的学科内涵主要体现于:在各传统地球科学学科研究的基础和框架上,针对地球不同圈层中纳米尺度微粒形成、运移、聚集和存在形式以及孔隙形成与演化等亟待解决的科学问题开展系统研究,从而加深对矿物、岩石、构造、地化以及资源、灾害、环境等分支学科纳米尺度特性的认知.纳米地球科学的产生与发展使人类在认识和改造自然方面进入了一个新层次,是地球与行星科学发展的必然途径,为矿床勘探、资源开发、新能源利用、环境污染和地质灾害的预防与治理等问题提供了新的理论依据,有着不可估量的科学意义和应用价值. 相似文献
16.
水铁矿广泛分布于水、土壤、沉积物和生物体中,它具有大比表面积和高表面活性,控制和影响着环境中某些污染物质和营养元素的形态、迁移和转化。此外,它也是环境中其他晶质铁(氢)氧化物形成的前驱体。然而,人们对水铁矿在环境中的作用和重要性的认识还存在不足,主要表现在：(1)水铁矿通常被混淆为无定形铁氢氧化物或水合铁氧化物,环境中的水铁矿因难以分离和进行定量分析而使其含量常被低估;(2)水铁矿结晶弱,结构表征困难,对其在环境中的分布、组成、结构及性质的认识较欠缺。水铁矿以弱晶质的纳米颗粒形式存在,其XRD(X射线衍射)线少且宽、强度弱。根据衍射线的条数可将水铁矿分为结晶较弱的2 线水铁矿(2LFh)和结晶较好的6 线水铁矿(6LFh)。目前,普遍接受的水铁矿化学式为Fe5HO8·4H2O,但大量实验表明H2O不是水铁矿结构的必要成分,且容易被吸附的外来物质取代。有人提出水铁矿是一种二元结构,中心为八面体配位Fe,表面以四面体配位Fe为主,这有待论证。最近,通过PDF(配对分布函数)研究水铁矿的结构表明,理想水铁矿结构包含20%四面体配位Fe和80%八面体配位Fe,化学式为Fe10O14(OH)2。然而, 不少学者对这一新的水铁矿结构模型提出了质疑。对近年来水铁矿的分布、组成、结构和环境行为方面的研究和存在的问题进行了综述和讨论,并且对水铁矿的未来研究方向进行了展望。 相似文献
17.
安徽龙河口水库流域沉积物中粘土矿物分析及其环境意义 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
龙河口水库是巢湖上游的重要水源地,对水库钻孔ALE的粘土矿物进行定性和半定量分析,发现水库沉积的粘土矿物主要是绿泥石(含绿泥石/蛭石混层矿物),多年平均含量达40%,其次是高岭石和伊利石及少量的蒙皂石,伊利石的多年平均含量只有21%,远低于该流域中晓天河(54%)和滑石河(63.5%)的表层样。水库和龙潭河粘土矿物的含量组成较相似,与晓天河和滑石河差别较大。表层样中粘土矿物的差异主要受流域的地质地貌的影响,水库沉积物中粘土矿物的特征主要与环境动力和粘土矿物的结晶习性有密切的关系。 相似文献
18.
本文论述了某污染的工业废物填埋场场址的地质、水文地质条件,应用水化学方法、环境同位素技术(地下水中氚及氢、氧稳定同位素)和同位素单孔示踪技术等同位素水文学领域中的新方法对区内地下水的活动条件以及填埋场场址区分布的第四系孔隙潜水和第三纪红层孔隙-裂隙水的成因进行了分析,测量并确定了填埋场下部地下水的流速及流向。研究结果表明场区地下水的运动与地表水无直接水力联系。污染的工业废物填埋后不会通过地下水的迁移造成对地表水的污染,进而证实填埋场的地质、水文地质条件对处置污染的工业废物是安全可靠的。 相似文献
19.
地下水与环境变化研究 总被引：12，自引：2，他引：12
环境变化研究是当前国际地球科学和环境科学界最为活跃的研究领域之一。作为全球水循环的重要环节,地下水是全球环境变化的受体和信息载体。地下水及其沉积物的物理、化学指标,诸如地下水水位、宏量组分、微量组分、同位素、惰性气体等可以用作不同时间尺度上环境变化的指示剂。从地下水及其沉积物中识别和提取高分辨率的环境变化信息,实现对环境变化的预警功能是地下水科学向环境科学延伸的重要方向;而随着全球淡水资源紧缺形势不断恶化,全球环境变化、特别是全球气候变化对地下水资源的影响成为水文地质研究的新课题。 相似文献
20.
M. Bhatia R. Satish Babu S. H. Sonawane P. R. Gogate A. Girdhar E. R. Reddy M. Pola 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2017,14(5):1135-1154
Enormous increase in the application of various heavy metals including lead for commercial and non-commercial purposes has also led to their enhanced occurrence in the effluents from industries and domestic discharge creating substantial environmental concerns. The existing techniques for removal of these contaminants such as reverse osmosis and ion exchange suffer a few disadvantages and hence, thrust to develop efficient techniques for the removal have been ever increasing. Adsorption based on the use of nanoadsorbents is promising being cost effective and based on the ease of operation. The present work furnishes a detailed overview on nanoadsorbents for removal of lead from water. The various nanoadsorbents covered in the analysis include alumina, anatase, carbon nanotubes, chitosan, copper, iron and zinc oxide, magnetite, nanoclay and zirconium nanoparticles. The review also gives an insight into the synthesis and characterization of nanoadsorbents followed by guidelines on optimum operating parameters to be used in the removal process for maximizing the extent of removal. The typical optimum conditions established based on the critical analysis of literature are pH ≤ 6, contact time ≥60 min and optimum adsorbent dose dependent on the nanomaterials. Comparison of different nanoparticles revealed that titanium oxide and hematite nanoparticles are the best, giving 100% removal efficiency for lead ions. The sequestration was mainly dependent on adsorbent dose that has to be kept optimum to yield adequate surface area and number of adsorption sites. Overall, nanoadsorbents have been established to yield efficient removal of lead from water. 相似文献