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1.
Located in the headwater upstream of the Taihu Lake region, which is a densely populated and economically developed area in
China, the West Tiaoxi River catchment is a frequently food-hit area due to its nature and climatic characteristics. During
the last several decades, more than ten catastrophic floods happened in this area, causing huge economic losses. Since 1990,
due to the increasing property vulnerability to flood hazard, the disasters were even more serious than before, and economic
losses increased year by year. Thus, there have great importance to study flood behaviors, flood risks and their consequences.
In this paper the hydrologic/hydraulic modelling is presented firstly. It is the method to study the relationship between
rainfall and runoff and the flood propagation process. Secondly, the author gives the summary of the current study methods
for flood risk assessment. The West Tiaoxi River catchment has a long history of the construction of polders and hydraulic
engineering. Most farmlands have been protected against floods. So the combination method has been used to obtain the real
risk area. The results have been obtained by using this method, which, the authors think, will be used in disaster preparedness,
property insurance etc.
Foundation item: Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 49671028) and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
(DFG).
Biography: XU Peng-zhu (1965 —), male, a native of Funing County of Jiangsu Province, associate researcher. His research interests
include hydrology and water resources, numerical modelling, and application of GIS to hydrology. 相似文献
2.
In this paper, we investigated the potential of Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observation System （AMSR-E） for flood monitoring. The proposed approach was based on the polarized ratio index （PRI）, which was computed by using AMSR-E data at 37GHz, vertically and horizontally polarized brightness temperature values and the water surface fraction （WSF） got by using the PRI at 37GHz. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS） data were used to validate the WSF values. The analysis of flood and waterlogging using the WSF map on July 6, 2003 indicates that the use of WSF for flood and waterlogging disaster assessment is feasible. Utilizing the correlation of WSF derived from AMSR-E and water area derived from MODIS, the water area of the Huaihe River Basin were computed by only using AMSR-E data in the summer of 2003, which overcame the influence of cloud on water estimation using MODIS data during flood. 相似文献
3.
开展Sentinel-1A SAR数据在洪水淹没范围提取和水体变化监测方面的应用研究,对科学有效地管理洪涝灾害有重要意义。合成孔径雷达以其不受天气影响、能穿透云层、覆盖面积广等特点成为灾害监测的重要数据来源。面向对象的方法能有效解决影像的椒盐现象被广泛运用于信息提取研究。本文基于Sentinel-1A SAR数据,利用面向对象的方法构建洪水淹没范围提取流程,绘制灾前、灾中、灾后水体变化监测图,对比分析基于传统像元的提取方法,实现对广西临桂会仙岩溶湿地区域不同时期洪水动态监测。研究表明,Sentinel-1A SAR数据在洪水监测领域有巨大的应用潜力,相较于传统基于像元的方法,面向对象的方法能有效抑制杂斑生成,提高空间信息的利用效率,具有更好的提取精度。 相似文献
4.
随着计算机信息技术在水利学科中应用的深入,以及数字水利、数字流域概念的提出,水利信息化已经成为这一行业领域的主要发展方向,各种流域模型在与地理信息系统平台结合后在数据的收集、存储,提取与处理的基础上都有了很大的发展,在水利工程的规划设计、防洪减灾、水量分配等方面有更为广泛的应用。青岛市大沽河流域内洪水有来势猛、峰高量大和暴涨暴落的特性,为满足防汛管理部门对洪水预测及相关信息快速浏览查询的需求,建立了青岛市大沽河流域防汛信息系统。该系统在MAPX地理信息系统开发软件、数据库存储技术和水流数学模型的支持下,实现了大沽河流域的地理信息、水文信息以及其他信息的综合管理,同时通过水流数学模型对一维和二维洪水进行预测预报,并根据用户的需要完成所需的查询与分析功能,以最直观简洁的方式向用户展示系统的输出结果。系统数据库的开发在满足系统要求的基础上完成了与青岛市雨情水情自动监测系统的对接,保证了水文数据的实时性、完整性和准确性。系统集成了一维非恒定流模型与平面二维非恒定流水流模型,可以根据大沽河流域降雨量计算干流的水位变化以及发生溃堤后洪水的淹没过程。应用表明,该系统界面友好、功能完善、性能良好,具有很强的实用性。 相似文献
5.
面向中国洪涝灾害应急监测的无人机空港布局 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
当前洪涝灾害对社会的经济发展和人民生命财产安全构成严重威胁。无人机机动、灵活,安全性高,可迅捷甚至实时获取灾区影像,对灾情的快速评估和应急救援决策意义重大。遥感无人机在洪涝灾害救援中能够发挥的重要作用已得到广泛共识,但是由于灾害的突发性,缺乏就近部署的资源制约了无人机遥感观测和救援作用的发挥。针对突发灾害,在区域和全国范围内建立起一定的无人机遥感应急体系成为国家面向未来正在考虑的选项。基于此,本研究提出了基于中国科学院的野外台站构建全国无人机遥感观测网的设想。本研究以中国防范洪涝灾害等级分布数据、行政区划数据、中国科学院野外台站分布数据和当前无人机性能数据库为数据源;以行政区划离散并提取的中心点作为需求点,台站作为设施点,不同洪涝等级区域内需要无人机进行应急观测的重要程度作为权重,利用最大覆盖选址模型进行空港选址布局;利用成本-效益曲线确定台站的最佳数量,最终从268个台站中选取出81个作为支撑全国洪涝灾害无人机遥感观测网络的无人机空港。无人机空港布局结果在理论上能够实现对中国绝大数突发洪涝灾害在2 h内初步完成洪涝观测,这对于构建中国空天地一体化的洪涝灾害监测体系具有重要意义。同时,本研究中的方法和成果对于进一步构建行业和综合性的全国无人机遥感观测网也具有一定借鉴和参照意义。 相似文献
6.
黑龙江（又称为阿穆尔河）是中国和俄罗斯之间的国际界河,近年来洪水事件频发,给流域内中俄两国带来巨大的人口伤亡和经济损失,加强该流域的洪水监测是两国面临的共同紧迫需求。传统的光学遥感影像受制于洪水期间多云多雨的天气状况,难以及时获得无云影像。本文充分利用全天候雷达数据的优势,提出了一种基于哨兵1号（Sentinel-1）合成孔径雷达数据监测大面积区域洪水的方法。通过Gamma分布和高斯分布拟合SAR影像后向散射系数的概率密度分布,迭代后验概率差值,自动获得全局阈值来分割初始的水体,基于辅助数据细化去除了初始水体中与水体相似的误分类型,并由形态学操作后处理提高了提取的洪水的均匀性。结果表明：(1)与传统的分割算法相比,本文提出的方法基于SAR影像后向散射系数的分布规律进行概率密度函数分段拟合,将全局统计划分为局部关系,显著地改善了常规分割算法在水体和非水体像素量级相差过大而表现不佳的情况;(2)研究获得了2017—2020年逐年的洪水分布,结果总体精度在87.78%～94.89%之间,Kappa系数在0.76～0.89之间;(3)特别是对于大面积半干旱地区,本文结合了后向散射特性、地形和其... 相似文献
7.
陈家其 《中国地理科学(英文版)》1994,(2)
ＴＨＥ ＡＰＰＬＩＣＡＢＩＬＩＴＹ ＯＦ ＲＥＳＥＡＲＣＨ ＯＮ ＦＬＯＯＤ－ＤＲＯＵＧＨＴ ＴＥＮＤＥＮＣＹ－ＡＮ ＡＮＡＬＹＳＩＳ ＯＮ ＤＩＳＡＳＴＲＯＵＳ ＦＬＯＯＤ ＯＦ ＴＡＩＨＵ ＬＡＫＥ ＢＡＳＩＮＩＮ ＪＵＮＥ－ＪＵＬＹ，１９９１ ... 相似文献
8.
Jiaqi Chen 《中国地理科学(英文版)》1994,4(2):129-133
In Taihu Lake basin during June–July in 1991, there happened a catastrophic flood, the precipitation reached that of 1954
and the water level was the highest in the history in Taihu Lake. This heavy flood, happening in the relatively humid period
and being well accord with flood-drought change tendency, was early precautioned. The occurrence of the flood illustrated
that using records of historical climate to predict flood-drough tendency is practically significant for hazard-reduction
project. 相似文献
9.
WAN Rongrong YANG Guishan 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2007,17(4):349-356
Land use/cover change (LUCC) is one of the main boundary conditions which influence many hydrologic processes. In view of the importance of Taihu Lake Watershed in China and the urgency of discovering the impacts of LUCC on storm runoff, two flood events under five land cover scenarios in the Xitiaoxi River Basin of the upstream of Taihu Lake watershed were simulated by distributed hydrologic modeling system HEC-HMS. The influences of each land cover on storm runoff were discussed. It was concluded that under the same rainstorm the ascending order of runoff coefficient and peak flow produced by the 5 different land covers were woodland, shrub, grassland, arable land, and built-up land; the descending order of swelling time were woodland, shrub, grassland, arable land, and built-up land. Scenario of built-up land was the first to reach peak flow, then arable land, grassland, shrub, and woodland. There were close relationships between the runoff coefficients produced by the 5 different land covers. The degrees of impacts on runoff coefficient of land cover change modes were sorted by descending: woodland to built-up land, shrub to built-up land, grassland to built-up land, arable land to built-up land, woodland to arable land, shrub to arable land, arable land to grassland, shrub to grassland, grassland to arable land, and woodland to shrub. Urbanization will contribute to flood disaster, while forestation will mitigate flood disaster. 相似文献
10.
毛锐 《中国海洋湖沼学报》1993,11(2):186-188
Based on fieldd investigations and relevant literature, this paper expounds on the cause of the extremely heavy floods in the Taihu Lake region in 1991, compares the flood-hit areas of 1954 with those of 1991, summarizes the experience on flood control and presents some useful proposals. 相似文献
11.
依据洪灾风险概念模型,从触发因子、孕灾环境和承灾体3方面选取江西省的12个洪灾风险指标,采用k近邻、随机森林、AdaBoost 3种机器学习算法构建洪灾风险评价模型。利用精度、Kappa系数、ROC曲线（AUC值）3种定量评估指标评价洪灾风险模型,基于随机森林和Boruta特征提取算法共同分析指标重要性,最后对比3种模型绘制的江西省山洪灾害风险分区图并分析山洪灾害分布特征。结果表明：① AdaBoost模型的精度、Kappa系数和AUC值的平均值为别为0.902、0.870和0.826,精度和Kappa系数略优于随机森林,AUC值与随机森林相当,而k近邻模型的3种性能指标均低于前2种算法;② 农田生产潜力、年最大6 h暴雨均值、年最大1 h暴雨均值、归一化差值植被指数、年降雨量均值这5个指标对最终的洪灾风险形成具有非常重要作用;③ 江西省较高风险区与最高风险区的面积和约占江西省总面积的34.4%,且主要分布于高降雨量、高暴雨量、农田生产潜力大的山区。 相似文献
12.
钱步东 《中国地理科学(英文版)》1997,(3)
I.I~IOXENds(EINabs/SouthernOscillation)eventsaretheintensivesignalsofair-seainteractionintropicalarea.PlentyOfresultsfromdifferentresearchersshoWthattheENdssignalcanbedetectedoninterannualvallationsoflargescaleatmOSPhericcirculationandclimateregimeSovermostpartsoftheworld.SeveralkindsofrelationShipbetweenENdsandprecipitationoverChinahavebeenrevealedbydifferentreSearcherS,buttherearemanydifferencesamongthepublishedreSults.Itmayberesulted*fromthatdifferentreSearchersuseddifferentindic… 相似文献
13.
Budong Qian 《中国地理科学(英文版)》1997,7(3):220-228
The precipitation patterns in flood season over China associated with the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are investigated, especially in the eastern China, using the rather long period rainfall data in this century. The results show that there were remarkable differences between the precipitation patterns in flood seasons of ENSO warm phase (El Niño year) and cold phase (La Niña year), as well as between the patterns in El Niño years and their following years. The most parts of China received below normal rainfall in flood season of the onset years of El Niño events, but the coastal area of Southeast China received above normal amounts. Comparatively, the most parts of China received above normal rainfall in flood season of the following years of El Niño events, but the eastern part of the reaches among the Huanghe (Yellow) River, the Huaihe River and the Haihe River, and the Northeast China received less. During ENSO cold phase, the reaches of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River and the North China received more amounts than normal rainfall in flood season of the onset years of La Niña events, and the other regions of China received less. In the following years of La Niña events, the coastal area of the Southeast China, the most part of the Northeast China and the regions between the Huanghe River and the Huaihe River received more precipitation during flood seasons, but the other parts received below normal precipitation. 相似文献
14.
15.
基于洪峰模数的山洪灾害雨量预警指标研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
山洪灾害预警是防御山洪的重要非工程措施,雨量预警指标是山洪灾害预警的关键。目前的雨量预警指标计算方法对水文气象资料条件以及模型建模率定都有很高的要求,并不适用于基层防汛人员。因此,本文基于全国山洪灾害调查评价成果数据,提出了一种运用洪峰模数计算雨量预警指标的简便、易用的方法。该方法以小流域洪水计算推理公式为基础,将公式中流量与流域面积的比值用洪峰模数表示,得到基于洪峰模数的临界雨量估算公式,并考虑流域土壤含水量等因素,分析临界雨量变化阈值,最终得到雨量预警指标。本文以云南省绥江县双河小流域为例,计算结果显示不同时段（1 h、3 h、6 h）净雨量和预警时段呈线性关系。降雨损失计算中洼地蓄水和植被截留在不同时段相同,土壤下渗在不同的时段不相同。在此基础上,计算不同土壤含水量条件下,不同时段的雨量预警指标。最后,对临界流量、降雨损失和预警指标进行了合理性分析,结果显示预警指标和调查评价结果及实测降雨都比较接近,计算的预警指标合理。本研究为基层山洪灾害预警提供了一种快速、便捷的预警指标计算方法,为预警指标计算提供技术支持。 相似文献
16.
马振锋 《成都信息工程学院学报》1999,(1)
对近１０年来四川盆地汛期降水预测水平进行了定量评估,并与国家气候中心预测水平作了对比。在分析影响四川盆地汛期降水主要物理因素的基础上,提出了四川盆地汛期旱涝预测的基本思路和技术方法,并在实际业务预报中取得了较好的效果。 相似文献
17.
On the basis of large amount of historical and measured data,this paper analyzed the regional,periodic,frequency,continuing,and response characteristics of droughts and floods in Zhejiang and proposed the conception of ratio of peak runoff.Main characteristics of droughts and floods in Zhejiang are as follows:1)The western Zhejiang region is plum rain major control area,and the eastern coastal region of Zhejiang is typhoon major control area.2)Within a long period in the future,Zhejiang will be in the long period that features droughts.3)In Zhejiang the 17th century was frequent drought and flood period,the 16th,19th,and 20th centuries were normal periods,while the 18th century was spasmodic drought and flood period.4)The severe and medium floods in Zhejiang were all centered around the M-or m-year of the 11-year sunspot activity period.5)There are biggish years of annual runoff occurred in El Ni?o year(E)or the following year(E 1)in Zhejiang.The near future evolution trend of droughts and floods in Zhejiang is as follows:1)Within a relatively long period in the future,Zhejiang Province will be in the long period of mostly drought years.2)Between 1999 and 2009 this area will feature drought years mainly,while the period of 2010-2020 will feature flood years mostly.3)Zhejiang has a good response to the sunspot activities,and the years around 2009,2015,and 2020 must be given due attention,especially around 2020 there might be an extremely severe flood year in Zhejiang.4)Floods in Zhejiang have good response to El Ni?o events,in El Ni?o year or the following year much attention must be paid to.And 5)In the future,the first,second,and third severe typhoon years in Zhejiang will be 2009,2012,and 2015,respectively. 相似文献
18.
洪涝灾害是我国影响范围最广、持续时间最长、造成损失最大的一类自然灾害。暴雨是洪涝灾害的最主要致灾因素,所以,暴雨洪涝灾害风险预警研究是洪涝灾害防灾减灾的重要基础。本文立足洪涝灾害应急管理工作要求,对洪涝灾害系统空间仿真模拟研究模式进行改进,采用流域地表径流模拟代替控制断面水位模拟,彻底解决流域地表产流及河道水位模拟限制... 相似文献
19.
随着我国城市化建设进程的加快,城市水系和绿地面积不断缩减,地表硬质化现象持续加重,城市扩张所带来的问题正日益凸显,尤其是汛期强降雨导致的内涝灾害日渐成为亟需解决的城市顽疾。城市内涝灾害模拟及风险评估是推进城市内涝灾害管理,减少内涝灾害损失的有效途径。本文在综合近年来国内外相关研究的基础上,从城市内涝产生机理、模型及风险评估的角度对城市内涝的研究进行了详细阐述。在模型方面重点介绍了两种应用广泛的雨洪模拟模型:SCS和SWMM模型,对两者的优缺点进行了分析,同时简单归纳了其他雨洪模型。在灾情风险评估方法方面,重点介绍了基于历史灾情数理统计、遥感图像和GIS技术耦合分析和基于指标体系评估等的风险评估方法,并对比分析了各自的优缺点及适用范围。最后对城市内涝模型及风险评估的未来发展方向进行了展望,提出集成多模型耦合的城市雨洪模拟模型以及多学科联合的灾害风险评估研究将成为今后的发展趋势。 相似文献
20.
在气候变化和城市化背景下,城市暴雨的局部特征愈发明显,而降雨监测和预报数据空间分辨率难以满足空间分布描述要求,造成城市洪涝模拟和预测结果存在不确定性。本文选择深圳市城区的3个流域,基于118场实测降雨数据,通过逐步增大网格尺寸以达到降低降雨空间分辨率的效果,同时以流域边界作为限制,保证流域内面平均雨量不变,然后将不同空间分辨率的降雨数据分别作为城市洪涝模型的输入条件,对流域出口断面的洪水过程进行模拟计算,每场降雨得到6种不同空间分辨率下的洪峰流量。结合降雨中心、流域几何中心等空间特征参数,分析降雨空间分辨率对流域洪峰的影响。研究结果表明,针对118场实测降雨,随着降雨数据空间分辨率逐渐降低,3个流域的出口断面的洪峰变化幅度逐渐增大;如果忽略了流域内部降雨数据的空间分布差异,洪峰变化幅度和方向与降雨中心和流域几何中心的空间关系具有相关性,降雨中心在流域几何中心上游方向的距离越大,洪峰降低的幅度越大。本文基于3个城市流域得到了相似的研究结论,研究方法可为城市流域洪涝模拟提供借鉴,研究结果可为河道洪水风险评价提供参考。 相似文献