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1.
Fourteen years (November 16, 1978 through January 24, 1993) of Nimbus-7 total solar irradiance measurements have been made. The measured mean annual solar energy just outside of the Earth's atmosphere was about 0.1% (1.4 W/m2) higher in the peak years of 1979 (cycle 21) and 1991 (cycle 22) than in the quiet Sun years of 1985/86. Comparison with shorter, independent solar measurement sets and with empirical models qualitatively confirms the Nimbus-7 results. But these comparisons also raise questions of detail for future studies: in which years did the peaks actually occur and just how accurate are the models and the measurements?  相似文献   

2.
Understanding the magnitude and temporal structure of variations in solar ultraviolet and extreme ultraviolet irradiance is critical to understanding solar forcing of the Earth's upper and middle atmosphere and hence to assessing the relative impact of natural and anthropogenic influences on Earth's atmospheric environment. Satellite based measurements of such variations are limited to recent times, are short in duration and subject to gaps making necessary ground-based surrogates with longer and more continuous coverage. Using indices derived from synoptic solar magnetograms taken at the Mount Wilson 150-foot solar tower, we have constructed models of several UV and near EUV lines and fluxes which correlate strongly (r > 0.90) with satellite data. These lines and fluxes include the Mgii h and k core-to-wing ratio, the Lα line and the 200–205 nm flux.  相似文献   

3.
Adding the angular velocity of sidereal solar rotation and the apparent rotational effect of the Earth's revolution vectorially, a new synodic solar rotation vector has been obtained. The sidereal and synodic solar rotation axes (and equators) are separated. Using the known parameters of the Earth's orbital motion, the synodic rotation angular velocity and the inclination of the synodic equator, the corresponding sidereal rotation parameters have been calculated (ω1 = 2.915 × 10#X2212;6 rad s#X2212;1 and i 1 = 6.076). Various linear rotational velocities at the solar globe are briefly described.  相似文献   

4.
Recent results of charge exchange emission from solar system objects observed with the Japanese Suzaku satellite are reviewed. Suzaku is of great importance to investigate diffuse X‐ray emission like the charge exchange from planetary exospheres and comets. The Suzaku studies of Earth's exosphere, Martian exosphere, Jupiter's aurorae, and comets are overviewed (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)  相似文献   

5.
J. P. Rozelot 《Solar physics》1998,177(1-2):321-327
The objective of this paper is to present some results deduced from the analysis of (space-based) solar irradiance observations used jointly with (ground-based) solar diameter variations. The idea which is explored consists in searching a possible influence of the variability of the Sun's whole shape on the luminosity. It is shown that such an effect, albeit small, may occur. Thus, the global geometry of the Sun – which is not a perfect static ellipsoid – would have to be taken into account when attempting to model the irradiance. Our very preliminary results may help to construct empirical models that can be used, in turn to force any model of the thermal structure of the ocean and atmosphere to deduce climate variations, if any.  相似文献   

6.
受地球大气影响, 使用地基光学望远镜观测角距离较小的双星系统或主卫星系统时往往会出现星象不可分辨的情况. 因此, 系统光心位置与系统质心位置可能存在一定的偏差. 准确地测量太阳系天体系统质心位置可以改进其轨道参数, 有助于揭示太阳系的形成与演化. 以矮行星Haumea及其亮卫星Hiíaka的运动为例, 仿真系统光心围绕质心扰动的过程, 探究视宁度(用星象的半高全宽表示)变化对准确测量光心位置的影响. 仿真结果表明, 使用二维高斯定心算法测定的系统光心位置随视宁度变化, 而修正矩定心算法的定心结果不受视宁度的影响. 根据仿真结果, 研究能够有效减少视宁度变化对光心位置准确测量影响的定心算法十分必要; 同时, 新的定心算法还需考虑主星光度变化的影响. 使用云南天文台2.4m望远镜, 1m望远镜以及紫金山天文台姚安观测站0.8m望远镜从2022年2月7日至2022年5月25日观测矮行星Haumea系统, 得到29晚共463幅CCD图像. 新定心算法确定的光心位置与使用二维高斯定心算法的结果相比具有更好的位置拟合效果. 此外, 还发现亮卫星Hiíaka在Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)历表与Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des ''Ephémérides (IMCCE)历表中的位置存在较大偏差.  相似文献   

7.
《Planetary and Space Science》2007,55(9):1069-1092
Mariner 10, the only spacecraft that ever passed close to Mercury, revealed several unexpected characteristics: an intrinsic magnetosphere, the highest mean density of any Solar System terrestrial planet and a very thin non-collisional atmosphere. Mercury's atmosphere is very poorly explored since only three atomic elements, H, He and O, were observed during the three flybys of Mariner 10. The measurements done by radio and solar occultations provided upper limits on the neutral and ion densities. These measurements pointed out the close connection between species in Mercury's exosphere and its surface, which is also the case for the Moon. Mariner 10 observations also characterized the vertical distributions and the day to night contrasts of Mercury's exosphere for its lightest components H and He (Broadfoot, A.L., et al., 1976. Mariner 10: Mercury atmosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 3, 577–580).More than a decade later, the first observation from a ground-based observatory of Mercury's sodium (Na) exospheric component was reported (Potter, A.E., Morgan, T.H., 1985. Discovery of sodium in the atmosphere of Mercury. Science 229, 651–653). Since then, potassium and more recently calcium have been identified in Mercury's exosphere. The bright Na resonant scattering emission has been often observed since 1985. This large set of observations is now the best source of information on Mercury's exospheric mechanisms of ejection, dynamics, sources and sinks. In particular, several of these observations provided evidence of prompt and delayed effects, both localized and global, for the very inhomogeneous Mercury's Na exosphere. These inhomogenities have been interpreted as the trace of Mercury's magnetosphere–solar wind interaction and have highlighted some of the main sources of exospheric material. Some of these features have been also interpreted as the trace of a global dayside to night side circulation of Mercury's exosphere and therefore have highlighted also the relation between exospheric production and upper surface composition.Hopefully, new sets of in situ measurements will be obtained within the next decade thanks to Messenger and Bepi-Colombo missions. Until then, ground-based observations and modelling will remain the only approaches to resolve questions on Mercury's exosphere. Mercury's exospheric composition and structure as they are presently known are described in this paper. The principal models for the main short and long times terms variations and local and global variations of Mercury's exosphere are described. The mechanisms of production and their characteristics are also given. Mercury's exosphere can also be seen as part of the coupled magnetosphere–upper surface–exosphere system and several of the links between these elements are essential to the interpretation of most of the ground-based observations. The relation between Mercury's planet composition and its exospheric composition is also considered, as is the global recycling, sources and sinks of Mercury's exosphere.  相似文献   

8.
Abstract— Cosmic dust accreted by the Earth can be extensively reprocessed during atmospheric encounters. The textures and compositions of reprocessed material provide important constraints by which the processes affecting extraterrestrial matter in the Earth's atmosphere can be better understood. Here we report results on an unusual Antarctic glassy cosmic spherule that demonstrates strong textural evidence for at least two grazing incidence encounters with the Earth's atmosphere prior to final reentry. The particle consists of a central glassy core with four peripheral glass lobes that transect a silicate particle rim. The texture of the particle confirms previous theoretical speculations that some high velocity, low incidence angle interplanetary particles experience numerous encounters with the Earth's atmosphere and also indicates that micrometeorites demonstrating multiple melting episodes should be interpreted with caution.  相似文献   

9.
The Earth's climate is not constant, and has experienced major changes in the past on all timescales. The causes of these changes, although still incompletely understood, vary according to the timescale considered. Some of the most important causal mechanisms include continental drift, changes in the Earth's orbital parameters, volcanic activity and solar variations. Solar variations have been invoked to explain climatic change on almost all timescales from 1 to 109 yr. Unfortunately, even though the Sun is a prime candidate for explaining many changes in past climate, the use of past climate as a proxy for solar luminosity changes is fraught with difficulty. For example:
  1. In many cases observed changes in climate can be adequately explained without recourse to solar variations as a causal factor. In fact, on the longest timescales the Earth's climate was remarkably similar to today in spite of a considerably lower solar output.
  2. For most timescales of climatic change there are, as yet, no plausible theories giving similar timescale variations in solar activity, so that a vital link between cause and effect is missing.
  3. There are considerable uncertainties in the record of past climates.
  4. On short timescales many proposed solar activity-climate links have failed to stand up to rigorous statistical analysis.
This paper reviews past changes in climate and proposed causal mechanisms on timescales of from 1 to 109 yr. The evidence for solar activity-climate links is discussed with special reference to the above points.  相似文献   

10.
Abstract— Asteroids tens to hundreds of meters in diameter constitute the most immediate impact hazard to human populations, yet the rate at which they arrive at Earth's surface is poorly known. Astronomic observations are still incomplete in this size range; impactors are subjected to disruption in Earth's atmosphere, and unlike the Moon, small craters on Earth are rapidly eroded. In this paper, we first model the atmospheric behavior of iron and stony bodies over the mass range 1–1012 kg (size range 6 cm‐1 km) taking into account deceleration, ablation, and fragmentation. Previous models in meteoritics deal with rather small masses (<105–106 kg) with the aim of interpreting registered fireballs in atmosphere, or with substantially larger objects without taking into account asteroid disruption to model cratering processes. A few earlier attempts to model terrestrial crater strewn fields did not take into account possible cascade fragmentation. We have performed large numbers of simulations in a wide mass range, using both the earlier “pancake” models and also the separated fragments model to develop a statistical picture of atmosphere‐bolide interaction for both iron and stony impactors with initial diameters up to ?1 km. Second, using a compilation of data for the flux at the upper atmosphere, we have derived a cumulative size‐frequency distribution (SFD) for upper atmosphere impactors. This curve is a close fit to virtually all of the upper atmosphere data over 16 orders of magnitude. Third, we have applied our model results to scale the upper atmosphere curve to a flux at the Earth's surface, elucidating the impact rate of objects <1 km diameter on Earth. We find that iron meteorites >5 times 104 kg (2.5 m) arrive at the Earth's surface approximately once every 50 years. Iron bodies a few meters in diameter (105–106 kg), which form craters ?100 m in diameter, will strike the Earth's land area every 500 years. Larger bodies will form craters 0.5 km in diameter every 20,000 years, and craters 1 km in diameter will be formed on the Earth's land area every 50,000 years. Tunguska events (low‐level atmospheric disruption of stony bolides >108 kg) may occur every 500 years. Bodies capable of producing hazardous tsunami (?200 m diameter projectiles) should strike the Earth's surface every ?100,000 years. This data also allows us to assess the completeness of the terrestrial crater record for a given area over a given time interval.  相似文献   

11.
The synodic rotation period and power spectra of solar microwave sources are investigated using accurate data in the interval 1956 to 1970. The variation of the approximate 27 day period is obtained over a complete solar cycle and is thought to be a result of the latitude change over the solar cycle of the origins of the radio emissions. High resolution power spectra have also been obtained and revealed the existence of a double peaked line near 160 day period. This line is attributed to changes in either the Eartn's heliographic latitudes or the Earth's inclination to the Earth-Sun line.  相似文献   

12.
The solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) irradiance, the dominant global energy source for Earth's atmosphere above 100 km, is not known accurately enough for many studies of the upper atmosphere. During the absence of direct solar EUV irradiance measurements from satellites, the solar EUV irradiance is often estimated at the 30–50% uncertainty level using both proxies of the solar irradiance and earlier solar EUV irradiance measurements, primarily from the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory (now Phillips Laboratory) rockets and Atmospheric Explorer (AE) instruments. Our sounding rocket measurements during solar cycle 22 include solar EUV irradiances below 120 nm with 0.2 nm spectral resolution, far ultraviolet (FUV) airglow spectra below 160 nm, and solar soft X-ray (XUV) images at 17.5 nm. Compared to the earlier observations, these rocket experiments provide a more accurate absolute measurement of the solar EUV irradiance, because these instruments are calibrated at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) with a radiometric uncertainty of about 8%. These more accurate sounding-rocket measurements suggest revisions of the previous reference AE–E spectra by as much as a factor of 2 at some wavelengths. Our sounding-rocket flights during the past several years (1988–1994) also provide information about solar EUV variability during solar cycle 22.  相似文献   

13.
Abstract— It has been suggested that the formation of the 22 km diameter lunar crater Giordano Bruno was witnessed in June 1178 A.D. To date, this hypothesis has not been well tested. Such an impact on the Earth would be “civilization threatening”. Previous studies have shown that the formation of Giordano Bruno would lead to the arrival of 10 million tonnes of ejecta in the Earth's atmosphere in the following week. I calculate that this would cause a week‐long meteor storm potentially comparable to the peak of the 1966 Leonids storm. The lack of any known historical records of such a storm is evidence against the recent formation of Giordano Bruno. Other tests of the hypothesis are also discussed, with emphasis on the lack of corroborating evidence for a very recent formation of the crater.  相似文献   

14.
G. Artzner 《Solar physics》1990,128(1):281-286
Observed temporal variations of shape and size of the solar disk as viewed from Earth may act as constraints for theories of the interior of the Sun. In addition to existing programs of solar diameter measurements we investigate a ground-based photographic method.The solar limb profile is recorded on a photoresist-coated substrate over a 20 radial length simultaneously all along the circonference as a three-dimensional 21 mm diameter, 0.0015mm thick permanent object available for inspection by interferometric methods. The exposure time is long enough for filtering much of the atmospheric turbulence, whereas the slope of the observed solar limb should help to locate a standard solar limb. The first results of February 1989 at large zenith distance and low altitude are a set of differential measurements of the position of a solar limb around a circle with, after taking into account the 3.7 atmospheric differential refraction, a 0.34r.m.s. dispersion of the residuals for a fit to a circular solar disk.We estimate that this method of accuracy comparable to other ground-based methods, with potentially more than 600 independent simultaneous measurements along the circonference, could help to discriminate between terrestrial and solar causes for variations of shape and size of the solar disk.We note that operation outside the Earth's atmosphere would provide access not only to undisturbed images but also to UV wavelengths, i.e., to a better definition of the solar limb.  相似文献   

15.
New physical principles for an explanation of seasonal variations in the Earth's rate of rotation are proposed. It is thought that the variations are caused by a variation of the total energy of the Earth's atmosphere in the course of the planet's revolution about the Sun in elliptic orbit. Jacobi's virial equation for the Earth's atmosphere is derived from the Eulerian equations. The virial theorem is obtained. The existence of the relationship between Jacobi's function and potential energy of the atmosphere is confirmed. In the framework of this relationship, Jacobi's equation is reduced to the equation of unperturbed virial oscillations. The solution of the above-mentioned equation expresses the periodic virial oscillations of Jacobi's function (moment of inertia) of the Earth's atmosphere with time. The solution of the perturbed virial oscillation problem of the atmosphere-solid Earth system is obtained. The perturbation term in Jacobi's virial equation regards, in explicit form, the energy changes occurring in the atmosphere in the course of the planet's revolution about the Sun in elliptic orbit. The annual and semi-annual periodic variations in the Earth's rate of rotation can be considered as an astrometrical result following from the obtained solution. A satisfactory accord of the theoretical results with experimental data is shown.  相似文献   

16.
We review a selection of recent papers describing solar wind charge exchange emission occurring in the Earth's exosphere as seen by the X‐ray observatory XMM‐Newton. We discuss the detection of this emission, the occurrence with respect to the solar cycle and solar activity, and various spectral signatures observed. We also describe a model developed to predict the X‐ray signal from exospheric charge exchange as would be detected by XMM‐Newton, given the upstream solar wind conditions obtained from in situ solar wind monitors (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)  相似文献   

17.
《Planetary and Space Science》2007,55(9):1135-1189
During the last few years our knowledge about the X-ray emission from bodies within the solar system has significantly improved. Several new solar system objects are now known to shine in X-rays at energies below 2 keV. Apart from the Sun, the known X-ray emitters now include planets (Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn), planetary satellites (Moon, Io, Europa, and Ganymede), all active comets, the Io plasma torus (IPT), the rings of Saturn, the coronae (exospheres) of Earth and Mars, and the heliosphere. The advent of higher-resolution X-ray spectroscopy with the Chandra and XMM-Newton X-ray observatories has been of great benefit in advancing the field of planetary X-ray astronomy. Progress in modeling X-ray emission, laboratory studies of X-ray production, and theoretical calculations of cross-sections, have all contributed to our understanding of processes that produce X-rays from the solar system bodies.At Jupiter and Earth, both auroral and non-auroral disk X-ray emissions have been observed. X-rays have been detected from Saturn's disk, but no convincing evidence of an X-ray aurora has been observed. The first soft (0.1–2 keV) X-ray observation of Earth's aurora by Chandra shows that it is highly variable. The non-auroral X-ray emissions from Jupiter, Saturn, and Earth, those from the disk of Mars, Venus, and Moon, and from the rings of Saturn, are mainly produced by scattering of solar X-rays. The spectral characteristics of X-ray emission from comets, the heliosphere, the geocorona, and the Martian halo are quite similar, but they appear to be quite different from those of Jovian auroral X-rays. X-rays from the Galilean satellites and the IPT are mostly driven by impact of Jovian magnetospheric particles.This paper reviews studies of the soft X-ray emission from the solar system bodies, excluding the Sun. Processes of production of solar system X-rays are discussed and an overview is provided of the main source mechanisms of X-ray production at each object. A brief account on recent development in the area of laboratory studies of X-ray production is also provided.  相似文献   

18.
Water is the only substance that occurs not only in all three phases, gaseous, fluid, and solid in the Earth's atmosphere but also in transitions between them like in its “polymer forms” - clusters, clathrates, aerosols. Although the importance of the solid and fluid forms is popularly understood, there is less general understanding of the role of water vapor and especially for its polymer forms than for example, of carbon dioxide (C02) or ozone (03). The spatial and temporal distributions of the various phases of water in the atmosphere are in fact very important factors to climate, weather, the biosphere, the homogeneous and inhomogeneous chemistry of the atmosphere, as well as to the propagation of electromagnetic waves used in transatmospheric (global) navigation and communication systems and for relevant remote sensing measurements. In this context the atmosphere acts like a temporal and spatial variable, frequency dependent filter. Despite the fact that above the tropopause, i.e. in the stratosphere and mesosphere, there is less than 0.1 % of the total water vapor content of the Earth's atmosphere its influence is very significant for the physics and chemistry of the upper atmosphere and hence for the climate. The question is discussed: How variable is the total hydrogen budget of the Earth's atmosphere with time?  相似文献   

19.
Solar diameter measurements have been made nearly continuously through different techniques for more than three centuries. They were obtained mainly with ground-based instruments except for some recent estimates deduced from space observations. One of the main problems in such space data analysis is that, up to now, it has been difficult to obtain an absolute value owing to the absence of an internally calibrated system. Eclipse observations provide a unique opportunity to give an absolute angular scale to the measurements, leading to an absolute value of the solar diameter. However, the problem is complicated by the Moon limb, which presents asphericity because of the mountains. We present a determination of the solar diameter derived from the total solar eclipse observation in Turkey and Egypt on 29 March 2006. We found that the solar radius carried back to 1 AU was 959.22±0.04 arcsec at the time of the observations. The inspection of the compiled 19 modern eclipses data, with solar activity, shows that the radius changes are nonhomologous, an effect that may explain the discrepancies found in ground-based measurements and implies the role of the shallow subsurface layers (leptocline) of the Sun.  相似文献   

20.
G. Kockarts 《Solar physics》1981,74(2):295-320
Several semi-empirical models of the terrestrial upper atmosphere are presently available. These models take into account solar activity effects by using the solar decimetric flux as an index. Such a procedure is a consequence of the lack of continuous determinations of the solar spectrum directly responsible for the physical structure of the upper atmosphere. Variations of the thermopause temperature are discussed. Using five sets of solar irradiances measured in the ultraviolet and in the extreme ultraviolet, the penetration of solar radiation is analyzed as a function of solar activity. Several examples of absorption profiles and ion production rates are discussed for variable conditions. Various energetic effects are also described. All computations are made for physical conditions above Scheveningen (52.08° N) where the 14th ESLAB symposium was held.Proceedings of the 14th ESLAB Symposium on Physics of Solar Variations, 16–19 September 1980, Scheveningen, The Netherlands.  相似文献   

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