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1.
We conducted an experiment in conjunction with the total solar eclipse of 29 March 2006 in Libya that measured the coronal intensity through two filters centered at 3850 Å and 4100 Å with bandwidths of ≈?40 Å. The purpose of these measurements was to obtain the intensity ratio through these two filters to determine the electron temperature. The instrument, Imaging Spectrograph of Coronal Electrons (ISCORE), consisted of an eight inch, f/10 Schmidt Cassegrain telescope with a thermoelectrically-cooled CCD camera at the focal plane. Results show electron temperatures of 105 K close to the limb to 3×106 K at 1.3R ⊙. We describe this novel technique, and we compare our results to other relevant measurements. This technique could be easily implemented on a space-based platform using a coronagraph to produce global maps of the electron temperature of the solar corona.  相似文献   

2.
We have studied the 27-day variations and their harmonics in Galactic cosmic ray (GCR) intensity, solar wind velocity, and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) components during the recent prolonged solar minimum 23/24. The time evolution of the quasi-periodicity in these parameters connected with the Sun’s rotation reveals that the synodic period of these variations is ≈?26?–?27 days and is stable. This means that the changes in the solar wind speed and the IMF are related to the Sun’s near-equatorial regions in considering the differential rotation of the Sun. However, the solar wind parameters observed near the Earth’s orbit provide only the conditions in the limited local vicinity of the equatorial region in the heliosphere (within ±?7° in latitude). We also demonstrate that the observed period of the GCR intensity connected with the Sun’s rotation increased up to ≈?33?–?36 days in 2009. This means that the process that drives the 27-day GCR intensity variations takes place not only in the limited local surroundings of the equatorial region but in the global 3-D space of the heliosphere, covering also higher latitude regions. A relatively long period (≈?34 days) found for 2009 in the GCR intensity gives possible evidence of the onset of cycle 24 due to active regions at higher latitudes and rotating slowly because of the Sun’s differential rotation. We also discuss the effect of differential rotation on the theoretical model of the 27-day GCR intensity variations.  相似文献   

3.
《Planetary and Space Science》1999,47(6-7):725-733
The SWAN instrument on board SOHO is a Lyman-α photometer able to map the sky intensity with a resolution of 1°, primarily devoted to the study of the large scale distribution of solar wind from its imprints on the interplanetary sky background. In addition SWAN was extensively used to map the Lyman α emission of several comets since launch in December 1995. Here we report observations of Comet 46 P/Wirtanen near perihelion. From the recorded Lyman α intensity the H2O production rate was derived for 45 observations from 21 December 1996–17 May 1997, with a peak of 1.6±0.4×1028 mol/s just before perihelion. This should help to constrain the physical models of 46 P/Wirtanen for Rosetta mission planning purposes.  相似文献   

4.
Knowledge of the Solar Diameter Imager and Surface Mapper (SODISM) plate scale is a fundamental parameter for obtaining the solar radius. We have determined the plate scale of the telescope on the ground and in flight onboard the Picard spacecraft. The results show significant differences; the main reason is that the conditions of observation are not the same. In addition, the space environment has an impact on the performance of a metrology instrument. Therefore, calibration in space and under the same conditions of observation is crucial. The transit of Venus allowed us to determine the plate scale of the SODISM telescope and hence the absolute value of the solar radius. The transit was observed from space by the Picard spacecraft on 5?–?6 June 2012. We exploited the data recorded by SODISM to determine the plate scale of the instrument, which depends on the characteristics of optical elements (mirrors, filters, or front window). The mean plate scale at 607.1 nm is found to be 1.0643 arcseconds?pixel?1 with 3×10?4 RMS. The solar radius at 607.1 nm from 1 AU is found to be equal to 959.86 arcseconds.  相似文献   

5.
Using formula to describe the average spectrum of the extragalactic far infrared background (FIRB) radiation measured by the COBE FIRAS instrument in the 0.15–2.4 THz frequency interval at mean temperature T=18.5 K, the radiative and thermodynamic properties, such as the total emissivity, total radiation power per unit area, total energy density, number density of photons, Helmholtz free energy density, entropy density, heat capacity at constant volume, and pressure are calculated. The value for the total intensity received in the 0.15–2.4 THz frequency interval is equal to 13.6 nW?m?2?sr?1. This value is about 19.4 % of the total intensity expected from the energy released by stellar nucleosynthesis over cosmic history. The radiative and thermodynamic functions of the extragalactic far infrared background (FIRB) radiation are calculated at redshift z=1.5.  相似文献   

6.
The EUV Imaging Spectrometer for Hinode   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The EUV Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) on Hinode will observe solar corona and upper transition region emission lines in the wavelength ranges 170?–?210 Å and 250?–?290 Å. The line centroid positions and profile widths will allow plasma velocities and turbulent or non-thermal line broadenings to be measured. We will derive local plasma temperatures and densities from the line intensities. The spectra will allow accurate determination of differential emission measure and element abundances within a variety of corona and transition region structures. These powerful spectroscopic diagnostics will allow identification and characterization of magnetic reconnection and wave propagation processes in the upper solar atmosphere. We will also directly study the detailed evolution and heating of coronal loops. The EIS instrument incorporates a unique two element, normal incidence design. The optics are coated with optimized multilayer coatings. We have selected highly efficient, backside-illuminated, thinned CCDs. These design features result in an instrument that has significantly greater effective area than previous orbiting EUV spectrographs with typical active region 2?–?5 s exposure times in the brightest lines. EIS can scan a field of 6×8.5 arc?min with spatial and velocity scales of 1 arc?sec and 25 km?s?1 per pixel. The instrument design, its absolute calibration, and performance are described in detail in this paper. EIS will be used along with the Solar Optical Telescope (SOT) and the X-ray Telescope (XRT) for a wide range of studies of the solar atmosphere.  相似文献   

7.
The solar spectrum is a key parameter for different scientific disciplines such as solar physics, climate research, and atmospheric physics. The SOLar SPECtrometer (SOLSPEC) instrument of the Solar Monitoring Observatory (SOLAR) payload onboard the International Space Station (ISS) has been built to measure the solar spectral irradiance (SSI) from 165 to 3088 nm with high accuracy. To cover the full wavelength range, three double-monochromators with concave gratings are used. We present here a thorough analysis of the data from the third channel/double-monochromator, which covers the spectral range between 656 and 3088 nm. A new reference solar spectrum is therefore obtained in this mainly infrared wavelength range (656 to 3088 nm); it uses an absolute preflight calibration performed with the blackbody of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB). An improved correction of temperature effects is also applied to the measurements using in-flight housekeeping temperature data of the instrument. The new solar spectrum (SOLAR–IR) is in good agreement with the ATmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS?3) reference solar spectrum from 656 nm to about 1600 nm. However, above 1600 nm, it agrees better with solar reconstruction models than with spacecraft measurements. The new SOLAR/SOLSPEC measurement of solar spectral irradiance at about 1600 nm, corresponding to the minimum opacity of the solar photosphere, is 248.08 ± 4.98 mW?m?2?nm?1 (1?\(\sigma\)), which is higher than recent ground-based evaluations.  相似文献   

8.
We describe an instrument dedicated to measuring the top of atmosphere (TOA) solar spectral irradiance (SSI) in the near-infrared (NIR) between 600 nm and 2300 nm at a resolution of 10 nm. Ground-based measurements are performed through atmospheric NIR windows and the TOA SSI values are extrapolated using the Bouguer–Langley technique. The interest in this spectral range arises because it plays a main role in the Earth’s radiative budget and also because it is employed to validate models used in solar physics. Moreover, some differences were observed between recent ground-based and space-based instruments that take measurements in the NIR and the reference SOLSPEC(ATLAS3) spectrum. In the 1.6 μm region, the deviations vary from 6 % to 10 %. Our measuring system named IRSPERAD has been designed by Bentham (UK) and has been radiometrically characterized and absolutely calibrated against a blackbody at the Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy and at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (Germany), respectively. A four-month measurement campaign was carried out at the Izaña Atmospheric Observatory (Canary Islands, 2367 m a.s.l.). A set of top-quality solar measurements was processed to obtain the TOA SSI in the NIR windows. We obtained an average standard uncertainty of 1 % for 0.8 μm<λ<2.3 μm. At 1.6 μm, corresponding to the minimum opacity of the solar photosphere, we obtained an irradiance of 234.31±1.29 mWm?2?nm?1. Between 1.6 μm and 2.3 μm, our measurements show a disagreement varying from 6 % to 8 % relative to ATLAS3, which is not explained by the declared standard uncertainties of the two experiments.  相似文献   

9.
The interaction between differential rotation and magnetic fields in the solar convection zone was recently modelled by Brun (2004). One consequence of that model is that the Maxwell stresses can oppose the Reynolds stresses, and thus contribute to the transport of the angular momentum towards the solar poles, leading to a reduced differential rotation. So, when magnetic fields are weaker, a more pronounced differential rotation can be expected, yielding a higher rotation velocity at low latitudes taken on the average. This hypothesis is consistent with the behaviour of the solar rotation during the Maunder minimum. In this work we search for similar signatures of the relationship between the solar activity and rotation determined tracing sunspot groups and coronal bright points. We use the extended Greenwich data set (1878–1981) and a series of full-disc solar images taken at 28.4 nm with the EIT instrument on the SOHO spacecraft (1998–2000). We investigate the dependence of the solar rotation on the solar activity (described by the relative sunspot number) and the interplanetary magnetic field (calculated from the interdiurnal variability index). Possible rotational signatures of two weak solar activity cycles at the beginning of the 20th century (Gleissberg minimum) are discussed. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)  相似文献   

10.
The Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM): Science Results   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
The solar observations from the Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM) are discussed since the SOlar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) launch in January 2003. The TIM measurements clearly show the background disk-integrated solar oscillations of generally less than 50 parts per million (ppm) amplitude over the ∼2 ppm instrument noise level. The total solar irradiance (TSI) from the TIM is about 1361 W/m2, or 4–5 W/m2 lower than that measured by other current TSI instruments. This difference is not considered an instrument or calibration error. Comparisons with other instruments show excellent agreement of solar variability on a relative scale. The TIM observed the Sun during the extreme activity period extending from late October to early November 2003. During this period, the instrument recorded both the largest short-term decrease in the 25-year TSI record and also the first definitive detection of a solar flare in TSI, from which an integrated energy of roughly (6± 3)×1032 ergs from the 28 October 2003 X17 flare is estimated. The TIM has also recorded two planets transiting the Sun, although only the Venus transit on 8 June 2004 was definitive.  相似文献   

11.
There are presented data on solar emission variations in the extreme ultraviolet range?inebreak (λ < 130 nm) which were obtained on board the CORONAS-I satellite during the solar activity minimum epoch in 1994. Based on the thermoluminescent technique, the measurements were performed using the SUFR (Solar Ultraviolet Radiometer) equipment for recording the solar emission flux at λ < 130 nm. The technique provides absolute measurements. The intensity of the Heii 30.4 nm line emission was also measured on board the CORONAS by means of the Vacuum Ultraviolet Solar Spectrometer (VUSS), which uses gas-photoelectron energy and intensity analysis to register the spectrum. The characteristics of both devices are given, as well as calibration methods and the main results. The observation period may be characterized by a very low activity level. The solar flux in the region λ < 130 nm was 7.5–8 erg cm-2 s-1, the Lα line intensity was～ (3.3 –3.7) × 1011 photon cm-2 s-1 and the Heii (30.4 nm) line intensity was (6–7.5) × 109 photon cm-2 s-1. Intensive solar flares were not registered during the period of observation. During the flare of B4.5 X-ray class (30 June 1994, 01:08 UT), an increase of flux of ～ 15% was registered in the range λ < 130 nm.  相似文献   

12.
Detailed computations of synthetic solar limb curves are carried out for the purpose of estimating the effects of inhomogeneities in the solar atmosphere upon the observed limb position. Methods of determining the limb position given a solar limb curve are compared. The method of finding the locus of a fixed intensity level with respect to the average disk-center intensity at a given wavelength seems to be the most tractable definition to use on noise free data. It is found that limb fluctuations due to the solar 5-min p-mode oscillations produce a fluctuation in the limb height of about 6 km (0.008 arc sec) rms. Limb fluctuations due to granulation and chromospheric structure are much smaller. The wavelength dependence of the solar H? opacity causes the height of the limb to increase by about 35 km between 400 and 850 nm, thus leading to a ‘limb reddening’ at the extreme limb of the Sun.  相似文献   

13.
The “Fast X-ray Monitor” (BRM) instrument operated in the complex of the scientific instruments onboard the CORONAS-PHOTON satellite from February 19, 2009, until December 1, 2009. The instrument is intended for the registration of the hard X-ray radiation of solar flares in the 20–600 keV energy range in six differential energy channels (20–30, 30–40, 40–50, 50–70, 70–130, and 130–600 keV) with temporal resolution to 1 ms. In the instrument, a detector based on the YAP: Ce scintillator is used; this detector is 70 mm in diameter and 10 mm thick (the decay time is about 28 ns). For the decrease of the back-ground charge of the detector, the collimator limiting the angle of view of the instrument of value 12° is mounted over the scintillator. The effective area of the detector amounts to 27.7 cm2 (at the X-ray radiation energy 80 keV), and the dead time of the detector is 1 μs. Over the operation onboard the CORONAS-PHOTON satellite, the BRM instrument has registered gamma ray burst series and, perhaps, one solar flare of the class C1.3 on October 26, 2009.  相似文献   

14.
Coronal Faraday rotation of the linearly polarized carrier signals of the HELIOS spacecraft was recorded during the regularly occurring solar occultations over almost a complete solar cycle from 1975 to 1984. These measurements are used to determine the average strength and radial variation of the coronal magnetic field at solar minimum at solar distances from 3–10 solar radii, i.e., the range over which the complex fields at the coronal base are transformed into the interplanetary spiral. The mean coronal magnetic field in 1975–1976 was found to decrease with radial distance according to r ?α, where α = 2.7 ± 0.2. The mean field magnitude was 1.0 ± 0.5 × 10 ?5 tesla at a nominal solar distance of 5 solar radii. Possibly higher magnetic field strengths were indicated at solar maximum, but a lack of data prevented a statistical determination of the mean coronal field during this epoch.  相似文献   

15.
In this paper we use the observations of solar wind helium ions made by the Ion Composition Instrument (ICI) on the ISEE-3/ICE spacecraft to study the variation of helium abundance in the solar wind and to arrive at an average value of that quantity for the period August 1978 to December 1982. The abundance varies in a similar way to that observed in the previous solar cycle, but more detailed dependence on velocity and solar cycle epoch is observed. The long-term average helium abundance is used in conjunction with long term abundances of 3He, O, Ne, Si, and Fe, measured with respect to helium using the same instrument, to compile abundances with respect to hydrogen which can be reliably compared with solar system abundances. With the extended data set we are able to show Si and Fe to be overabundant by a factor of three with respect to solar system abundances and He underabundant by a factor of two.  相似文献   

16.
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17.
The first results obtained with the Solar EUV Monitor (SEM), part of the Charge, Element, and Isotope Analysis System (CELIAS) instrument, aboard the SOlar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) satellite are presented. The instrument monitors the full-disk absolute value of the solar Heii irradiance at 30.4 nm, and the full-disk absolute solar irradiance integrated between 0.1 nm and 77 nm. The SEM was first turned on December 15, 1995 and obtained ‘first light’ on December 16, 1995. At this time the SOHO spacecraft was close to the L-1 Lagrange point, 1.5 × 106 km from the Earth towards the Sun. The data obtained by the SEM during the first four and a half months of operation will be presented. Although the period of observation is near solar minimum, the SEM data reveal strong short-term solar irradiance variations in the broad-band, central image channel, which includes solar X-ray emissions.  相似文献   

18.
The RESIK instrument is an X-ray spectrometer with bent crystals onboard the CORONAS-F satellite. It was used to observe the spectra of solar flares, active regions, and quiet corona. During the period of the instrument’s operation, many spectra were collected in four energy channels covering the wavelength range from 3.2 to 6.1 Å. For the present analysis, we selected solar flares of various X-ray classes (B, C, and M in the GOES notation), which were observed during moderate level of solar activity (from January to March 2003). The analysis of the RESIK spectra fulfilled with different techniques allowed us to determine the temperature, emission measure, and temperature distribution of the differential emission measure, as well as to examine their time variability.  相似文献   

19.
Cosmic rays registered by Neutron Monitor on the surface of the Earth are believed to originate from outer space, and sometimes also from the exotic objects of the Sun. Whilst the intensities of the cosmic rays are observed to be enhanced with sudden, sharp and short-lived increases, they are termed as ground level enhancements (GLEs). They are the occurrences in solar cosmic ray intensity variations on short-term basis, so different solar factors erupted from the Sun can be responsible for causing them. In this context, an attempt has been made to determine quantitative relationships of the GLEs having peak increase >5% with simultaneous solar, interplanetary and geophysical factors from 1997 through 2006, thereby searching the responsible factors which seem to cause the enhancements. Results suggest that GLE peaks might be caused by solar energetic particle fluxes and solar flares. The proton fluxes which seemed to cause GLE peaks were also supported by their corresponding fluences. For most of the flares, the time integrated rising portion of the flare emission refers to the strong portion of X-ray fluxes which might be the concern to GLE peak. On an average, GLE peak associated X-ray flux (0.71×10−4 w/m2) is much stronger than GLE background associated X-ray flux (0.11×10−6 w/m2). It gives a general consent that the GLE peak is presumably caused by the solar flare. Coronal mass ejection alone does not seem to cause GLE. Coronal mass ejection presumably causes geomagnetic disturbances characterized by geomagnetic indices and polarities of interplanetary magnetic fields.  相似文献   

20.
We report new data from Pesyanoe‐90,1 (dark lithology) on the isotopic signature of solar wind (SW) Xe as recorded in this enstatite achondrite which represents a soil‐breccia of an asteroidal regolith. The low temperature (≤800°C) steps define the Pesyanoe‐S xenon component, which is isotopically consistent with SW Xe reported for the lunar regolith. This implies that the SW Xe isotopic signature was the same at two distinct solar system locations and, importantly, also at different times of solar irradiation. Further, we compare the calculated average solar wind “SW‐Xe” signature to Chass‐S Xe, the indigenous Xe observed in SNC (Mars) meteorites. Again, a close agreement between these compositions is observed, which implies that a mass‐dependent differential fractionation of Xe between SW‐Xe and Chass‐S Xe is >1.5%o per amu. We also observe fractionated (Pesyanoe‐F) Xe and Ar components in higher temperature steps and we document a fission component due to extinct 244Pu. Interestingly, the Pesyanoe‐F Xe component is revealed only at the highest temperatures (>1200°C). The Pesyanoe‐F gas reveals Xe isotopic signatures that are consistent with lunar solar energetic particles (SEP) data and may indicate a distinct solar energetic particle radiation as was inferred for the moon. However, we cannot rule out fractionation processes due to parent body processes. We note that ratios 36Ar/38Ar≤5 are also consistent with SEP data. Calculated abundances of the fission component correlate well with radiogenic 40Ar concentrations, revealing rather constant 244Pu/K ratios in Pesyanoe, and separates thereof, and indicate that both components were retained. We identify a nitrogen component (δ15N = 44%o) of non‐solar origin with an isotopic signature distinct from indigenous N (δ15N = ?33%o). While large excesses at 128Xe and 129Xe are observed in the lunar regolith samples, these excesses in Pesyanoe are small. On the other hand, significant 126Xe isotopic excesses, comparable to relative excesses observed in lunar soils and breccias, are prominent in the intermediate temperature steps of Pesyanoe‐90,1.  相似文献   

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