共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
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利用国际卫星云气候计划（ISCCP）获取的1983年7月－1993年12月的月平均云资料，分析了西北地区云的分布特片和季节变化，发现西北地区的云量与地形有很好的一致性；塔里木盆地是云量最少的地区，而且以云层较薄的积云和高云为主，在天山，昆仑山，祁连山一带，存在着云量的极大值区，其中云层较厚，水汽含量较高的层云，雨层云，深对流云占了很大的比例，值得注意的一点是，云的这种时空分布特征具有明显的地域性和稳定性，有利于开展人工增雨工作。 相似文献
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Aircraft observations of electrical conductivity and cloud microphsical, dynamical and other electrical parameters were made in warm stratocumulus and cumulus clouds forming during the summer monsoon seasons (June-September) of 1983 and 1985 in the Deccan Plateau region, India. A Gerdien type cylindrical condenser was used for the measurement of electrical conductivity. The variations in the electrical conductivity are observed to be closely associated with the updrafts and downdrafts in the cloud, liquid water content, cloud droplet charge and coro-na discharge current. The value of electrical conductivity in warm clouds is found to be in the order of 10-12 ohm-1 m-1 which is two orders higher than that observed in clear-air at cloud-base levels in some regions by other investigators.Classical static electricity concepts predict reduced conductivity values inside clouds. Cloud electrical conductivi-ty measurements, particularly in warm clouds are few and the results are contradictory. The recently identified mech-anism of vertical mixing in clouds lends support to coovective charge separation mechanism with inherent larger than clear-air values for cloud electrical conductivity and therefore consistent with the measurements reported herein. 相似文献
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B. Kochtubajda 《Atmospheric Research》1995,35(2-4)
Physical experiments designed to explore the potential of rain augmentation through airborne glaciogenic seeding on small, isolated non-precipitating cumuliform clouds near Red Deer, Alberta were carried out during the period 1982–1985. The microstructure of 90 cumulus congestus clouds have been documented through repeated in-situ sampling using a cloud physics instrumented aircraft platform. Observations from the inspection passes of 57 clouds seeded with either dry ice pellets or silver iodide pyrotechnics, and all the passes of 33 natural clouds are presented.Measurements of the cloud droplet concentration indicate that Alberta cumulus clouds are typically continental in nature, with an average droplet concentration of 535 cm−3 and an average droplet diameter of 10.6 μm. Alberta clouds have average liquid water contents of 0.57 g m−3, with a peak 1-sec value of 3.17 g m−3. The 1-km average liquid water contents are 0.83 g m−3, with a peak value of 2.81 g m−3. Cloud lifetimes vary between 11 and 20 minutes. Concentrations of naturally occurring ice crystals are found to be low. The average maximum 1-km ice concentration was 31−1, and the peak 1-km concentration was 73.11−1 in the natural cloud dataset. Evidence of precipitation-sized particles was detected in 21% (7 of 33) of the clouds, and precipitation below cloud base was detected in 6% (2 of 33) of the clouds.A comparison of the Alberta cloud characteristics to the cumulus clouds from different locations showed that there are some distinct differences between Alberta clouds and the clouds from the other regions. 相似文献
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Observations of temperature, pressure and humidity have been made from an aircraft beneath cumulus clouds which formed over extensive flat country. In fair weather over land, cumulus cloud base is generally above the average top of the well-mixed convection layer so that penetrative convection is necessary to initiate cloud formation. The convective layer does not evolve and deepen uniformly over large areas (say greater than 100-km radius). Rather, it develops a patchy structure at 1–10 km scales. Such patches, close beneath cloud base, have thermodynamic properties very like those of the convection layer and in such regions that layer effectively extends right up to cloud base. Meso-scale effects (e.g., 50 km) seem to be important in determining where clear and cloudy areas occur, and although it appears reasonable to attribute this to local dynamic effects (e.g., subsidence), it is not possible to eliminate other possibilities on the basis of the present data. 相似文献
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A. M. Strunin 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2013,38(7):472-479
Analyzed are the earlier obtained data on the dynamic structure of cumulus (convective) clouds in order to estimate cloud water content effects on the air temperature, computed turbulent fluxes, and their spectral characteristics. It is demonstrated that the cloud and precipitation droplets falling to the aircraft temperature sensor provoke an error in temperature measurements. Developed is a method for taking into account these effects and for computing the correct air temperature fluctuations in the cloud, wavelet spectra of the temperature, and wavelet cospectra of heat fluxes. The use of the method enabled to construct a consistent picture of horizontal heat flux distribution in the cumulus zone depending on the wave number and cloud location. It is shown that mesoscale eddies with the scale of more than 500 m are the main factors of heat exchange between clouds and the ambient space, and the role of turbulence consists only in the mixing inside the cloud. The conclusion is made that the temperature adjustment to the water content of the cloud is needed for correct interpretation of the results of aircraft observations of dynamic structure of cumulus clouds. 相似文献
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2014年8月15日,山西省人工降雨防雹办公室在山西忻州开展了气溶胶和浅积云的飞机观测,本文利用机载云物理资料,详细分析了华北地区气溶胶、云凝结核（CCN）和浅积云微物理特性及其相互影响。主要结论有:（1）此次过程的边界层高度约为3600 m,不同层结情况下,0.1～3 μm尺度范围内的气溶胶粒子浓度Na、有效直径Da和CCN数浓度的垂直廓线明显不同,近地面Na可达2500 cm?3。（2）CCN的主要来源为积聚模态、爱根模态或者核模态的气溶胶颗粒,0.2%过饱和度下,气溶胶活化率（AR）在各高度层的结果变化不大;0.4%过饱和度下,AR随着高度增加而降低。（3）后向轨迹模式分析表明,2 km以下的气溶胶主要来自于当地城市排放,由细颗粒污染物组成;2 km以上的气溶胶主要来源于中国西北和蒙古地区的沙漠,由亚微米沙尘组成,溶解度相对较低,可作为潜在的冰核。（4）本文细致分析了两块相邻浅积云（Cu-1和Cu-2）的云物理特性。Cu-1云底高度约4500 m,云厚约600 m,云体松散,夹卷较多;云中液态含水量（LWC）基本保持在0.5 g m?3,云粒子浓度Nc平均值为278.3 cm?3,云滴有效直径Dc整体在15 μm以内;毛毛雨滴粒子浓度最大值为0.002 cm?3,云中几乎无降水粒子;粒子谱宽随着高度增加而增大,主要集中在30 μm以内。Cu-2云底高度约3900 m,云厚约1200 m,云体密实;云中过冷水丰沛,LWC有多个超过1 g m?3的区域,云顶附近出现冰晶,云中粒子从凝结增长状态直接进入到混合相态;积云内部粒子水平分布不均,同一高度Nc相差较大,最大可达1240 cm?3。Dc随着高度增加而增大;粒子谱宽随着高度增加而拓展,最大可达1100 μm,谱型由单峰向多峰转变;降水粒子和冰晶图像大多为霰粒子、针状和板状。 相似文献
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Summary The aim of this study is to describe the behaviour of tropical dynamics in the ECHAM4 model when increased vertical resolution
around the tropopause and in the planetary boundary layer is used. In this work we perform experiments with the ECHAM4 model
using T30 horizontal resolution and 19 and 42 vertical levels. The impact of the increased vertical resolution on the simulation
of tropical clouds and precipitation has been investigated. Therefore, the dynamic fields related to tropical convection have
been analyzed.
The results suggest a beneficial effect of the increased number of vertical levels on the convective scheme performance and
on the related dynamic fields over the Tropics. The improvement of the rainfall climatologies in the 42-level model has been
explained via the impact of vertical resolution on the cloud structure. In the cloud spectrum of the L42 simulation, a third
peak appears around 600 hPa, revealing that when using higher vertical resolution the convective parametrization starts to
represent cumulus congestus clouds. 相似文献
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台湾锋前暖区一次积云对流过程 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
用ＴＡＭＥＸ中尺度试验加密观测资料，研究影响台湾地区的一次梅雨锋前暖区强对流过程，利用积云群整体诊断模式，对积云对流物理过程以及云中参数进行估算，结果给出锋前对流云团与环境场相互作用的物理图像 相似文献
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本文利用拉萨地区1981 ～2010年汛期5～9月4个台站的地面观测资料,统计分析了汛期5～9月各类积云的发生频率及其降水过程,分析了各类积云的降水能力;从卫星云图、天气雷达图识别及目测三个方面对拉萨地区汛期适宜高炮（火箭）人工增雨作业云系做了初步探讨.结果表明：拉萨地区平均每年有40d以上的积云降水;其中伴随碎雨云的积雨云（Cb＋Fn）降水概率最大.各县区平均积云降水过程占总降水过程的52.6％,平均积云降水量占总降水量的54.8％;汛期降水过程中由积云带来的降水占一半以上,一般产生小雨及小到中雨的雨量,产生大雨及暴雨的概率极小.降水性积云不仅人工增雨潜力很大,实施人工增雨催化作业的机会也较多.适合人工增雨作业影响的积云降水云系按其对降水量的贡献大小依次为伴随碎雨云出现的积雨云（Cb＋ Fn）、伴随碎积云出现的混合层积云（Sc＋Fc）、积雨云（Cb）、层积云（Sc）. 相似文献
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利用2020年7月30日山西省人工增雨防雷技术中心在山西省忻州地区开展的大陆性浓积云飞机探测资料，分析了积云微物理参量、云滴谱离散度随时间和高度的变化以及云滴谱离散度的影响因子。结果表明，该大陆性浓积云云滴谱离散度随高度的增加先递增后递减，但变化范围较小。云滴谱离散度随数浓度、含水量增大而逐渐收敛，呈弱正相关关系；离散度与体积平均半径的相关性随体积平均半径的增大由正转负，与垂直速度呈现正相关关系。云中碰并过程对云滴谱离散度及其影响因子影响较大，建议未来云滴谱离散度的参数化增加对碰并过程的考虑。 相似文献
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Hongrong SHI Hongbin CHEN Xiang&# ao XIA Xuehua FAN Jinqiang ZHANG Jun LI Chao LING 《大气科学进展》2017,34(6):783-790
Using radiosonde measurements from 26 July to 30 July 2014 at Baiqi over the Inner Mongolia grassland of China, the vertical structure of shallow cumulus(SCu) clouds and associated environmental conditions were investigated. The cloud base height and the cloud top height of SCu was 3.4 km and 5 km, respectively. The temperature of the SCu layer was less than 0℃. The horizontal advection of specific humidity was smaller than the vertical transport in the atmosphere below 5 km.Above 5 km, the thermodynamic structure of the atmosphere remained stable. At the interface of the cloud layer and free air atmosphere, there was obvious wind shear and a temperature inversion(~2.9℃). Comparisons of environmental parameters associated with cumulus congestus, rain and clear days, showed that the formation of SCu was characterized by a higher Bowen ratio(high sensible heat flux and low latent heat flux), which indicated intensive turbulence in the boundary layer. The formation of SCu was associated with the boundary layer height exceeding the lifting condensation level. The maintenance of SCu was likely associated with the lower convective available potential energy, weak wind shear, and weak subsidence of the synoptic system, which did not favor the dramatic vertical development of SCu and thereby the transformation of SCu to cumulus congestus. 相似文献
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毫米波雷达云回波的自动分类技术研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
毫米波雷达在云探测方面比厘米波天气雷达和激光雷达具有显著优势,可获得更多的云粒子信息,是研究云特性的主要遥感探测设备。为了开展对毫米波雷达探测的云回波进行自动分类的研究,利用161次云回波的个例数据,统计得到了卷云、高层云、高积云、层云、层积云和积云6类云型的特征量和其他参量的数值范围,利用分级的多参数阈值判别方法,达到了自动分类的目标,通过与人工分类的初步验证,两种分类结果的一致性达到84%,其中,层云和积云的识别一致较低的原因在于样本数据有限,仅有6次层云和8次积云的个例样本数据。通过更多样本的处理,提取的特征参量更可靠,自动分类的准确率会得到提高,以便将基于毫米波雷达的云分类技术应用于将来的云观测自动化业务。 相似文献
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A large-eddy simulation (LES) of a cumulus-topped boundary layer (CTBL) has been made, based on observations gathered on 10 September 1974 during the GARP (Global Atmospheric Research Program) Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE). On this day there were light winds, making buoyancy production the only important mechanism for generating turbulent kinetic energy. Cumulus clouds with a depth of a few hundred meters covered about 10% of the sky. A comparison between LES results and observed variances and fluxes will be made.In order to understand the dynamics of the cumulus, we will investigate the physical mechanisms by which variances and fluxes are produced in CTBL's. This will be done by analyzing the budget equations which describe the time evolution of the variances and fluxes. The production, transport and destruction terms, that appear in these equations, will be calculated explicitly with the LES model.Budgets are calculated from the GATE simulation and two slightly modified GATE simulations, in which only the initial water vapor specific humidity is increased. As a result in these two modified GATE simulations the vertical extent of the clouds and the cloud cover is larger. In this way, the influence of the cumulus clouds on the budgets can be investigated more thoroughly. Finally, the budgets are compared with the results obtained from an earlier simulation based on the Puerto Rico Field Experiment and other results found in the literature. 相似文献
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Bengt G. Martinsson Göran Frank Sven&#;Inge Cederfelt Olle H. Berg Besim Mentes Giorgos Papaspiropoulos Erik Swietlicki Jingchuan Zhou Michael Flynn Keith N. Bower Tom W. Choularton Jyrki Mäkelä Aki Virkkula Rita Van Dingenen 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》2000,52(2):801-814
The microstructure of orographic clouds related to the aerosol present was studied during the second Aerosol Characterisation Experiment (ACE‐2). Very high cloud droplet number concentrations (almost 3000 cm−3 ) were observed. These high concentrations occurred when clouds formed on a hill slope at Tenerife in polluted air masses originating in Europe that had transported the order of 1000 km over the Atlantic Ocean. The validity of the measured droplet number concentrations was investigated by comparing with measurements of the aerosol upstream of the cloud and cloud interstitial aerosol. Guided by distributions of the ratios between the measurements, three criteria of typically 30% in maximum deviation were applied to the measurements to test their validity. Agreement was found for 88% of the cases. The validated data set spans droplet number concentrations of 150–3000 cm−3 . The updraught velocity during the cloud formation was estimated to 2.2 m s−1 by model calculations, which is typical of cumuliform clouds. The results of the present study are discussed in relation to cloud droplet number concentrations previously reported in the literature. The importance of promoting the mechanistic understanding of the aerosol/cloud interaction and the use of validation procedures of cloud microphysical parameters is stressed in relation to the assessment of the indirect climatic effect of aerosols. 相似文献
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The evolution of cloud droplet size spectra is calculated using an adiabatic condensational growth model. Broadness (e.g., standard deviation of diameter) of cloud droplet spectra in adiabatic cloud parcels was determined to be critically dependent on cloud supersaturation. Although droplet spectra become narrower as growth continues, the rate of narrowing is slower when cloud supersaturation is lower. This actually leads to broader droplet spectra for more continental clouds or for weaker updrafts because both of these conditions are associated with lower cloud supersaturations. More continental type clouds, which have higher concentrations of smaller droplets, were indeed found to have larger dispersions (standard deviation of diameter/mean diameter of cloud droplets). Some of these results were consistent with observations, but the larger dispersions that were much more commonly observed for continental compared to maritime clouds were due almost exclusively to smaller droplets rather than broader droplet distributions. Contrary to the model calculations, typical observations show that cleaner clouds usually have broader droplet spectra. The gaps in magnitude between theory and observations of broadness are significant in all clouds. When cloud parcels that had ascended under different updraft conditions were compared at a constant cloud altitude, parcels with lower updrafts were predicted to have broader droplet spectra with larger mean diameters. This trend of apparent spectral broadening was consistent with observations for some near-adiabatic cloud parcels. 相似文献
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大陆性积云不同发展阶段宏观和微观物理特性的飞机观测研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2014年7月3日,山西省人工降雨防雹办公室在该省忻州地区开展了国内首次大陆性积云飞机穿云探测。本文利用机载云物理探测资料,分析研究了不同发展阶段的积云宏、微观物理特性,主要结论有:（1）初生发展阶段的积云水平尺度约为8.2 km×5.5 km（经向×纬向,下同）,云厚约2 km;云中以小云粒子为主,云滴凝结增长;水平方向上,云液水含量（LWC）和粒子浓度（Nc）的最大值均位于云体中心位置;垂直方向上,云水分布相对均匀,但随着高度增加,云粒子浓度变小,粒子尺度增大;粒子谱符合伽马分布,峰值量级为102 cm-3 μm-1,谱宽在100 μm以下。（2）成熟阶段的积云水平尺度约为4.6 km×10 km,云厚约4 km;云内可以观测到积冰和雨线;小云粒子浓度随高度增加起伏变化,3600 m、4100 m和4900 m高度处存在峰值;大云粒子浓度随高度先增加后减小,最大值出现云底以上1.6 km高度,云底以上1.3 km高度附近有降水粒子形成;粒子谱呈多峰分布,暖区符合伽马分布,冷区为伽马分布和M-P分布相结合,且随着高度的增加拓宽,4400 m高度以下的谱宽小于200 μm。（3）消散阶段积云尺度约为11 km×5.6 km,云厚约2 km,云下有降水粒子存在。 相似文献
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基于一维分档MISTRA边界层云模式,模拟研究了内部混有不可溶核的硫酸铵气溶胶对边界层暖云微物理特征的影响。结果表明：边界层内湍流动能通量是影响暖云发展的重要因素。云中液态水含量、过饱和度以及云滴谱离散度均随云中的高度增加而增大。云滴谱标准差是影响云滴谱离散度变化的主要因子。在暖云发展阶段,不可溶性核会增加云中过饱和度,进而导致云滴谱分别向大尺度和小尺度端拓宽,云滴谱标准差增大,云滴谱离散度随时间增加而增大的程度增强;在暖云减弱阶段,不可溶核会造成云中大尺度端云滴数浓度减少,云滴谱变窄,标准差变小,云滴谱离散度逐渐减小的特征减弱。 相似文献