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1.
Bedford RD 《GeoJournal》1988,16(2):179-192
May 1987 is a month that will not be forgotten in the South Pacific. The first of two military coups d'etat led by Colonel
Sitiveni Rabuka not only transformed the course of post-colonial political development in Fiji, but this event also had profound
implications for international relations in the region. Co-incidentally, May 1987 was also the month when detailed results
of Fiji's second national population census since Independence in 1970 became available. The 1986 census documents Fiji's
population on the eve of a political revolution which has the potential to cause significant economic and social change. The
demographic process most likely to be affected in the short-term by the coups is population movement, both within Fiji and
to overseas destinations. This: paper examines developments in population movement between 1970 and 1986 with particular reference
to an acceleration in levels of migration overseas by Indians and an exodus of Fijians from rural village communities for
towns on Viti Levu and Vanua Levu. Trends in internal and international migration are evaluated at a range of spatial scales
— national, regional and local. Some speculation on the effect of political and economic changes since May 1987 on these population
movements attempts to provide a contemporary perspective on demographic developments over the last 15 years. 相似文献
2.
In this paper an attempt is made to study the spatial division of labour in Britain, through an investigation of the changing structure of employment in the manufacturing sector between 1971 and 1981. The separate impacts of loss in the volume of manufacturing employment, change in the balance between production and non-production activities in the occupational structure and the spatial shift of the population employed in manufacturing upon spatial variations in manufacturing employment change are tentatively identified. Data on the socio-economic composition of the population employed in manufacturing from the Small Area Statistics of the Censuses of Population for 1971 and 1981 are used to measure the impact of these processes at the local labour market area (LLMA) scale and to draw conclusions for the future employment prospects of different parts of Britain. 相似文献
3.
The study focuses on the analysis of manufacturing industry in Saudi Arabia by examining development, structure and spatial distribution. The analysis has shown that Saudi manufacturing is basically of recent development and is highly capital- and energy-intensive, particularly the hydrocarbon-based groups. Perhaps the most conspicuous weakness of Saudi industrialization is the almost total dependence on expatriate labour. Foreign capital and expertise share in the building and development of the industrial sector by providing technical, managerial, and marketing skills. Saudi industry is heavily subsidized by the government, and the public sector plays a commanding role in industrial development. Large-scale basic industries are owned and run by the government, while light manufacturing of the import-substitution type is dominated by the private sector. One of the main characteristics of manufacturing industry is that it is scantily diversified, modestly concentrated and remarkably linked geographically but not functionally or structurally. Although the authorities are exerting tremendous efforts to achieve a regional balance in industrial development, Saudi manufacturing industry is significantly polarized, urban-oriented and highly associated with the major axes of population scatter. Like all developing countries beginning to industrialize, Saudi manufacturing industry faces certain problems which have to be resolved so as to lay the foundations for a sound and prosperous industrial future. The paper goes on to indicate problems and to suggest solutions. 相似文献
4.
David C. Rich Ph.D. 《GeoJournal》1988,16(4):399-418
Australian manufacturing developed primarily to supply domestic customers. It played an important role in the country's postwar economic growth, employment increase and rising living standards. However, decades of heavy protection and limited opportunities for achieving scale economies because of the small local market and fragmentation of production across six states were among many factors that meant that by the late 1960s the sector was increasingly ill-equipped to deal with major changes in international and internal economic and political conditions. Over the last two decades, manufacturing has contracted, with employment falling sharply, and there has been a substantial and highly varied restructuring of production, although many past features survive. In the mid 1980s, several factors, most notably a large depreciation of the Australian dollar, have made local manufacturing more cost competitive and created new export opportunities. Nevertheless, many branches of manufacturing remain vulnerable to further rapid rationalisation and future prospects are uncertain. 相似文献
5.
Most advanced market economies have met difficulties retaining a manufacturing base. Domestic production remains important,
however, given the downstream economic impacts of the manufacturing sector, including the advantages of export-base industries.
In order to keep producing domestically, firms must persistently innovate and increasingly look to new markets. To explore
the issue at greater length, this paper examines the case of Japan’s metal forming machinery industry, a key capital goods
sector in terms of its criticality to overall durable goods manufacturing and its recent export success. This paper examines
recent performance as an example of a successful industry that retains significant domestic production while simultaneously
maintaining high export levels. 相似文献
6.
Atholl Anderson Richard Roberts William Dickinson Geoffrey Clark David Burley Antoine de Biran Geoffrey Hope Patrick Nunn 《Geoarchaeology》2006,21(2):131-154
The orthodox archaeological sequence at the Sigatoka Dunes site (VL 16/1) in Fiji proposes three phases of occupation spanning Fijian prehistory, each associated with a period of dune stability. It has been taken as the standard model of Fijian prehistory for more than 30 years. Recently, however, it has been argued that there is no stratigraphic support for three discrete levels and that the occupation history was fragmented, complex, and continuous within a volatile dune system. We present new data, from optical and radiocarbon dating, to argue that a three‐phase model, although somewhat more complex in detail, remains the most robust interpretation of site history. The longest stable phase (Level 2) began 2500–2300 cal yr B.P. and is possibly associated with relatively low ENSO frequency. Substantial sand dune accumulation began after ˜1300 cal yr B.P. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
7.
Transforming the South African tourism industry: The emerging black-owned bed and breakfast economy 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Christian M. Rogerson 《GeoJournal》2004,60(3):273-281
In South Africa the tourism industry has been targeted as one of the key sectoral drivers for economic development and transformation
of the country over the next two decades. A special feature of the South African tourism economy, which is a legacy of the
apartheid period, is that the overwhelming majority of tourism enterprises and of the tourism economy as a whole is under
the ownership of the white minority. With the post-apartheid transition, the national government recognizes that this unequal
ownership structure in tourism needs to be addressed through a programme of transformation and consolidated support for the
development of black owned tourism enterprises, especially of small tourism enterprises. The objective in this paper is to
examine the problems and challenges that face the transformation of South Africa's contemporary tourism economy by investigating
the development and constraints upon the country's emergent small black-owned accommodation sector in the form of bed and
breakfast establishments. 相似文献
8.
C. M. Rogerson Dr. 《GeoJournal》1996,39(1):97-104
The objective in this paper is to analyse private sector involvement in LED in South Africa. Four key spheres of private sector involvement in LED are identified and discussed: (1) as participator and occasional initiator of local development processes, (2) as major partner in the development activities of public-private sector partnerships, (3) as lead role player in certain direct initiatives for reviving South Africa's inner cities, and (4) as promoter and facilitator of local small business development. It is argued that the concept of local dependence could be usefully applied to interpret private sector involvement in LED in South Africa. 相似文献
9.
Mia Gray 《Geoforum》2004,35(1):23-34
I argue that the characterisation of the lower end of the service sector as innately poorly paid, casualised and unorganised confuses cause and effect. It describes the effects of an institutional vacuum that allows this sector to suffer severe wage competition, which results in low wages and poor working conditions. There is nothing innate in the lower end of the service sector that makes these jobs poorly paid except the lack of institutions, such as unions and the state, structuring this segment of the labour market. Pay and working conditions vary within the sector and between specific locations, and depend on institutions, or the lack of institutions, to structure the local labour market. I use the case of hotel employees and restaurant employees in Las Vegas to show that not only can high union densities affect wages and other measurable benefits but a strategically unionised labour market also can transform the structure of the labour market itself. 相似文献
10.
斐济群岛具有厚而年轻的硅镁质地壳,其成矿作用与构造演化有着密切的联系。斐济群岛的地层主要由新生代海底碎屑型火山岩及相关沉积岩组成。碳酸盐岩和在中-晚中新世一次重要的构造运动中侵入的辉长岩-英云闪长岩质的深成岩也很发育。斐济群岛的矿床类型包括各种块状硫化物型矿床、斑岩型铜金矿、夕卡岩型铜多金属矿、浅成低温热液型金矿、沉积型锰矿、残积矿床、砂矿床等。斐济群岛的成矿期有4个不同的阶段（时期）,这些阶段（时期）与构造运动紧密相关,反映了纵贯斐济群岛的各种矿化类型的空间和时间分布特征。 相似文献
11.
Crystallization of calc-alkaline andesite under controlled high-pressure hydrous conditions 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Trevor H. Green 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1972,34(2):150-166
A series of experimental runs has been conducted on a glass prepared from a natural island are calc-alkaline andesite from
Fiji. The crystallization sequence was determined for the pressure interval 9–36 kb under anhydrous conditions and with 2,
5, and 10% by weight of water carefully added.
Addition of water markedly lowers the liquidus, depresses the appearance of quartz and plagioclase in the crystallization
sequence, and greatly enlarges the field of garnet-clinopyroxene crystallization above 25 kb. Amphibole crystallizes in hydrous
runs up to 25 kb.
Electron microprobe analyses of critical phases allows calculation of controls on crystal fractionation trends. For hydrous
conditions at 5–15 kb amphibole-clinopyroxene dominate fractionation and a moderate decrease in Mg/Fe and a slight increase
in K/Na occurs. At 15–25 kb garnet also affects the fractionation and a moderate decrease in Mg/Fe and an increase in K/Na
results. Above 25 kb garnet-clinopyroxene control the fractionation and there is a slight decrease in Mg/Fe but a significant
increase in K/Na and a pronounced silica enrichment.
In terms of major element chemistry, the derivation of the Fijian dacites in the second period of eruption may be satisfactorily
explained by the fractionation of hydrous andesite at pressures >25 kb. Alternatively the dacites may result from lower degrees
of melting of the down-going hydrous lithosphere. Similarly other members of this eruptive period may be derived according
to a model of eclogite-controlled fractional melting or crystallization. Models involving amphibole fractionation at lower
pressures are less satisfactory for explaining compositions in the Fijian second period of eruption, but in other environments
models including amphibole-controlled fractionation may form part of a continuum of melting processes in subduction zones. 相似文献
12.
Philip Cooke 《Geoforum》1981,12(4):319-330
Processes of economic restructuring and social recomposition have been proceeding at an accelerated pace in Wales of late. This paper seeks to show that these changes, which began with a redistribution of manufacturing employment initially, but which have more recently been dominated by the restructuring of the tertiary sector, can best be understood as a regional effect of the growing spatial division of labour in the UK and internationally. Of special interest is the manner in which the dual spatial divisions in secondary and tertiary economic activity produce new combinations of spatial and social differentiation at the sub-regional level. 相似文献
13.
The New Hebrides back-arc troughs (southwest Pacific) are located between the New Hebrides trench-arc system and the active North Fiji marginal basin. They are restricted to the southern and northern segments of the arc and were generally related to effects of the Indo-Australian subducting plate (rolling-back and/or subduction of the d'Entrecasteaux ridge). A detailed bathymetric and magnetic survey over the northern back-arc troughs is used to propose a new model for the origin of the New Hebrides back-arc troughs. The northern troughs extend over a width of 60 km and are composed of N-S trending grabens and horsts, discontinuous along strike and associated with volcanism. The troughs are disrupted southward at 13° 30′S, where the Hazel Holme fracture zone intercepts the New Hebrides island arc. The E-W trending Hazel Holme fracture zone is an extensional feature bisecting the North Fiji basin. In its western end, the Hazel Hohne fracture zone is composed of a succession of horsts and grabens striking N90 ° –N100 ° E. Geometrical and structural relationships between the back-arc troughs and the Hazel Holme fracture zone suggest that both these extensional features result from the same process and are closely linked. The northern troughs-western end of the Hazel Holme fracture zone region is dominated by N130°–135°E trending magnetic lineations typical of oceanic crust. These lineations are oblique to the horsts and grabens systems, and are characteristic of the old North Fiji basin oceanic crust. Consequently we conclude that the northern back-arc troughs are partly developed on the North Fiji basin oceanic basement and that extensional tectonic processes postdate the oldest North Fiji basin oceanic crust. Morphological and structural evidence suggests that both the back-arc troughs and the Hazel Holme fracture zone are recent, still active and result from NE-SW extensional tectonics. Because other tectonic features throughout the North Fiji basin are related to the same stress field, it is inferred that such a NE-SW extension could be a large-scale deformation affecting the North Fiji basin. It is proposed that the back-arc troughs are primarily related to this recent extension within the North Fiji basin, but their locations along the arc are also influenced by the subduction of the d'Entrecasteaux ridge which produces, south of 13°30′S, nearly E-W trending compression and prevents the formation of troughs. Possibly, these recent extensional tectonic processes result from a major reorganization in the spreading process of the North Fiji basin, and could be as young as 0.6–0.7 Ma. 相似文献
14.
Igor Vrišer 《GeoJournal》1996,38(2):151-156
An important state sector developed in Slovenian agriculture under communism and although it accounted for a less than a tenth of the agricultural area it assumed a major role in supplying food to the urban markets; also in providing raw material to the food processing industry and for exporting. In the context of the transition to a market economy legislation has been enacted that provides for denationalisation and the restructuring of enterprises. This threatens the survival of the state sector and creates problems for the food market because the private farmers are not yet well-organised to provide an alternative supply. The government is committed by the legislation already passed but is anxious to avoid marketing problems. 相似文献
15.
S. R. Taylor Annette C. Capp A. L. Graham D. H. Blake 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1969,23(1):1-26
Abundance data for Cs, Rb, Tl, Ba, Pb, Sr, the rare earths, Th, U, Zr, Hf, Sn, Nb, Mo, Mn, Cu, Co, Ni, Sc, V, Cr, Ag, Sb and the major elements are reported for two andesites and a dacite from Saipan, nine andesites and a dacite from Bougainville and two andesites from Fiji. The Saipan rocks are low-K varieties and contain notably low abundances of Rb, Ba, Th and U and have rare earth patterns subparallel to chondritic patterns. The Bougainville andesites include low-Si and high-K varieties which have higher concentrations of the large cations. The Fijian samples are close to the average circum-Pacific andesite and have rareearth patterns sub-parallel to those of sedimentary rocks.All the andesites contain characteristically low (< 20 ppm) values for Ni and have Ni/Co ratios < 1, and V/Ni ratios > 10.These data preclude derivation of calc-alkaline rocks by mixing of upper crustal material or by fractional crystallisation from basaltic parents. A two stage model is proposed involving sea-floor spreading and transportation of the oceanic crust down the dipping seismic plane into the mantle where it is remelted to form andesites. 相似文献
16.
Neil Alderman 《Geoforum》1996,27(4):461-477
The role of innovation in influencing business performance and survival is widely accepted, but there is only limited evidence identifying any direct relationships between them. This paper uses data from a cohort study of mature British mechanical engineering establishments to investigate locational, technological and other characteristics of establishments surviving during two time periods: 1981–1986 and 1987–1992. The study is concerned with all causes of non-survival, whether attributable to business failure or to corporate decision-making. The analysis makes use of a mix of bivariate and multivariate techniques to assess influences on the survival or non-survival of the establishments. The results support previous research concerning the role of such factors as establishment size and industry sector, but contradict conventional wisdom concerning such factors as age, suggesting in particular that the relationship between age and survival applies to new start-ups, but not to mature establishments. Some evidence for locational variation in closure rates, particularly during the most recent recession, is presented. The role of technological innovation is found to be equivocal. The effects of process innovation appear to be limited, but there are suggestions that investment in research and development and design-related technologies have been related to the survival prospects of the establishments in the cohort in recent years. Some of the shortcomings of the measures of innovation available and the approach adopted are discussed. 相似文献
17.
一、引言卫星影象上除大量直观的线状信息外,还有许多大小不等、形态各异的环状信息。湘赣粤三省交界处,在各种比例尺的卫片上就存在一个完整的环状影象,作者将此称为湘赣粤环形。这种由多种构造形式按一定的组合规律所结成的统一体,往往不易为常规地质方法所发现。湘赣粤环形区 相似文献
18.
Innocent M. Aprioku 《GeoJournal》1999,48(4):313-321
This paper attempts a comparative analysis of the economic and noneconomic damages of rural industrialisation to the environment
of poor communities in a developing country. It is argued that certain dimensions of damage are concealed by the fact that
people are poor and are consequently more concerned with survival than with the less tangible aspects of the environment.
The major finding of this paper is that rural industrialisation is more directly and strongly associated with environmental
disamenities than with economic loss. A policy implication of this is that the package of rural industrialisation strategy
in developing nations must transcend conventional compensation schemes. It is argued that planning for the internalisation
of the negative externalities of rural industries must go beyond articulating measures to compensate for various forms of
actual and/or potential loss of output suffered by local residents. The package must include programmes to provide for alternative
sources of water, say, and an adequate health care delivery, where the disamenities caused are in the forms of polluting natural
sources of water supply and/or increasing health hazards. The paper opines that it owes a responsibility to raise an alarm
on behalf of the rural people, before damages caused by certain industries reach irreversible magnitudes.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
19.
In the midst of global economic and financial integration, there are increasing cross-border capital flows between China and the rest of the world. Foreign financial businesses also start to play more important roles in the nation’s market after waves of financial reforms. Within such a background, this study aims to investigate the agglomeration and location choice of overseas financial institutions in Chinese cities. Data from the 2004 China Economic Census show that foreign financial establishments, including banks, insurance companies, and other financial service businesses, were mainly agglomerated in coastal cities. In particular, three major urban areas, Shanghai, Beijing, and Guangzhou, concentrated a majority of overseas financial institutions. Results from regression models show that foreign businesses’ location choice is greatly influenced by a city’s urban economy, involvement in the global market, and telecommunication infrastructure. However, we do not find a significant link between foreign financial institutions’ market entry and the size of domestic financial centers in China. 相似文献
20.
Simon A. Kawagle 《Resource Geology》2007,57(3):347-350
Papua New Guinea’s petroleum sector has substantially grown in the last 2 years. There is an increase in exploration expenditure, which also sees a corresponding increase in the number of exploration licences. Two new petroleum projects have been commissioned and these have added to production of the existing projects. The oilfields are small by world standards. The sector is the second major contributor to the export income and taxation revenue of the country, after minerals. 相似文献