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1.
Muheeb M. Awawdeh Mohammad A. ElMughrabi Mohammad Y. Atallah 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2018,77(21):732
Road instability along the Jerash–Amman highway was assessed using the weighted overlay method in Geographic Information System environment. The landslide susceptibility map was developed from nine contributing parameters. The map of landslide susceptibility was classified into five zones: very low (very stable), low (stable), moderate (moderately stable), high (unstable), and very high (highly unstable). The very high susceptibility and high susceptibility zones covered 15.14% and 31.81% of the study area, respectively. The main factors that made most parts of study area prone to landslides include excessive drainage channels, road cuts, and unfavorable rock strata such as marl and friable sandstone intercalated with clay and highly fractured limestone. Fracture zones are a major player in land instability. The moderate and high susceptibility zones are the most common in urban (e.g., Salhoub and Gaza camp) and agricultural areas. About 34% of the urban areas and 28.82% of the agricultural areas are characterized by the high susceptibility zone. Twenty percent of the Jerash–Amman highway length and 58% of the overall highway length are located in the very high susceptibility zone. The landslide susceptibility map was validated by the recorded landslides. More than 80 of the inventoried landslides are in unstable zones, which indicate that the selected causative factors are relevant and the model performs properly. 相似文献
2.
Three unstable ephemeral-stream channels (arroyos), which drain source areas that have high sediment yields ranging from predominantly sand (Arroyo Calabasas) to a mixture of sand, silt, and clay (Sand Creek) to largely silt and clay (Sage Creek), were resurveyed to provide data on the rates and mechanics of erosion and sedimentation processes during periods ranging from 14 to 22 yr. Channel morphology changed significantly. Erosion occurred through nickpoint recession and bank collapse, but erosional reaches are separated by aggrading or stable-channel reaches. In general, sediment that is eroded, as the nickpoint recedes upstream, is trapped in the widened channel downstream. In this manner sediment is transported episodically out of these basins during a series of cut-and-fill cycles. The manner by which the channels aggrade and the morphology of the aggraded stable channels are controlled by the sediment type. The wide and shallow channel of Arroyo Calabasas is filled by vertical accretion of sand-size sediment. The narrow and deep channels of Sage Creek and Sand Creek are created by the lateral accretion of cohesive fine-grained sediment. The channel modification and the cut-and-fill episodes are dependent on high sediment yields, and therefore they are independent of subtle climatic shifts. Cut-and-fill deposits that have been created in this manner should not be equivalent in age from basin to basin, and therefore channel trenching and filling in the semiarid western United States during the Holocene need not be synchronous. 相似文献
3.
欧亚大陆积雪分布及其类型划分 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用1966-2012年欧亚大陆1152个地面气象台站积雪深度资料,对欧亚大陆积雪深度、累计积雪天数和连续积雪天数的空间分布进行了分析,以连续积雪天数为标准对欧亚大陆季节性积雪类型进行了划分,并与应用累计积雪天数对积雪区类型的划分进行了比较研究. 结果表明：欧亚大陆积雪分布具有显著纬度地带性特征,积雪深度、累计积雪天数和连续积雪天数的大值分布区均位于俄罗斯平原的东北部、科拉半岛、西西伯利亚平原、中西伯利亚高原以及俄罗斯远东北部大部分区域. 与累计积雪天数划分方法相比,利用连续积雪天数对欧亚大陆季节性积雪分区,在前苏联地区积雪类型分区差异并不显著,但蒙古和中国的稳定积雪区明显缩减,青藏高原无稳定积雪区,中国大部分地区为非周期性不稳定积雪区. 两种积雪分区划分方法比较结果显示,连续积雪天数划分方法更能体现积雪累积的连续性和持久性,更符合对稳定积雪和不稳定积雪的划分标准. 相似文献
4.
大型斑岩铜矿成矿的深部构造岩浆活动背景 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
笔者以深部地球物理探测结果为基础，将地球物理与地质、地球化学资料结合起来分析了南美稳态的洋陆俯冲体制下安第斯斑岩铜矿带、藏南不稳态的陆陆碰撞体制下冈底斯斑岩铜矿带和不稳态的陆岛陆碰撞体制下三江地区的玉龙斑岩铜矿带渐新世以来深部成矿的构造岩浆活动背景条件，总结归纳出6条成矿的基本条件：（1）要有上地幔来源的高温岩浆热液的大量供给；（2）要有区域性铜的萃取来源；（3）要有上地壳的部分熔融层或岩浆房。以提供含铜热液的循环沉淀条件；（4）地壳上层构造体系中的张性断裂。以供岩浆热液的就位；（5）围岩的化学性质对矿质沉淀是重要的；（6）构造的相对稳态期。为矿质大量沉淀积累创造条件。在不稳态体制下要寻找相对稳态的时段。陆陆碰撞体制与洋陆俯冲体制下成矿作用的主要不同之处是构造的不稳态期长、陆壳加厚与构造复杂化．岩石层碎裂发育机制等。提出了冈底斯带的新的找矿远景地带。 相似文献
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6.
植被与斜坡非饱和带大空隙 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
在气候温湿的滑坡灾害易发区,根系通道、动物通道、干裂缝及团聚体间的结构性孔隙等大空隙普遍存在于斜坡非饱和带中。植被是控制大空隙形成、规模及寿命的决定性因素。除形成根系通道外,细小根系及与植被相关的菌丝还可网捕土体颗粒形成团聚体,而来自根系、枯枝落叶及真菌的腐殖化有机质不仅是重要的团聚体胶结物,也是打洞的土体动物的食物来源。枯枝落叶层是大空隙抵御环境因素扰动的重要屏障。大空隙系统可以显著优化地下水的补给环境,促进斜坡水循环,引起地下水径流模数持续增大及岩体综合质量的渐进性衰退。对于重要的工程高边坡,不宜植树种草;对发育次生植被的非稳定斜坡,可通过调整利用方式来遏制大空隙的发育。 相似文献
7.
采用基于网格的瞬态降雨入渗(TRIGRS)模型,以滑坡灾害频发的陕南安康市东部巴山东段白河县为研究区,探讨模型适用性及不同降雨条件下边坡稳定性空间分布规律。根据中国土壤分布图并结合已有研究,选取模拟所需的水土力学参数。将模拟所得研究区稳定性分布图与实际滑坡目录对比分析进行TRIGRS模型精度评估,分别模拟连阴雨和短时间强降雨两种降雨情景,探讨研究区边坡稳定性空间分布规律,结果表明:1)TRIGRS模型在模拟预测降雨诱发型浅层滑坡时,结合受试者特征ROC曲线进行精度评估,曲线下面积为0.752,说明此模型在白河县进行滑坡模拟时具有一定的合理性与准确性,能反应该地区滑坡灾害的空间分布特征;2)连阴雨情景模拟下,极不稳定区域主要集中在北部低山地貌区,以冷水镇和麻虎镇为主,随降雨历时增加向东部和南部增多,西部仓上镇、西营镇和双丰镇的极不稳定区域面积较少,能承受长时间连续性降雨。短时间强降雨对边坡稳定性的影响更为直接,极不稳定区域随降雨强度增大而增加,以冷水镇和麻虎镇为主要防范区域。结合地形分析,极陡峭区域边坡稳定性最差,无法承受持续性降雨和高强度降雨,较陡峭区域更易受到降雨历时和降雨强度的影响,而平缓区域则能承受长时间及高强度的降雨;3)TRIGRS模型根据不同降雨条件预测易发生滑坡灾害的区域,为滑坡实时预报警系统提供了新的可能方法。 相似文献
8.
Forward logistic regression for earth-flow landslide susceptibility assessment in the Platani river basin (southern Sicily,Italy) 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Dario Costanzo José Chacón Christian Conoscenti Clemente Irigaray Edoardo Rotigliano 《Landslides》2014,11(4):639-653
Forward logistic regression has allowed us to derive an earth-flow susceptibility model for the Tumarrano river basin, which was defined by modeling the statistical relationships between an archive of 760 events and a set of 20 predictors. For each landslide in the inventory, a landslide identification point (LIP) was automatically produced as corresponding to the highest point along the boundary of the landslide polygons, and unstable conditions were assigned to cells at a distance up to 8 m. An equal number of stable cells (out of landslides) was then randomly extracted and appended to the LIPs to prepare the dataset for logistic regression. A model building strategy was applied to enlarge the area included in training the model and to verify the sensitivity of the regressed models with respect to the locations of the selected stable cells. A suite of 16 models was prepared by randomly extracting different unoverlapping stable cell subsets that have been appended to the unstable ones. Models were finally submitted to forward logistic regression and validated. The results showed satisfying and stable error rates (0.236 on average, with a standard deviation of 0.007) and areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUCs) (0.839 for training and 0.817 for test datasets) as well as factor selections (ranks and coefficients). As regards the predictors, steepness and large-profile and local-plan topographic curvatures were systematically selected. Clayey outcropping lithology, midslope drainage, local and midslope ridges, and canyon landforms were also very frequently (from eight to 15 times) included in the models by the forward selection procedures. The model-building strategy allowed us to produce a performing earth-flow susceptibility model, whose model fitting, prediction skill, and robustness were estimated on the basis of validation procedures, demonstrating the independence of the regressed model on the specific selection of the stable cells. 相似文献
9.
Anatomy of an avulsion 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
NORMAN D. SMITH TIMOTHY A. CROSS† JOSEPH P. DUFFICY STEPHEN R. CLOUGH 《Sedimentology》1989,36(1):1-23
The Cumberland Marshes in east-central Saskatchewan, Canada, occupy over 5000 km2 and contain a variety of active and abandoned fluvial features, including straight to sinuous isolated channels, anastomosed channel systems, levees, and crevasse splays in addition to marshes, lakes and bogs. In 1873, an avulsion of the Saskatchewan River diverted most of its flow into a portion of the Cumberland Marshes (locally termed the breakout area), and altered the alluvial terrain as the invaded wetlands adjusted to the influx of sediment and water. These adjustments continue today, and so far over 500 km2 of wetlands have been affected by the avulsion. Avulsion-controlled modification of the wetlands involves the initiation and evolution of crevasse splays and splay complexes. Three intergradational forms are recognized, each associated with characteristic sand-body geometries. Stage I splays are small, lobate in plan, crossed by unstable distributary channels, and form wedge-shaped sheets which depositionally overlie fine-grained, organic-rich wetland sediments. Stage II splays and splay complexes evolve both spatially and temporally from Stage I splays. They are larger, contain dense networks of anastomosed channels, and form disconnected tabular sand bodies or continuous sand sheets, some of which incise underlying wetland sediments. Stage III splays develop from either Stage I or II splays and contain few but stable anastomosed channels that deposit isolated stringer sands encased in fine-grained floodplain sediments. Although sand bodies deposited by splays comprise important components of the evolving floodplain, various fine-grained facies occurring in levees, shallow lakes, abandoned splay channels, and interchannel floodplains dominate the avulsion deposits. The post-1873 record of deposition and terrain modification in the breakout area suggests four stages of floodplain evolution following avulsion. In the initial avulsion stage, new channels and splay complexes increase in numbers rapidly as diverted discharge of water and sediment overwhelm the adjacent floodbasin. The anastomosed stage is characterized by an approximate balance between rates of new channel and splay development, and abandonment of old ones. This stage continues for as long as new floodplain areas are invaded. The rate of new splay development eventually decreases as accessible floodplain becomes aggraded, forcing a higher rate of channel abandonment and concentration of remaining flow into fewer but larger channels (reversion stage). The result of reversion is eventual return to a single channel stage, completing the avulsive sequence and initiating a new alluvial ridge. For the Saskatchewan River, this final-stage single channel will likely produce a meander belt which occupies only a portion of the more extensive avulsion belt which preceded it. 相似文献
10.
北京市门头沟区某公路岩质边坡数量多,边坡物理力学性质及其影响因素复杂多变,无法获取每个边坡岩体的物理力学参数,因此,对大量边坡进行力学稳定性分析十分困难。采用层次分析和模糊综合评价方法,根据各种因素对岩质边坡稳定性影响的定性分析,确定了2级4类共9个边坡稳定性影响因子,将边坡的稳定性级别划分为4级,即稳定、基本稳定、较不稳定和不稳定; 然后,构建了隶属度矩阵和权重矩阵; 最后,对每个边坡的稳定性进行模糊综合评价。分析结果表明,在所研究的113个边坡中,不稳定边坡3个,占总边坡的3%,较不稳定边坡27个,占24%,基本稳定边坡52个,占46%,稳定边坡31个,占27%。因此认为: 当边坡数量众多、边界条件模糊、影响因素复杂时,模糊综合评判是比较合适的边坡稳定性分析方法; 应用最大隶属度原则时,需根据各种因素对边坡稳定性影响的因果关系,对最大隶属度原则的有效性进行评估,以防出现评判失效。 相似文献
11.
12.
Data collected by Magsat have been extensively used by Indian scientists in studies of the crust beneath India. Results obtained
by various workers have been summarized and the reasons for differences in findings have been discussed. It is concluded that
methods that work well for higher latitudes do not give the best estimates of crustal field and magnetization in equatorial
regions. A better estimate of the crustal component is obtained when the external current contribution is estimated using
the symmetry properties of associatedX and Z-fields. Inversion technique that provides stable crustal magnetization in midlatitudes, becomes unstable near the equator.
Why such an instability arises and how it can be circumvented are discussed. That the Peninsular shield, the Ganga basin and
the Himalayas are three different geotectonic blocks is clearly reflected in the magnetization distribution. A thick magnetic
crust under Aravalli, Singhbum and Dharwar suggest these areas to be comparatively stable. In general, seismic, gravity and
heat flow data agree characteristically well with the magnetization estimates. 相似文献
13.
The Sharm El-Sheikh/Ras-Nasrani area is one of the most attractive tourist resorts in Egypt particularly and in the world
in general. The area has been rapidly growing during the last few years. Many construction projects including villages, hotels,
beaches, and roads have recently been undertaken. The following study demonstrates the use of high-resolution satellite images,
QuickBird imagery, acquired on June 2nd, 2007 (0.61 m spatial resolution), for detailed mapping of the recent developments
and the slope instability hazard zones. The results were confirmed by field reconnaissance. Our findings indicate that there
are many development areas threatened by unstable zones. The hazard areas have been delineated and classified, and a final
slope instability hazard map has been established. Different factors were found to have a crucial impact on the slope instability,
some natural and others man-made. These unstable localities need to be remediated and/or monitored to avoid any loss in property
and/or lives. 相似文献
14.
《Quaternary Science Reviews》2007,26(7-8):1067-1090
OverallThis work is presented in two parts. Part I presents observations on the coupling between subglacial channel flow and groundwater flow in determining subglacial hydraulic regime and creating eskers from an Icelandic glacier that is suggested as an analogue for many parts of Pleistocene ice sheets. Part II develops a theory of perennial subglacial stream flow and the origin of esker systems, and models the evolution of the subglacial stream system and associated groundwater flow in a glacier of the type described in Part I. It is suggested that groundwater flow may be the predominant mechanism whereby meltwater at the glacier bed finds its way to the major subglacial streams that discharge water to glacier margins.Part IBoreholes drilled through an Icelandic glacier into an underlying till and aquifer system have been used to measure variations in head in the vicinity of a perennial subglacial stream tunnel during late summer and early winter. They reveal a subglacial groundwater catchment that is drained by a subglacial stream along its axis. The stream tunnel is characterised by low water pressures, and acts as a drain for the groundwater catchment, so that groundwater flow is predominantly transverse to ice flow, towards the channel.These perennial streams flow both in summer and winter. Their portals have lain along the same axes for the 5 km of retreat that has occurred since the end of the Little Ice Age, 100 years ago, suggesting that the groundwater catchments have been relatively stable for at least this period. In the winter season, stream discharges are largely derived from basal melting, but during summer, water derived from the glacier surface finds its way, via fractures and moulins, to the glacier bed, where it dominates the meltwater flux. Additional subglacial streams are created in summer to help drain this greater flux from beneath the glacier, through poorly integrated and unstable networks. Summer streams cease to flow during winter and tend not to form in the same places in the following summer. Perennial streams are the stable component of the system and are the main sources of extensive esker systems.Strong flow of groundwater towards low-pressure areas along channels and the ice margin is a source of major upwelling that can produce sediment liquefaction and instability. A theory is developed to show how this could have a major effect on subglacial sedimentary processes. 相似文献
15.
Anastomosing river plains of the Channel Country, central Australia, have aggraded slowly over the past 100 ka. Channel sediments accumulate mainly as accretionary benches of mud and sand, sandy channel-base sheets and vegetation-shadow deposits. The channels are laterally stable and the sediments have aggraded locally against erosional banks of tough floodplain muds. Channel sediments are profoundly affected by desiccation during dry periods and by bioturbation caused by within-channel trees and burrowing invertebrates, especially crayfish. Excavations show that mud-dominated channel bodies of low width:thickness ratio are generated by a combination of vertical and lateral accretion. Levees and braided surfaces, composed mainly of mud aggregates, border the channels and are activated during valley-wide floods which lay down distal mud sheets. Floodplain muds are converted to vertisols with gilgai, deep desiccation cracks, and impregnations of carbonate and gypsum. A fixed-channel facies model is applicable to the Channel Country river deposits. Anastomosis apparently results from the need for the system to move large volumes of water and moderate sediment loads across low-gradient interior basins.
Channels distant from upland source areas receive an abundant supply of pedogenic, sand-sized mud aggregates generated on adjacent floodplains and reworked into braid bars during valley-wide floods. Some quartz sand is provided from excavation of subsurface Pleistocene sands in deep channels and waterholes and from aeolian dunes on the floodplains. Adjacent gibber plains supply some gravel to the system. 相似文献
Channels distant from upland source areas receive an abundant supply of pedogenic, sand-sized mud aggregates generated on adjacent floodplains and reworked into braid bars during valley-wide floods. Some quartz sand is provided from excavation of subsurface Pleistocene sands in deep channels and waterholes and from aeolian dunes on the floodplains. Adjacent gibber plains supply some gravel to the system. 相似文献
16.
P. Kotoky M. K. Dutta R. Goswami G. C. Borah 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2011,78(2):175-183
The bank sediments along the extremely meandered Dhansiri River channel, a south bank tributary of the mighty Brahmaputra
River, with erosion potentiality have been investigated to evaluate its certain geotechnical characteristics. The study has
shown that the bank sediments are basically composed of CL and ML types of soil. These types of sediments are very much prone
to liquefaction which in turn related to erosion susceptibility. The bank stability analysis has differentiated the studied
stretch into unstable, at risk and stable zones. Most of the erosion affected zones along the channel reach under study are
located within the unstable or at risk zones. The field study around Butalikhowa, Barguriagaon, Golaghat and Duchmuagaon areas
along the channel with active erosion activity has supported our contention and practical utility of the present study. It
is expected that such type of study will help in providing certain inevitable baseline information for various channel management
practices for this extremely flood prone areas of Northeast India. 相似文献
17.
The stability of multiple systems with known orbital elements and with subsystems occupying adjacent hierarchy levels is analyzed using six stability criteria and numerical simulations of their dynamical evolution. All the stability criteria considered are in qualitative agreement with the numerical computations. Of the 16 systems studied, 11 are confirmed to be stable and five (HD 40887, HD 136176, HD 150680, HD 217675, and HD 222326) may be unstable on time scales of ～106 yr or less. The small dynamical ages of the unstable systems may indicate that they have captured components during encounters between close binaries and field or moving cluster stars. The instability could also result from the perturbation of a stable system when it approaches a massive object (star, black hole, or molecular cloud). It is possible that some of the unstable systems are remnants of small clusters or stellar groups. 相似文献
18.
Karol Tylmann Jan A. Piotrowski Wojciech Wysota 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2013,42(2):428-441
The glacial sediment succession exposed close to the southern margin of the Late Weichselian Scandinavian Ice Sheet in Poland reveals a mosaic consisting of isolated patches of heavily deformed deposits separated by areas lacking any visible evidence of deformation. In the studied outcrop, the subglacial deforming spots composed of outwash deposits intercalated with till stringers are about 2–10 m wide and 20–60 cm thick. They rest on outwash sediments and are covered by a basal till. Based on structural and textural characteristics, the deforming spots are interpreted as previous R‐channels filled with meltwater deposits. Lack of deformation in outwash sediment immediately beneath the deforming spots and in the intervening areas between the channels suggests that the ice‐bed was frozen and the deformation of the channel infill was facilitated by high pore‐water pressure arising because water drainage into the bed was impeded by permafrost. Channel infill deposits and the till immediately above were coevally deformed to a strain of less than 9. This study documents the possible co‐existence of deforming and stable areas under an ice sheet, generated by spatially varying thermal and hydrological conditions affecting sediment rheology. 相似文献
19.
冻土变化与青藏公路的稳定性问题 总被引：41，自引：18，他引：41
气候转暖和人类活动对青藏公路沿线的多年冻土产生了很大影响。使多年冰土地温升高，厚度减薄，岛状多年冻土赂北推移等，这些变化严重地干扰和影响了青藏公路的稳定性。考虑到这些变化和工程稳定性，青藏公路稳定性可分为６个带：极不稳定带；稳定带；基本稳定带；基本稳定过渡带；不稳定带；极不稳定带。 相似文献
20.
Multivariate models for landslide hazard evaluation 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Alberto Carrara 《Mathematical Geosciences》1983,15(3):403-426
As part of a long-term project aimed at a better understanding of the geological and geomorphological factors that control slope instability phenomena in Southern Italy, multivariate models for assessing landslide incidence hazard were developed and tested in two Calabrian sample areas characterized by different geological-geomorphological conditions. Discriminant analysis, based on a large set of mappable geological and geomorphical variables, is able to discriminate rather successfully between stable and unstable areas or slope units. Multiple regression analysis has also proved to be a useful tool in predicting actual and potential landslide hazard. Consequently, geomathematical models may provide a feasible approach to environmental hazard assessment, particularly when applied within the framework of a wider multidisciplinary project for land evaluation and planning. 相似文献