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1.
AbstractIt is frequently required to find whether a feature A of height h 0 will interrupt the view between two other features A1 and A2, of heights h 1 and h 2 respectively. Suppose that the right line from A1 to A2, whose zenith distance is ζ at A1, has a height h at A; it is then obvious that no more is necessary than to compute h and compare it with the known height h 0 of the feature A. 相似文献
2.
Determination of complexity factor and its relationship with accuracy of representation for DEM terrain 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Based on the estimating rule of the normal vector angles between two adjacent terrain units, we use the concept of terrain
complexity factor to quantify the terrain complexity of DEM, and then the formula of terrain complexity factor in Raster DEM
and TIN DEM is deduced theoretically. In order to make clear how the terrain complexity factor E
CF
and the average elevation h affect the accuracy of DEM terrain representation RMSE
Et
, the formula of Gauss synthetical surface is applied to simulate several real terrain surfaces, each of which has different
terrain complexity. Through the statistical analysis of linear regression in simulation data, the linear equation between
accuracy of DEM terrain representation RMSE
Et
, terrain complexity factor E
CF
and the average elevation h is achieved. A new method is provided to estimate the accuracy of DEM terrain representation RMSE
Et
with a certain terrain complexity and it gives convincing theoretical evidence for DEM production and the corresponding error
research in the future. 相似文献
3.
《测量评论》2013,45(10):206-221
Abstract4.3. Having found s we may proceed to obtain the coordinates of the air station. This is the vertex of a pyramid, the base edges being of lengths a, b, c and the opposite edges measuring u, v, w respectively. Let h be the distance of the vertex from the plane of the base, and suppose d, e1 e2, e3 are respectively twice the areas of the base and of the oblique faces in order. 相似文献
4.
《测量评论》2013,45(12):330-335
AbstractI. These notes are the results of following up in some detail the well-known fact that the horizontal distance between two points at altitude h is greater, by an amount proportional to h, than the distance between the corresponding points at sea-level. Traverses based on rectangular coordinates are considered, with special reference to the residual errors left after adjusting the misclosures of such traverses without first eliminating errors due to altitude. 相似文献
5.
6.
Summary
The standard Mollweide projection of the sphere S
R
2
which is of type pseudocylindrical — equiareal is generalized to the biaxial ellipsoid
E
A,B
2
.Within the class of pseudocylindrical mapping equations (1.8) of
E
A,B
2
(semimajor axis A, semiminor axis B) it is shown by solving the general eigenvalue problem (Tissot analysis) that only equiareal mappings, no conformal mappings exist. The mapping equations (2.1) which generalize those from S
R
2
to
E
A,B
2
lead under the equiareal postulate to a generalized Kepler equation (2.21) which is solved by Newton iteration, for instance (Table 1). Two variants of the ellipsoidal Mollweide projection in particular (2.16), (2.17) versus (2.19), (2.20) are presented which guarantee that parallel circles (coordinate lines of constant ellipsoidal latitude) are mapped onto straight lines in the plane while meridians (coordinate lines of constant ellipsoidal longitude) are mapped onto ellipses of variable axes. The theorem collects the basic results. Six computer graphical examples illustrate the first pseudocylindrical map projection of
E
A,B
2
of generalized Mollweide type. 相似文献
7.
8.
Existing research on DEM vertical accuracy assessment uses mainly statistical methods, in particular variance and RMSE which are both based on the error propagation theory in statistics. This article demonstrates that error propagation theory is not applicable because the critical assumption behind it cannot be satisfied. In fact, the non‐random, non‐normal, and non‐stationary nature of DEM error makes it very challenging to apply statistical methods. This article presents approximation theory as a new methodology and illustrates its application to DEMs created by linear interpolation using contour lines as the source data. Applying approximation theory, a DEM's accuracy is determined by the largest error of any point (not samples) in the entire study area. The error at a point is bounded by max(|δnode|+M2h2/8) where |δnode| is the error in the source data used to interpolate the point, M2 is the maximum norm of the second‐order derivative which can be interpreted as curvature, and h is the length of the line on which linear interpolation is conducted. The article explains how to compute each term and illustrates how this new methodology based on approximation theory effectively facilitates DEM accuracy assessment and quality control. 相似文献
9.
C. Brunini F. Azpilicueta M. Gende E. Camilion A. Aragón Ángel M. Hernandez-Pajares M. Juan J. Sanz Dagoberto Salazar 《Journal of Geodesy》2011,85(12):931-939
This paper presents a technique for ingesting ground- and space-based dual-frequency GPS observations into a semi-empirical
global electron density model. The NeQuick-2 model is used as the basis for describing the global electron density distribution.
This model is mainly driven by the F2 ionosphere layer parameters (i.e. the electron density, N
m
F2, and the height, h
m
F2 of the F2 peak), which, in the absence of directly measured values, are computed from the ITU-R database (ITU-R 1997). This database was established using observations collected from 1954 to 1958 by a network of around 150 ionospheric sounders
with uneven global coverage. It allows computing monthly median values of N
m
F2 and h
m
F2 (intra-month variations are averaged), for low and high solar activity. For intermediate solar activity a linear interpolation
must be performed. Ground-based GNSS observations from a global network of ~350 receivers are pre-processed in order to retrieve
slant total electron content (sTEC) information, and space-based GPS observations (radio occultation data from the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC
constellation) are pre-processed to retrieve electron density (ED) information. Both, sTEC and ED are ingested into the NeQuick-2
model in order to adapt N
m
F2 and h
m
F2, and reduce simultaneously both, the observed minus computed sTEC and ED differences. The first experimental results presented
in this paper suggest that the data ingestion technique is self consistent and able to reduce the observed minus computed
sTEC and ED differences to ~25–30% of the values computed from the ITU-R database. Although sTEC and ED are both derived from
GPS observations, independent algorithm and models are used to compute their values from ground-based GPS observations and
space-based FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC radio occultations. This fact encourages us to pursue this research with the aim to improve
the results presented here and assess their accuracy in a reliable way. 相似文献
10.
《测量评论》2013,45(40):76-93
AbstractIn two previous articles (E.S.R., vol. iv, nos. 23 and 25) it was shown that, at the time of maximum diurnal temperature in the tropics, a definite relationship exists in the lower layers of the atmosphere between the magnitude of the coefficient of terrestrial refraction at a point and the height of that point above plain level, provided the weather is fine and clear. In fact the coefficient K increases with the height h, within certain limits which are probably defined by the condensation layer. 相似文献
11.
E.W. Grafarend 《Journal of Geodesy》2005,78(10):594-615
Harmonic maps are generated as a certain class of optimal map projections. For instance, if the distortion energy over a meridian strip of the International Reference Ellipsoid is minimized, we are led to the Laplace–Beltrami vector-valued partial differential equation. Harmonic functions x(L,B), y(L,B) given as functions of ellipsoidal surface parameters of Gauss ellipsoidal longitude L and Gauss ellipsoidal latitude B, as well as x(,q), y(,q) given as functions of relative isometric longitude =L–L0 and relative isometric latitude q=Q–Q0 gauged to a vector-valued boundary condition of special symmetry are constructed. The easting and northing {x(b,),y(b,)} of the new harmonic map is then given. Distortion energy analysis of the new harmonic map is presented, as well as case studies for (1) B[–40°,+40°], L[–31°,+49°], B0= ±30°, L0=9° and (2) B[46°,56°], L{[4.5°, 7.5°]; [7.5°, 10.5°]; [10.5°,13.5°]; [13.5°,16.5°]}, B0= 51°, L0 {6°,9°,12°,15°}. 相似文献
12.
Accuracy of GPS-derived relative positions as a function of interstation distance and observing-session duration 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Ten days of GPS data from 1998 were processed to determine how the accuracy of a derived three-dimensional relative position
vector between GPS antennas depends on the chord distance (denoted L) between these antennas and on the duration of the GPS observing session (denoted T). It was found that the dependence of accuracy on L is negligibly small when (a) using the `final' GPS satellite orbits disseminated by the International GPS Service, (b) fixing
integer ambiguities, (c) estimating appropriate neutral-atmosphere-delay parameters, (d) 26 km ≤ L ≤ 300 km, and (e) 4 h ≤T ≤ 24 h. Under these same conditions, the standard error for the relative position in the north–south dimension (denoted S
n
and expressed in mm) is adequately approximated by the equation S
n
=k
n
/T
0.5 with k
n
=9.5 ± 2.1 mm · h0.5 and T expressed in hours. Similarly, the standard errors for the relative position in the east–west and in the up-down dimensions
are adequately approximated by the equations S
e
=k
e
/T
0.5 and S
u
=k
u
/T
0.5, respectively, with k
e
=9.9 ± 3.1 mm · h0.5 and k
u
=36.5 ± 9.1 mm · h0.5.
Received: 5 February 2001 / Accepted: 14 May 2001 相似文献
13.
In satellite data analysis, one big advantage of analytical orbit integration, which cannot be overestimated, is missed in
the numerical integration approach: spectral analysis or the lumped coefficient concept may be used not only to design efficient
algorithms but overall for much better insight into the force-field determination problem. The lumped coefficient concept,
considered from a practical point of view, consists of the separation of the observation equation matrix A=BT into the product of two matrices. The matrix T is a very sparse matrix separating into small block-diagonal matrices connecting the harmonic coefficients with the lumped
coefficients. The lumped coefficients are nothing other than the amplitudes of trigonometric functions depending on three
angular orbital variables; therefore, the matrix N=B
T
B will become for a sufficient length of a data set a diagonal dominant matrix, in the case of an unlimited data string length
a strictly diagonal one. Using an analytical solution of high order, the non-linear observation equations for low–low SST range data can be transformed into a form to allow the application of the lumped concept.
They are presented here for a second-order solution together with an outline of how to proceed with data analysis in the spectral
domain in such a case. The dynamic model presented here provides not only a practical algorithm for the parameter determination
but also a simple method for an investigation of some fundamental questions, such as the determination of the range of the
subset of geopotential coefficients which can be properly determined by means of SST techniques or the definition of an optimal
orbital configuration for particular SST missions. Numerical results have already been obtained and will be published elsewhere.
Received: 15 January 1999 / Accepted: 30 November 1999 相似文献
14.
Based on the gravity field models EGM96 and EIGEN-GL04C, the Earth＇s time-dependent principal moments of inertia A, B, C are obtained, and the variable rotation of the Earth is determined. Numerical results show that A, B, and C have increasing tendencies; the tilt of the rotation axis increases 2.1×10^ 8 mas/yr; the third component of the rotational angular velocity, ω3 , has a decrease of 1.0×10^ 22 rad/s^2, which is around 23% of the present observed value. Studies show in detail that both 0 and ω3 experience complex fluctuations at various time scales due to the variations of A, B and C. 相似文献
15.
《测量评论》2013,45(54):314-327
AbstractConsidering first of all the general case of a triangle ABC with base AB and apex angle C, the assumption is made that at A and at B only one orienting ray has been observed at each point besides the forward rays to C and that at Conly B and A have been observed. In other words, the three angles of the triangle have been observed. The adoption of General Schreiber's rule with regard to the weights of forward and back directions is valid here, since it may easily be shown that, when the weight of a forward ray is one-half of the weight of a back ray, the adjusted angles of a triangle conform to the condition of least squares. 相似文献
16.
A relativistic delay model for Earth-based very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observation of sources at finite distances is derived. The model directly provides the VLBI delay in the scale of terrestrial time. The effect of the curved wave front is represented by using a pseudo source vector K = (R
1 + R
2)/(R
1 + R
2), and the variation of the baseline vector due to the difference of arrival time is taken into account up to the second-order by using Halley’s method. The precision of the new VLBI delay model is 1 ps for all radio sources above 100 km altitude from the Earth’s surface in Earth-based VLBI observation. Simple correction terms (parallax effect) are obtained, which can also adopt the consensus model (e.g. International Earth Rotation and Reference Frames Service conventions) to finite-distance radio source at R > 10 pc with the same precision. The new model may enable estimation of distance to the radio source directly with VLBI delay data. 相似文献
17.
AbstractIf the geographical co-ordinates, Φ0, L 0, and the azimuth A 0 at a station O of a triangulation undergo corrections, ?Φ0, ?L 0 and ?A 0, the geographical co-ordinates, Φ, L, and the azimuth A have to be re-computed for all the vertices throughout the whole triangulation. This is a tedious operation. It may be vastly simplified, however, by the employment of differential formulae. The derivation of these formulae would consume considerable space, so that the results alone are given here. 相似文献
18.
《测量评论》2013,45(1):31-33
AbstractThe figure which follows shows the geometrical solution of Simple Resection by Cassini in 1669, two years before the Collins solution. It is clearly the geometrical illustration of the Delambre (1786) solution; for db = b cosec β, dc = c cosec γ and the angle QAR is known, being BAC + β + γ ? 180°. Hence the Delambre solution-that in most common use to-day—reduces to a triangle in which two sides and the contained angle are given, as has been mentioned elsewhere. 相似文献
19.
《测量评论》2013,45(25):136-140
AbstractIn a previous article on this subject (Empire Survey Review, January 1937) the writer sought to show that for trigonometrical observations of vertical angles made near noon in the Tropics the coefficient of refraction depends chiefly on height above ground level in the case of stations sited within a few hundred feet above the general level of the ground surface. Indeed, the computed values of the coefficient K show a definite and appreciable increase with “h”, the height of the observing station above ground level; it is usually assumed that K decreases with increase in height above the Mean-Sea-Level surface. From analysis of the results obtained by varying h but holding the heights above Mean Sea Level fixed the writer came to the conclusion that the variations in K could only be due to abnormal values of dt/dh and d2t/dh2, “t” denoting the air temperature. Now it is generally recognized by meteorologists that abnormal lapse-rates of temperature do frequently occur in the lower air layers in the Tropics; but up to the present time no temperature soundings in Nigeria are available. Recently, however, the writer came across the results of the aerological soundings made by an expedition in East Africa during the year 1908. The results of many of the soundings were of no use for the purpose of this paper; many of the observations were not taken at or near noon, and in others counterlapses of temperature in the lower layers indicated that conditions were not normal. A set of observations taken at Mombasa between 10 and 11 a.m. were eventually chosen as offering an example of what might reasonably occur in the lower layers of the atmosphere. 相似文献