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《测量评论》2013,45(49):129-134
Abstract Traverse Computations must be Checked.—A traverse is a chain of points connected by angular and linear measurements. The check on observations is provided by the agreement, obtained in computations, between the terminals of the traverse (terminal bearings and terminal co-ordinates) taken as fixed. This check is not sufficient, however, to serve as a check on the computations. As a matter of principle, computations should be free of errors; there are no limits of tolerance in computational work except for discrepancies arising from inaccuracy of last figures. Secondly, errors in computation may occur that are not revealed by the traverse misclosures, not to speak of compensational errors, the field for which is very favourable in traverse work. 相似文献
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针对后方交会测量工作中可能出现的危险圆情况进行分析和判断,重点对危险圆出现的判别方式进行介绍,对待测点的成果进行检核,从而达到预防后方交会测量中危险圆的出现. 相似文献
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AbstractBy triple resection is meant the simultaneous fixing of three field points by observations therefrom to two or more points of control. Of several cases one is considered here. 相似文献
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《测量评论》2013,45(96):50-58
Abstract14. General. Except for one or two located by an auxiliary triangle or by ray and distance, every point is fixed by a fully observed triangle of which the base is a pair of pillars. To justify the larger and more expensive party required for this method a high rate of observation must be maintained. The two observing periods available each day in the northern Sudan are the 3–4 hours starting just before dawn, and the 2–3 hours which end with sunset. Since moveluent in the cultivation is generally slow and on foot or by donkey, the longer morning period is best used for observing the single angles at each of a series of points there. The shorter and hotter afternoon period may then be used for observing the rounds of angles at each of a pair of pillars, which can normally be reached or at least approached by car. Asfar as possible the points observed to from these pillars will be those occupied on either the preceding or following morning, so that the triangles can be closed as soon as possible. Up to nine triangles have been closed in a day. 相似文献
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《测量评论》2013,45(6):275-284
AbstractWith the modern calculating machine in easy reach of every computer, the problem of determining the position of an occupied point from which direction observations have been made to three or more known points has become quite simple. The method outlined below is quite elegant in form and exceedingly simple on the machine. Let A, B, C be the three points whose co-ordinates (X1Y1), (X2Y2), (X3Y3) are known, and let (XY) be the co-ordinates of the point P which we wish to fix. 相似文献
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AbstractIt sometimes happens that from a point on a line of theodolite traverse two fixed points are visible. In the absence of a visit to at least one of these points, B or C, or a precise knowledge of a bearing, it is not possible to fix absolutely the station, say A, of the traverse. Nevertheless, the fact remains that if the angle subtended by the fixed points is measured and found to be α, say, the station A must lie on an arc of a circle through BC “capable of” this angle α. Is there any assumption which is justifiable under these circumstances? 相似文献
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提出观测两个已知点的水平角和垂直角，计算测站三维坐标的两点后方交会原理；给出了待定点点位中误差及误差椭球的长短轴及其在水平和垂直方向上转角的计算公式。编制了相应ＰＣ－１５００计算机的全部计算程序，供野外作业使用。 相似文献
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Erik W. Grafarend 《Journal of Geodesy》1985,59(2):124-138
Summary From a two-dimensional network adjustment it is well understood that the one orientation unknown of a theodolite frame is
estimable, once the orientation datum parameter, e.g., one azimuth, is fixed. In three-dimensional networks the problem of
estimability of three orientation unknowns inherent in a theodolite frame is more complex. Here we prove that not only the
classical horizontal orientation unknown is estimable (up to the datum degrees of freedom), but also astronomical longitude
and astronomical latitude which can be considered as two additional orientation unknowns of the theodolite frame moving with
respect to an earth-fixed equatorial frame of reference. Thus the theodolite instrument can be considered—at least theoretically—a
gradiometer measuring the variation of the directional parameters of the gravity vector from one point to another. Or up to
the datum degrees of freedom astronomical longitude and astronomical latitude can be determined from only theodolite observations
between exclusively terrestrial points. M?nicke (1982), has shown that despite the refraction problem the method works sufficiently
well in practice. 相似文献
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《测量评论》2013,45(79):16-18
AbstractPerhaps the most important requirement in any air survey is that the ground surveyed points used as a basis for controlling the photography should be correctly identified on the photographs. In the writer's experience more difficulties and delays have been caused by misidentifications of these points in the field than perhaps from any other cause, and yet very little has been written on this important subject, and there are no generally recognised methods of point identification. In this article a system of point identification is described which the writer has used with success in certain types of country, and it is hoped that the article may lead to more contributions on the subject. 相似文献
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《测量评论》2013,45(79):24-28
AbstractThe weakest point in a straight traverse between two fixed points is well known to be in the middle. The uncertainty or p.e. perpendicular to the general direction of the traverse can be shown to be a maximum at the midpoint. Yet subsidiary traverses are usually tied in at or near this point, and consequently may show closing errors which are well in excess of what may be expected. A rigorous least squares solution would overcome this difficulty but only at the cost of a very laborious computation if the network is at all extensive. A compromise between rigour and labour can be achieved, however, which retains the major advantage of a fully rigorous solution, namely that the subsidiary traverses are not tied in at the weakest points of the main traverse system. 相似文献
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《测量评论》2013,45(10):201-206
AbstractThe division of a triangle into three lots of equal area by lines, drawn from a point within it perpendicular to the sides, appears at first sight to be a very simple problem, in which an average surveyor would experience no difficulty in performing the necessary computations for the determination of the position of the required point where the division lines meet. 相似文献
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The twin perspective 4 point (twin P4P) problem – also called the combined three dimensional resection-intersection problem – is the problem of finding
the position of a scene object from 4 correspondence points and a scene stereopair. While the perspective centers of the left and right scene image are positioned by means of a double three dimensional resection, the position of the scene object imaged on the left and right photograph is determined by a three dimensional intersection based upon given resected perspective centers. Here we present a new algorithm solving the twin P4P problem by means of M?bius barycentric coordinates. In the first algorithmic step we determine the distances between the perspective centers and the unknown intersected point by solving a linear system of
equations. Typically, area elements of the left and right image build up the linear equation system. The second algorithmic step allows for the computation of the M?bius barycentric coordinates of the unknown intersected point which are thirdly converted into three dimensional object space coordinates {X,Y,Z} of the intersected point. Typically, this three-step algorithm based upon M?bius barycentric coordinates takes advantage of the primary double resection problem from which only distances from four correspondence points to the left and right perspective centre are needed. No orientation parameters and no coordinates
of the left and right perspective center have to be made available.
Received 1 May 1996; Accepted 13 September 1996 相似文献
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针对传统的变形监测建模方法一般针对单一监测点的变形预测模型,未考虑到监测点间相互作用的变形特点,该文分析了变形监测点间的相互关联性,通过相关系数法对监测点进行分类,并将邻近监测点的观测序列值作为和时间因素等同的影响因子应用到建模过程中,利用高斯过程算法进行训练,建立预测模型。为提高高斯过程算法的模型预测精度,应选择适合工程案例最优协方差函数。通过实例分析,比较GM(1,1)、多点灰色预测模型和顾及邻近点变形因素的高斯过程等3种模型在基坑围岩、滑坡等变形监测数据处理中的预测精度,表明该文算法考虑到监测点间的变形关联性,充分利用高斯过程在针对小样本、非线性数据建模时的高自适应性等优点,具有较高的预测精度。 相似文献
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依据灭点理论，推导了空间铅垂线与航空影像的空间姿态角之间的关系及其相应的误差方程式，并分析了铅垂线辅助的单像空间后方交会和单模型绝对定向中所需的控制点数。最后，通过实际数据的试验研究了铅垂线辅助的单像空间后方交会和单模型绝对定向的精度与可靠性。试验结果表明，在传统的单像空间后方交会和单模型绝对定向中引入铅垂线约束条件，不仅定向精度与传统的基于控制点的绝对定向精度相当，而且可以减少所需的控制点数以及定向精度对控制点分布的依赖性。 相似文献
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卫星摄影三线阵CCD影像的EEP法空中三角测量（三） 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
4 平差方案及模拟数据平差实验4.1 自由网+控制点空中三角测量由前方交会(2.1)式,后方交会(2.2)式以及外方位元素平滑制约条件(2.3)式,可以构成类似经典的光束法空中三角测量,但由于EFP像点坐标是推算出来的,所以控制点不宜直接参与平差过程.于是平差要分成自由网平差及利用控制点作三维线性变换两个步骤.另一方面,卫星摄影中起始角元素大约在±0.5°左右,对于经典空中三角测量,角元素起始近似值均可按零处理.但在EFP平差中,φ角起始值φ0对空中三角测量,像元素起始近似值均可按零处理.在EFP平差中,φ角起始值φ0对整条航线的几何状态影响很大,必须采用特殊的程序预先加以确定.我们采用不断步进φ角值,比较由前方交会及(1.2)式计算的Y视差的均方根值最小者,即作为φ的最佳起始值.平差框图见图4. 相似文献
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卫星摄影三线阵CCD影像的EFP法空中三角测量(一) 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8
系统地介绍了EFP法空中三角测量的基本思想、EFP像点坐标计算、平差的数学模型和卫生摄影测量的数字模拟,并以模拟数据进行了自由网＋控制点平差、外方位元素量测值参与平差、外方位元素量测值常差的分离以及区域平差等实验计算和实验结果分析。通过研究分析得出结论：（1）三条基线的航线可以保证三线阵CCD影像光束法平差的几何强度;（2）控制点可以布设在航线首末端,二线交会区的高程精度比三线交会区仅低约1.4因子;（3）外方位元素观测值是三线阵CCD影像光束法平差不可缺少的数据,经过平差可以不同程度地提高平差的高程精度。即使外方位元素观测值达到现代的精度,光束法平差的高程精度仍比直接前方交会高,所以三线阵CCD相机比单线阵、双线阵相机在全球性无控制卫星摄影测量或外星球摄影测量方面有更大的优势。 相似文献
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针对视觉测量系统中畸变校正过程烦琐、计算复杂等问题,提出了一种基于基本矩阵约束的镜头畸变自动校正及像主点坐标确定方法。基于对极几何的基本矩阵和一阶径向畸变模型构建了两视图同名点约束方程;为解决待求参数过多导致解不稳定的问题,采用分步求解策略分别求解基本矩阵及畸变参数和主点坐标,用RANSAC稳健估计方法求取基本矩阵,用迭代最小二乘优化求解畸变参数和主点坐标,两步交替进行。提出的算法仅使用两张图像即可获取径向畸变参数及主点坐标,可操作性强,且对噪声具有一定的鲁棒性,适用于自然场景图像的校正。 相似文献
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AbstractCountersection is a jointure of intersection and resection. In addition to the elementary problem of a single triangle, whereof one angle is intersecting and one resecting—sometimes known as the problem of “lining in”—, there are many others of a nature somewhat more complex. 相似文献