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《测量评论》2013,45(18):236-241
AbstractI. Introduction.-For some little time the Ordnance Survey was engaged upon the problem of transforming the rectangular coordinates of trigonometrical stations from the Cassini projection to the Gauss Conformal projection. The problem was complicated by the fact that the Cassini projection, as is well known, was applied to a number of meridians of origin, a different meridian being used for a county or a group of counties. It was proposed, however, to have only one meridian for the Gauss projection and to drop the county meridians completely. In both projections the northings were measured from the same parallel. 相似文献
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ABSTRACTMassive social media data produced from microblog platforms provide a new data source for studying human dynamics at an unprecedented scale. Meanwhile, population bias in geotagged Twitter users is widely recognized. Understanding the demographic and socioeconomic biases of Twitter users is critical for making reliable inferences on the attitudes and behaviors of the population. However, the existing global models cannot capture the regional variations of the demographic and socioeconomic biases. To bridge the gap, we modeled the relationships between different demographic/socioeconomic factors and geotagged Twitter users for the whole contiguous United States, aiming to understand how the demographic and socioeconomic factors relate to the number of Twitter users at county level. To effectively identify the local Twitter users for each county of the United States, we integrate three commonly used methods and develop a query approach in a high-performance computing environment. The results demonstrate that we can not only identify how the demographic and socioeconomic factors relate to the number of Twitter users, but can also measure and map how the influence of these factors vary across counties. 相似文献
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《The Cartographic journal》2013,50(2):85-110
AbstractIn 1892 a government committee of inquiry into the Ordnance Survey suggested that the Survey should make a distinction between public and private second class roads at the one-inch scale. This study is confined to England and Wales and looks at the nineteenth-century practice of colouring roads on the large-scale plans, and compares the representation of coloured rural roads on early Ordnance Survey one-inch maps with near contemporary highway records of the county of Huntingdonshire, sixteen rural district councils in six counties and an estate in Suffolk. The results show that all but four of the coloured roads on the one-inch maps in these areas are recorded as publicly maintainable highways. 相似文献
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《测量评论》2013,45(40):66-68
AbstractIt is not clear th at a knowledge of the position of the “centre” of any area, be it a county or a continent, serves any useful purpose, though it may, perhaps, help to define our ideas as to the shape of the area in question. Such information may take its place amongst those contents of the mind which are rather of the nature of art than of science, and minister harmlessly to our curiosity. 相似文献
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在湖北省县域交通优势度和经济发展水平综合测度的基础上,采用洛伦兹曲线、基尼系数、空间自相关等方法探究交通、经济发展的均衡性及空间集聚效益,计算其耦合协调度,根据两者相对发展度进行交通经济发展类型的划分。结果表明,湖北省县域交通优势度呈现出以武汉、襄阳和宜昌为核心的格局,西部山区交通优势度较低;县域经济以武汉市和宜昌市为核心,武汉市周边形成圈层状递减结构;各县市区交通优势度相对平均,交通发展均衡性优于经济发展;县域交通优势度和经济发展水平均呈正空间自相关,两者的高值聚集区和低值聚集区存在明显的空间重叠;湖北省交通与经济耦合度整体较高,协调性相对较低,绝大多数县市区交通优势未得到充分发挥。湖北省各县市区应充分发挥交通优势,促进经济快速发展。 相似文献
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Griliches’ knowledge production function has been increasingly adopted at the regional level where location-specific conditions drive the spatial differences in knowledge creation dynamics. However, the large majority of such studies rely on a traditional regression approach that assumes spatially homogenous marginal effects of knowledge input factors. This paper extends the authors’ previous work (Kang and Dall’erba in Int Reg Sci Rev, 2015. doi: 10.1177/0160017615572888) to investigate the spatial heterogeneity in the marginal effects by using nonparametric local modeling approaches such as geographically weighted regression (GWR) and mixed GWR with two distinct samples of the US Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) and non-MSA counties. The results indicate a high degree of spatial heterogeneity in the marginal effects of the knowledge input variables, more specifically for the local and distant spillovers of private knowledge measured across MSA counties. On the other hand, local academic knowledge spillovers are found to display spatially homogenous elasticities in both MSA and non-MSA counties. Our results highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each county’s innovation capacity and suggest policy implications for regional innovation strategies. 相似文献
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AbstractAlthough urban expansion has been extensively studied at different scales in China, relatively little attention has been paid to the county scale. Xiongan New Area (XNA) was selected as the study area and its urban expansion processes from 1975 to 2017 were retrieved using remote sensing and GIS technology, and its spatial-temporal characteristics of urban expansion were revealed from the aspects of basic characteristics of urban expansion, urban spatial morphological evolution, interactions of urban lands, and assessments of the imbalanced degree of population-land urbanization. Results indicated that urban lands in XNA expanded significantly. Cultivated lands were the first land source for urban expansion. Urban lands mainly adopted the edge-expansion, which rendered the urban fringes to be complex and irregular. The interaction of three counties in XNA was strengthened successively, especially after the implementation of the ‘New Urbanization’ strategy. Population-land urbanization was inharmonious but has improved from moderate to mild imbalance. 相似文献
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针对武陵山片区县域经济的空间特征差导分析问题,该文获取了片区内71个县市区2010—2013年间的人均GDP和人口数据;在ArcGIS中建立了以县域为界线的行政区划图,分别应用探索性空间数据分析方法、泰尔指数、NICH指数分析了县域经济的空间差异,结果表明:在2010—2013年间县域经济呈空间正相关;类型以"传染"型县域为主,主要分布在湖南、贵州片区内;县域经济类型比较平稳,仅有少数县域经济类型波动剧烈。片区内首位县域不明显,4年间县域经济差异变化总体趋于平稳,呈微缩小趋势;湖北片区内差异最大,重庆片区内保持平稳状态。相对而言湖北、重庆片区为经济高增长型县域集聚区。 相似文献
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《测量评论》2013,45(96):50-58
Abstract14. General. Except for one or two located by an auxiliary triangle or by ray and distance, every point is fixed by a fully observed triangle of which the base is a pair of pillars. To justify the larger and more expensive party required for this method a high rate of observation must be maintained. The two observing periods available each day in the northern Sudan are the 3–4 hours starting just before dawn, and the 2–3 hours which end with sunset. Since moveluent in the cultivation is generally slow and on foot or by donkey, the longer morning period is best used for observing the single angles at each of a series of points there. The shorter and hotter afternoon period may then be used for observing the rounds of angles at each of a pair of pillars, which can normally be reached or at least approached by car. Asfar as possible the points observed to from these pillars will be those occupied on either the preceding or following morning, so that the triangles can be closed as soon as possible. Up to nine triangles have been closed in a day. 相似文献
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《测量评论》2013,45(7):12-14
AbstractThe object of the instrument and special staves is to enable levelling observations to be carried on in conditions of heat-shimmer which would hinder or prevent work by the ordinary methods. The instrument can, however, be used as an ordinary level in normal conditions. The staves for use with the instrument are marked with main bull's-eyes at intervals of 10 cm. and smaller intermediate bull's-eyes at the half-intervals (5cm. from each main bull's-eye). These intervals can be replaced by English units, if desired, and the reverse faces can also be marked with ordinary graduations for use in clear and steady conditions. 相似文献
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《测量评论》2013,45(1):15-21
AbstractThe practice of issuing a certain proportion of each edition of small-scale maps mounted upon linen or other cloth is of long standing, and for many years there have been machines capable of mounting rolls of paper upon rolls of linen, the linen-backed product being finally cut up into sheets for printing. 相似文献
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《制图学和地理信息科学》2013,40(3):217-231
The performance accuracy of Thiessen-polygon and kriging interpolation methods available in the standard GIS packages was evaluated based on magnitude of errors in predicting potential UV exposure across the continental U.S., and the results were compared with those of the ANUSPLIN routine that runs outside typical GIS through a series of C++ and FORTRAN commands. Input data consisted of global radiation measures recorded at 215 stations, latitude, longitude, and elevation from a 30 arc-second Digital Elevation Model. The objective was to identify the most accurate prediction method for facilitating measurement of potential UV exposure at local (e.g.1km2 grid cell) and county levels. The ANUSPLIN method produced the smallest prediction errors in estimating values of potential UV exposure at 1 km2 resolution; these measurements were aggregated to the county level. We examined how much variation was lost through aggregation, as well as the potential bias associated with the possibility that some counties have predominantly north or south facing slopes. The impact of using inferior procedures on the estimates and geographic patterns of potential UV exposure was also examined. ANUSPLIN generated results that are reproducible and for which uncertainty is known. These measurements will be used in subsequent analysis of the role of UV exposure in melanoma etiology. 相似文献
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《测量评论》2013,45(62):300-311
AbstractChesterton did not, of course, intend this gibe to be taken literally. But the more we consider what he would doubtless have called the “Higher Geodetics”, the more we must conclude that there is some literal justification for it. Not only are straight lines straight. A sufficiently short part of a curved line may also be considered straight, provided that it is continuous (i.e. does not contain a sudden break or sharp corner), and provided we are not concerned with a measure of its curvature. Similarly a square mile or so on the curved surface of the conventionally spheroidal earth is to all intents and purposes flat. We shall achieve a considerable simplification, without any approximation, in the treatment of the present subject by getting back to these fundamental glimpses of the obvious, whether the formalists and conformalists accept them or not. 相似文献
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《测量评论》2013,45(81):138-140
Abstract1. In a paper on “Some Recent Developments in Photogrammetry” which he read recently at the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors and which has now been published in the Institution's Journal, Lieut.-Col. E. H. Thompson, R.E., expounded the advantages of using a reseau ruled on the glass pressure plate of the camera in order to obtain a calibrated grid on each photograph. 相似文献
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《测量评论》2013,45(95):22-30
AbstractThe procedure for aerotriangulation on the Wild A5 and similar plotting instruments is well known. The first overlap is set up in absolute orientation on well spaced plan and height control and successive overlaps are set up relatively, each to the previous overlap, by eliminating want of correspondence and preserving the height agreement of points falling in the common portion of successive overlaps. When each overlap is correctly set, the co-ordinates of selected points are measured on the instrument (machine co-ordinates). These co-ordinates differ from true ground co-ordinates only in origin, azimuth and scale, provided the settings and measurements are precisely done on error-free models, precisely connected together. However, such ideal conditions are never obtained, and the errors in azimp.th, scale and height datum increase with the number of overlaps added along a strip. 相似文献
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《测量评论》2013,45(74):155-161
Abstract60. The three standard or field reference tapes are stored at the N.P.L., Teddington, and standardised to class “A” accuracy immediately before and after each base measurement. In order to reduce the residual contraction or “creep” of in var when exposed to higher temperatures, the tapes are retained for as short a time as possible in the Sudan and since 1945 they have been transported in both directions by air. In this way, any “creep” should be revealed by the standardisation after a measurement. From the formula of Dr. Guillaume the ultimate shortening, in the temperatures prevailing at Meheisa and Husheib, would have been ?26 and ?20 × 10?5 ft. respectively and it is clear from Table 3 that this tiresome source of uncertainty is largely eliminated by the procedure adopted. 相似文献
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《测量评论》2013,45(10):238-244
AbstractIn Trinidad the magnetic needle is used on all secondary surveys. The term “compass surveys” was given, unfortunately, to these secondary surveys in order to distinguish them from surveys carried out in open country in the ordinary manner with the theodolite oriented by means of solar observations or by bearings obtained direct from the trigonometrical framework. 相似文献
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《测量评论》2013,45(71):30-37
AbstractIn the last instalment of this paper it was explained that, owing to the immense size of the country, the co-ordinate system adopted by the Central Land Survey for the mapping of China consists of a number of zones bounded by parallels of latitude, the survey in each zone being based on the Lambert conical orthomorphic projection. The great extent of each zone in longitude, some sixty-five degrees, necessitated the development of series which would converge reasonably quickly, and, for this purpose, series were obtained in which a vertical distance between the parallel passing through the given point and the central parallel was used instead of the co-ordinates themselves. The series already given provided for the conversion of geographical co-ordinates into rectangulars and the inverse problem, while the present instalment deals with the scale factor and the transformation of co-ordinates from one zone to another, concluding with some numerical examples. 相似文献