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1.
《The Cartographic journal》2013,50(3):237-248
AbstractSince 1906, South Africa boasted an excellent geodetic framework, and in 1920 an official Trigonometrical Survey Office (TSO) was established. In spite of these achievements, the country, by the 1930s, still lacked reliable topographical maps. One reason for this was that the secondary and tertiary triangulations of the country were still incomplete; another was that the decision-making process as regards surveys and mapping rested with a variety of statutory bodies instead of just one. In 1934, A. D. Lewis, Director of the Department of Irrigation, committed his department to execute a general topographical survey of the country and produce a topographical map on a scale of 1∶500?000. Lewis’ decision met with much resistance from within the country and abroad, but the project was completed in a record period of 4 years. Published just before the Second World War, the map was of inestimable value to the South African Defense Force. It not only became the standard topographical map of large parts of South Africa for many years, but its contents also figured in the first map series of the TSO. 相似文献
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《测量评论》2013,45(58):122-133
Abstract Repercussions to Failure (1883–96).—So far we have only had occasion to consider the primary fiscal objective of the abandoned cadastral survey; but during the decade devoted to it (1879–88) other public activities had been developing which were no less dependent upon detailed maps for their effective and equitable operation. Pre-eminent among these was the irrigation service. During the previous part of the century various spasmodic efforts to construct general maps of the country had produced little more than a series of conventional diagrams, on scales of I : 100,000, or 200,000, depicting the approximate positions of the main waterways and villages throughout the Delta and Valley against a blank background. But it was upon knowledge of at least the broad pattern of cultivation, waste and marsh, of surface level and incline, throughout the countryside, that the satisfactory planning and operation of the interrelated system of supply and drainage channels depended; while the only regular means of accumulating this knowledge had been the abortive survey. For crude and unreliable as its work was and useless for its intended purpose, that survey had been providing for the first time village by village in important districts an interpretable picture of these broad effects. The Irrigation Service did its best to fill the gap by setting up a survey section to prepare a “hydrographic map” of Lower Egypt to meet its own requirements. The staff were mainly drawn from the disbanded cadastral survey and the methods used are reported to have been essentially the same; but the simpler character of the work evidently fostered certain changes. As the network of property boundaries was ignored the map scale was reduced of 1 : 10,000 and the plane table became the principal instrument of detail survey; and since villages were no longer working units continuous map sheet series were adopted for each province. This accentuated the need for a common basic framework; but the defects of such triangulation as existed appear, however, to have been accepted and extended, some of the more obvious gaps being patched with traverse. So the detail must have been subjected to a good deal of Procrustean treatment. Nevertheless, supplemented where necessary by lines of levelling, the work constituted an indispensable reconnaissance series for irrigation. 相似文献
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《测量评论》2013,45(76):255-260
AbstractWhilst turning over some old papers the other day I came across a copy of the first Annual Report of the Colonial Survey Committee, and the recent, much regretted death of Sir Herbert Read reminded me of his services in the development of the surveys and explorations of British possessions in Africa, especially his suggestion, which was approved by the Secretary of State for the Colonies, of the formation of the Colonial Survey Committee, an Advisory Committee which was set up in August, 1905. This Committee advised the Secretary of State “in matters affecting the survey and exploration of British Colonies and Protectorates, more especially those in Tropical Africa”. 相似文献
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Abstract Introductory.—From time to time the question of the relation between the metre and the foot is raised, most frequently perhaps from Africa. Had there been no more than a single metre to consider the question would no doubt arise but seldom: the most recent authoritative comparsion would be generally accepted. But actually it is the existence of two metres—the “ legal” and the “international”—which complicates the question, so much indeed that there is no metrological factor which has influenced survey, British and foreign, more than the relation between these two metres. The question was discussed in this Review (I, 6, 277, 1932), but memories grow shorter, attention is more diffused, and besides there is required a more explicit statement of the situation as it affects British surveyors, especially in Africa, whence the question has been raised anew. To illuminate it, unfortunately the need recurs to repeat some well-known facts. 相似文献
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《测量评论》2013,45(9):163-166
AbstractThe survey of Sierra Leone was fortunate enough to be completed just in time before the economic blizzard (if I may be permitted a well-worn journalistic cliché) descended on West Africa in common with the rest of the world and largely curtailed such activities. I do not propose to deal here with its technical side to any great extent. An excellent account of bush surveying is to be found in the “Handbook of the Southern Nigerian Survey”, which account always filled me with the greatest awe and respect for the men working there, their output being vastly greater than anything we were able to achieve in Sierra Leone. Truly “there were giants … in those days”. 相似文献
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《测量评论》2013,45(8):66-73
AbstractEarly in 1902 I accepted with some misgivings the post of Instructor in Surveying at the School of Military Engineering, Chatham, in succession to Major A. C. MacDonnell. I had hardly joined at Chatham when Sir Thomas Holdich offered me the post of second in command of the Chile-Argentina Boundary Commission. However, my new chief, the Commandant, would not let me go, so I settled down to a few years of very pleasant work at Chatham. The first thing to do was to introduce a correct method of computing the geographical coordinates of the trigonometrical stations of a topographical survey, a matter over which my predecessor had suffered a rebuff. Now, however, the War Office personnel had changed; no opposition arose, and the thing was done. 相似文献
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提高测绘专业学生能力的探索 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
学生能力培养工作是学校教育与教学的重要组成部分，在研究国内外高等测绘人才培养状况的基础上，结合我国高等测绘教育的实际情况和黑龙江工程学院测绘工程系高等测绘人才培养实践，时加强学生能力培养的意义、途径及时策进行了较全面的论述，时加快培养高质量的高等测绘人才有一定的借鉴意义。 相似文献
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分析了传统断面测量内业数据处理的不足,提出了在CASS环境中利用LISP语言进行二次开发,实现断面数据和断面图的自动化生成,极大地提高了断面测量内业数据处理的效率和精度。 相似文献
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Richard Lucas Katie MedcalfAlan Brown Peter BuntingJohanna Breyer Dan Clewley Steve KeyworthPhilippa Blackmore 《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》2011,66(1):81-102
The Phase 1 Survey is the most comprehensive and widely used national level map of semi-natural habitats in Wales. However, the survey was based largely on field survey and was conducted over several decades, before being completed in 1997. Given that resources for a repeat survey were limited, this study has used an object-orientated rule-based classification implemented within eCognition of multi-temporal satellite sensor data acquired between 2003 and 2006 to map semi-natural habitats and agricultural land across Wales, thereby allowing a progressive update of the Phase 1 Survey. The classification of objects to Phase 1 habitat classes was undertaken in two steps; firstly the landscape of Wales was divided into objects using orthorectified SPOT-5 High Resolution Geometric (HRG) reflectance data (10 m spatial resolution) and Land Parcel Information System (LPIS) boundaries. A rule-base was then developed to progressively discriminate and map the distribution of 105 sub-habitats across Wales based on time-series of SPOT HRG, Terra-1 Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) LISS-3 data, derived datasets (e.g., vegetation indices, fractional images) and ancillary information (e.g., topography). The rules coupled knowledge of ecology and the information content of these remote sensing data using a combination of thresholds, Boolean operations and fuzzy membership functions. A second rule-base was then developed to translate the more detailed sub-habitat classification to Phase 1 habitat classes. Indicative accuracies of the revised Phase 1 mapping, based on comparisons with the later Phase 2 survey (for selected habitats), were >80% overall and typically between 70% and 90% for many classes. Through this exercise, Wales has become the first country in Europe to produce a national map of habitats (as opposed to land cover) through object-orientated classification of satellite sensor data. Furthermore, the approach can be adapted to allow continual monitoring of the extent and condition of habitats and agricultural land. 相似文献
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1593年刻印的《乾坤万国全图天下人物事迹》地图载有亚伯尔耕、加拿大的名字,没有亚墨利加,显示明代知道新大陆的地名比利玛窦制作的《坤舆万国全图》早9年。1570年的奥特里斯的世界地图说明欧洲还没有到过美洲西部。普兰修斯1590年和1594年的地图完善了欧洲人还没有到过美洲的西部和亚洲地理,比对中文的《坤舆万国全图》的准确性,唯一可能是西方采纳了来自中国的信息。其中最大可能是荷兰航海者林斯豪滕和他相熟的中国通在印度果阿的交流,果阿是郑和当年必经之地。1590年后,西方地图有了飞跃的发展,其后西方海洋霸权中心从葡萄牙转移到荷兰和英国。奥特里斯1570年的世界地图,普兰修斯1590年与1594年的世界地图,3种地图逐步改善了西方对新大陆和中国的认识,但是没有欧洲人测量的文献根据,应该是中国的世界地理知识传入西方。《乾坤万国全图天下人物事迹》《郑和航海图》与《坤舆万国全图》代表3种不同用途的地图,均为中国创绘。《坤舆万国全图》的原图是明代内府藏的世界地图,约1430年成图,远早于利玛窦和李之藻时代。明代中国人是世界地理大发现者,是现代地图学的先驱,地图学起码是中国独立创建的,不是来自西方。 相似文献
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《测量评论》2013,45(71):39-43
AbstractA Newcomer to Malaya visiting Cameron Highlands for the first time may probably wonder, after his car has made its tortuous ascent into the mountains, how this area became Malaya's main hill station and why it received its name. He may not know that years before the Highlands came under serious consideration and after it was obvious the development of Fraser's Hill could only be limited, Gunong Tahan, the highest mountain in the peninsula (7,186 feet) on the borders of Kelantan and Pahang, was for a long time considered as Malaya's only hope of a hill station likely to rival those of India and Ceylon. In fact, a topographical survey made by the Federated Malay States Survey Department just before and during the 1914–18 war revealed the presence there of an extensive plateau at a height of about 5,400 feet, It seemed so promising that in 1912 the Governor, Sir Arthur Young, made the ascent on foot to inspect it. However, before coming to a decision Government considered it advisable to test the climatic conditions there, and accordingly a party of observers was recruited from England for the purpose. They spent a year on Gunong Tahan between 1921 and 1922 and subsequently made a report on their observations. Opinion then became unfavourable, partly because the plateau is but imperfectly furnished with soil, partly because it is somewhat inaccessible from most of the inhabited areas of the peninsula, and partly because during too many days of the year it is liable to become enshrouded in heavy mists. The idea of immediately developing Gunong Tahang was therefore abandoned. Those who thought they saw in this mountain another Newara-Eliya or Ootacamund were naturally disappointed and soon cast around for another site to accommodate the hill station of their dreams. In this quest someone remembered or alighted upon in the archives of the Perak Public Works Department a report by an explorer named William Cameron on his journey overland about 1884 from Kinta to the mouth of the Pahang River. The late Sir Frank Swettenham, in his last book, “ Footprints in Malaya “, published by Hutchinson & Co., Ltd., London, in 1942, throws some light on Cameron and his activities about this time. He says, “ Amongst the strangers from Ceylon and India, from Shanghai, Hong-Kong, Australia and elsewhere, who strayed into Selangor was Mr. William Cameron, brother of the editor of the Straits Times, a highly respected resident of Singapore. Mr. William Cameron came to Selangor shortly after I became British Resident there, and he asked to be allowed to do something which would help in the development of the country. His culture and his quiet manner appealed to me, and I asked him what he proposed to do. He explained that he had some knowledge of minerals and geology, and he suggested that he should be given a roving commission to go, with a party of wild people whom he would collect, and explore the depths of the jungle and report the result of his search …. I engaged Mr. Cameron to do what he suggested. He made all his own arrangements, managed somehow to collect a party of aborigines, and disappeared into the jungle for weeks at a time. When he returned from these expeditions he used to come to the Residency, stay a few days, make his report and start off again. After one prolonged absence, when I became anxious about his safety, he returned very ill and had to be carried the last stage of his journey. He then reported the discovery of the high table-land on the borders of Perak and Pahang, now known as Cameron Highlands. I do not know what had upset him, unless it was the hardships he went through in those many weeks of travel up and down the jungle-covered mountains of the main range, but while he stayed with me he was subject to strange delusions, walked about the house at 3 a.m., carrying an iron bar, and two or three times in a night I had to put him back in his bed. Finally, one morning, he produced a revolver and shot at his Chinese servant, and when I went to his room and told him I had removed all his firearms because of that incident, he merely remarked: ‘Yes, but I didn't ·hit him.’ Eventually it was necessary to send him to the Singapore Hospital’ for proper care, and there he died.” 相似文献
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《测量评论》2013,45(55):2-10
AbstractCrabs! Thousands of bright red crabs on a white foreshore; clinging black mud in tidal creeks with an overhanging tangle of tropical forest. These dominate one's memories of the Irrawaddy Delta in 1924. The Forest Department of Burma is the custodian of some 1,000 square miles of valuable forest reserves in the delta of this great river. The survey and production of “Forest” maps of this area was long overdue, postponed by reason of the immense expense and difficulty of a ground survey. Air survey, developed during the First World War, was ideally suited to this type of country but was still in its infancy, so that prolonged negotiations were necessary to persuade the Government of Burma to risk £25,000 on what appeared to them a doubtful proposition, as this was one of the first of the peace-time air surveys to be undertaken. Eventually, in July 1923 the contract was signed. Ronald Kemp, the first Chief Inspector of Civil Aircraft in India, gave up that post and formed an air survey company to carry out the photography as the first of his many survey contracts in India and Burma; I was in charge of the ground work and subsequent mapping. 相似文献
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常规测量仪器进行管线工程的全线测量,存在着操作繁杂、效率低、精度差、测量成本高等问题。为了提高测量的精度和效率,在西气东输二线工程温米段的工程测量中,尝试着使用了RTK和全站仪技术结合的方法,用全站仪来补测RTK不易准确测量的路段。在很短时间内,完成了全线路的控制、测图、纵横断面测量等外业工作,并保证了各项精度指标符合规范要求。由此说明,联合作业的方法,起到了优势互补的作用,取得了比较好的效果。 相似文献
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Peter F Fisher 《Transactions in GIS》2003,7(3):309-324
For most of the twentieth century Natural Resource Surveys were executed for particular geographical regions and for each region a paper map was produced together with a written report. Those conducting the survey and preparing the report have used that report to convey much information to the user, which would otherwise be lost. To the authors the report is the real product, and the map a view onto it. To most users, however, it has always been the map that was important because many lack the knowledge to comprehend the report in any detail: the report, therefore, being an adjunct to the map. Increasing production costs combined with the advances in computer systems and especially the widespread use of this information within GIS have resulted in a shift from paper to digital as the publication medium for the map and the report (when it is produced at all). Currently, many different models of presentation of natural resource survey results are apparent, ranging from those which only contain the map (spatial information) to those combining the report and the map on CD‐ROM to those presenting a more integrated view of the map and the equivalent of the report. None has yet reached the full spatial multimedia solution which is now possible with computer technology. Such an approach will make it possible to interrogate the map for the report information, and vice versa, and to access and visualize tabular information. The current diversity of approaches means the potential loss of the valuable knowledge of the surveyors and report‐writers other than as it is expressed in the map, but the integration of the report with the map in a multimedia presentation may save the report, and make that information available to more people than ever before. 相似文献
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《测量评论》2013,45(90):152-159
AbstractWhen Colonel Lambton of Indian fame wanted funds for his Survey a leading melnber of the Finance Committee of Madras observed that “if any traveller wished to proceed to Seringapatam he need only say so to his palankeen bearer and he vouched he would find his way to that place without having recourse to Colonel Lambton's map”. Those who have had the privilege of dealing with finance branches will recognise in this quotation a powerful tradition and it is a measure both of the great march of events since Lambton's time and of the deterlnination of military surveyors not to lag behind them, in spite of finance committees, that good military maps are nowadays taken for granted and that the large survey organisations, required to produce them are accepted as a necessity. The struggle to maintain this position however goes on. 相似文献
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《测量评论》2013,45(44):324-334
Abstract1. Lest any reader should be put off by assuming from the title of this article that it would contain a mass of technical matter, it may be stated at the outset that no computations whatever are involved. In fact it is a collection of very ordinary observations pertaining to the efficient functioning of the computing section of a Survey Department. In the opinion of the writer nothing clarifies one's ideas more than sitting down at a table and putting them actually on paper. Things that might otherwise have been overlooked or forgotten are brought to light, and can then be given their proper place in the whole mosaic. There is probably nothing original in this article, yet it is hoped that a comprehensive survey may be of assistance to other computers, as the making of it certainly has been to the writer. It has been written from the point of vievvof a computing section, rather than that of an individual computer. Each individual computer is a cog in the computing machine, whose duties are more those of routine calculation by methods approved by his superior. 相似文献