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1.
We analyze hard and soft X-ray, microwave and meter wave radio, interplanetary particle, and optical data for the complex energetic solar event of 22 July 1972. The flare responsible for the observed phenomena most likely occurred 20° beyond the NW limb of the Sun, corresponding to an occultation height of 45 000 km. A group of type III radio bursts at meter wavelengths appeared to mark the impulsive phase of the flare, but no impulsive hard X-ray or microwave burst was observed. These impulsive-phase phenomena were apparently occulted by the solar disk as was the soft X-ray source that invariably accompanies an H flare. Nevertheless essentially all of the characteristic phenomena associated with second-stage acceleration in flares - type II radio burst, gradual second stage hard X-ray burst, meter wave flare continuum (FC II), extended microwave continuum, energetic electrons and ions in the interplanetary medium - were observed. The spectrum of the escaping electrons observed near Earth was approximately the same as that of the solar population and extended to well above 1 MeV.Our analysis of the data leads to the following results: (1) All characteristics are consistent with a hard X-ray source density n
i
108 cm–3 and magnetic field strength 10 G. (2) The second-stage acceleration was a physically distinct phenomenon which occurred for tens of minutes following the impulsive phase. (3) The acceleration occurred continuously throughout the event and was spatially widespread. (4) The accelerating agent was very likely the shock wave associated with the type II burst. (5) The emission mechanism for the meter-wave flare continuum source may have been plasma-wave conversion, rather than gyrosynchrotron emission. 相似文献
2.
N. J. Lehtinen S. Pohjolainen K. Huttunen-Heikinmaa R. Vainio E. Valtonen A. E. Hillaris 《Solar physics》2008,247(1):151-169
A high-speed, halo-type coronal mass ejection (CME), associated with a GOES M4.6 soft X-ray flare in NOAA AR 0180 at S12W29
and an EIT wave and dimming, occurred on 9 November 2002. A complex radio event was observed during the same period. It included
narrow-band fluctuations and frequency-drifting features in the metric wavelength range, type III burst groups at metric – hectometric
wavelengths, and an interplanetary type II radio burst, which was visible in the dynamic radio spectrum below 14 MHz. To study
the association of the recorded solar energetic particle (SEP) populations with the propagating CME and flaring, we perform
a multi-wavelength analysis using radio spectral and imaging observations combined with white-light, EUV, hard X-ray, and
magnetogram data. Velocity dispersion analysis of the particle distributions (SOHO and Wind
in situ observations) provides estimates for the release times of electrons and protons. Our analysis indicates that proton acceleration
was delayed compared to the electrons. The dynamics of the interplanetary type II burst identify the burst source as a bow
shock created by the fast CME. The type III burst groups, with start times close to the estimated electron-release times,
trace electron beams travelling along open field lines into the interplanetary space. The type III bursts seem to encounter
a steep density gradient as they overtake the type II shock front, resulting in an abrupt change in the frequency drift rate
of the type III burst emission. Our study presents evidence in support of a scenario in which electrons are accelerated low
in the corona behind the CME shock front, while protons are accelerated later, possibly at the CME bow shock high in the corona. 相似文献
3.
Arthur E. Covington 《Solar physics》1972,24(2):405-410
Observations of the flare of October 24, 1969 by Zirin et al. (1971) Solar Phys.
19, 463, are given with accompanying graphs of XUV emissions from satellites and four microwave radio emissions from Sagamore Hill Observatory. This event provides an excellent example of the development of two types of radio spectra within the same center and similar profiles for the hard X-ray burst and the 8800 MHz radio profile. The examination of the 2700 MHz burst from the Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory provides a clarification of the radio profile and shows the existence of a long enduring burst not previously considered. This event parallels a similar variation of intensity in the soft X-ray burst. 相似文献
4.
Two small radio flares following the great gamma-ray burst on 11 June 1991 are studied. We analyse the different association of emission features at microwaves, decimeter waves, and soft and hard X-rays for the events. The first flare has well-defined emission features in microwaves and soft and hard X-rays, and a faint decimetric signature well after the hard X-ray burst. It is not certain if the decimetric event is connected to the burst features. The second event is characterized by an almost simultaneous appearance of hard X-ray burst maxima and decimetric narrowband drift bursts, but soft X-ray emission is missing from the event. With the exception of the possibility that the soft X-ray emission is absorbed along the way, the following models can explain the reported differences in the second event: (1) Microwave emission in the second event is produced by 150 keV electrons spiraling in the magnetic field relatively low in the corona, while the hard X-ray emission is produced at the beginning of the burst near the loop top as thick-target emission. If the bulk of electrons entered the loop, the low-energy electrons would not be effectively mirrored and would eventually hit the footpoints and cause soft X-ray emission by evaporation, which was not observed. The collisions at the loop top would not produce observable plasma heating. The observed decimetric type III bursts could be created by plasma oscillations caused by electron beams traveling along the magnetic field lines at low coronal heights. (2) Microwave emission is caused by electrons with MeV energies trapped in the large magnetic loops, and the electrons are effectively mirrored from the loop footpoints. The hard X-ray emission can come both from the loop top and the loop footpoints as the accelerated lower energy electrons are not mirrored. The low-energy electrons are not, however, sufficient to create observable soft X-ray emission. The type III emission in this case could be formed either at low coronal heights or in local thick regions in the large loops, high in the corona. 相似文献
5.
A solar radio type II burst (which was seen as two patches of emission, one during 07:00–07:13 UT and other one during 07:20–07:35 UT)
was observed on 22 March 1998 using the Madurai radio spectrograph. A broad range of data (from Culgoora and Hiraiso spectrographs,
white-light data from SOHO/LASCO and X-ray data from Yohkoh and GOES satellites) was also studied for this event, which was analyzed in comparison with these supplementary data. In
addition, the conditions associated with this shock were analyzed quantitatively. From the above investigations, the following
conclusions have been made. The temporal relationship between H-alpha flare and burst has shown that the active region AR 8185
is the source of this type II burst. A bright front feature observed with LASCO is also associated with this type II burst
and active region AR 8185. The time profile of the shock derived from the first patch of this type II burst coincides with
the flare starting time. Also, within error limits, the start time of the CME is same as the flare. Hence, it is not possible
to decide whether the type II originated in the flare or was driven by CME. In addition, the investigations of the second
patch alone has provided the following results. The inferred shock speed for the second patch of emission is lower than the
first and closer to the CME speed. The emission occurred below 50 MHz. These conditions imply that this patch may be a separate
burst which might have been produced by the CME alone. 相似文献
6.
In previous attempts to show one-to-one correlation between type III bursts and X-ray spikes, there have been ambiguities as to which of several X-ray spikes are correlated with any given type III burst. Here, we present observations that show clear associations of X-ray bursts with RS type III bursts between 16:46 UT and 16:52 UT on July 9, 1985. The hard X-ray observations were made at energies above 25 keV with HXRBS on SMM and the radio observations were made at 1.63 GHz using the 13.7m Itapetinga antenna in R and L polarization with a time resolution of 3 ms. Detailed comparison between the hard X-ray and radio observations shows:
- In at least 13 cases we can identify the associated hard X-ray and decimetric RS bursts.
- On average, the X-ray peaks were delayed from the peak of the RS bursts at 1.6 GHz by ～ 400 ms although a delay as long as 1 s was observed in one case.
7.
We present X-ray images from the P78-1 satellite for a long-lasting burst at 20 cm wavelength mapped with the Very Large Array on 19 May, 1979 by Velusamy and Kundu (1981). The decimeter wave observations were originally interpreted in terms of two models, one invoking thermal electrons radiating at low harmonics of the gyrofrequency, and the other invoking mildly relativistic electrons emitting gyrosynchrotron radiation. If indeed the 20 cm source is thermal, it should also be visible in soft X-rays, while if it is nonthermal, the soft X-ray emission should be weak or spatially or temporally distinct from the 20 cm burst. We find that only one of the three 20 cm sources was approximately co-spatial with the soft X-ray source, and that it was only partially thermal. The 20 cm burst is therefore primarily decimeter type IV emission from mildly relativistic electrons of the post-flare phase. The long lifetime (? 2h) and smooth temporal variation of the burst belie its nonthermal nature and suggest continuous acceleration as well as long term storage of energetic electrons. 相似文献
8.
From a common analysis of solar radio spectral and imaging data of a fast drift burst of type U(N) together with Yohkoh soft X-ray images it is shown that the radio emission is compatible with electron beams injected and reflected in extended loops. The electron beam production coincides with the injection of hot matter, visible as a jetlike soft X-ray feature in the underlying loop system. 相似文献
9.
Robert F. Willson 《Solar physics》1985,96(1):199-207
The Very Large Array was used to observe a multiply-impulsive solar radio burst at several wavelengths near 20 cm. The observations indicate that the impulsive emission was nearly 100% circularly polarized and originated in small regions of 10–20 in size. For one of the impulsive spikes, we find evidence of narrow-band emission that could be attributed to an electron-cyclotron maser. The radio data are also compared with soft X-ray data and interpreted in light of a model in which the coronal plasma is heated by maser burst emission. 相似文献
10.
Due to the emission of shock-accelerated electrons, broadband radio observations display propagating super Alfvénic shock waves in the low corona ('type II bursts'). We study the 9 July 1996 flare (AR NOAA 7978) focusing on the aspect of shock generation. This event's radio spectrogram shows two different type II bursts in sequence. Radio imaging data (Paris, Meudon Observatory) reveal that both bursts appear at different sites above the H flare. The driver of the first type II burst seems to propagate with twice the speed of the second one. The projected source site of the first type II burst (seen earlier and at higher frequencies) is spatially situated further away from the H flare site than the source of the second type II burst. We try to understand this by comparing with Yohkoh soft X-ray images. The first shock source occurs near the top of high soft X-ray loop structures. Its driver can be a guided fast mode magnetic disturbance. The second type II source appears in-between two high soft X-ray loop systems. This might be a piston-driven disturbance powered by an evaporation front. We get a consistent picture only by assuming a very inhomogeneous Alfvén speed in the active region's atmosphere. 相似文献
11.
T. S. Bastian 《Solar physics》1990,130(1-2):265-294
Observations of radio emission from flare stars are reviewed, including surveys of flare stars in the solar neighborhood and in stellar associations, studies of quiescent emission, and continuum and spectral studies of radio burst emission. The radio observations are placed in an observational context provided by soft X-ray, UV, and optical observations. It is stressed that, as is the case for the latter wavelength regimes, observations of rado bursts on flare stars are qualitatively similar to those on the Sun, albeit in a dramatically scaled-up fashion. 相似文献
12.
E. Sánchez-Ayaso J. A. Combi J. F. Albacete Colombo J. López-Santiago J. Martí A. J. Mu?oz-Arjonilla 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2012,337(2):573-579
We report XMM-Newton observations of the Galactic supernova remnant G296.8-0.3, together with complementary radio and infrared data. The spatial
and spectral properties of the X-ray emission, detected towards G296.8-0.3, was investigated in order to explore the possible
evolutionary scenarios and the physical connexion with its unusual morphology detected at radio frequencies. G296.8-0.3 displays
diffuse X-ray emission correlated with the peculiar radio morphology detected in the interior of the remnant and with the
shell-like radio structure observed to the northwest side of the object. The X-ray emission peaks in the soft/medium energy
range (0.5–3.0 keV). The X-ray spectral analysis confirms that the column density is high (N
H∼0.64×1022 cm−2) which supports a distant location (d>9 kpc) for the SNR. Its X-ray spectrum can be well represented by a thermal (PSHOCK) model, with kT∼0.86 keV, an ionization timescale of 6.1×1010 cm−3 s, and low abundance (∼0.12 Z
⊙). The 24 μm observations show shell-like emission correlated with part of the northwest and southeast boundaries of the SNR.
In addition a point-like X-ray source is also detected close to the geometrical center of the radio SNR. The object presents
some characteristics of the so-called compact central objects (CCO). Its X-ray spectrum is consistent with those found at
other CCOs and the value of N
H is consistent with that of G296.8-0.3, which suggests a physical connexion with the SNR. 相似文献
13.
Flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) contribute to the acceleration and propagation of solar energetic particles (SEP) detected in the interplanetary space, but the exact roles of these phenomena are yet to be understood. We examine two types of energetic particle tracers related with 15 CME-less flares that emit bright soft X-ray bursts (GOES X class): radio emission of flare-accelerated electrons and in situ measurements of energetic electrons and protons near 1 AU. The CME-less flares are found to be vigorous accelerators of microwave-emitting electrons, which remain confined in low coronal structures. This is shown by unusually steep low-frequency microwave spectra and by lack of radio emission from the middle and high corona, including dm?–?m wave type IV continua and metre-to-hectometre type III bursts. The confinement of the particles accelerated in CME-less flares agrees with the magnetic field configuration of these events inferred by others. Two events produced isolated metric type II bursts revealing coronal shock waves. None of the seven flares in the western hemisphere was followed by enhanced particle fluxes in the GOES detectors, but one, which was accompanied by a type II burst, caused a weak SEP event detected at SoHO and ACE. Three of the CME-less flares were followed within some hours by SEP-associated flares from the same active region. These SEP-producing events were clearly distinct from the CME-less ones by their association with fast and broad CMEs, dm?–?m wave radio emission, and intense DH type III bursts. We conclude that radio emission at decimetre and longer waves is a reliable indication that flare-accelerated particles have access to the high corona and interplanetary space. The absence of such emission can be used as a signal that no SEP event is to be expected despite the occurrence of a strong soft X-ray burst. 相似文献
14.
Two remarkable intensity-time patterns in the 113 and 64 MHz single-frequency radio flux records during a type I noise storm and/or a type IV burst on 31 July, 1983 are studied. A comparison of the patterns at both frequencies reveals a high degree of resemblance and inherent common structure although the 64 MHz pattern was seen 40 min later than the 113 MHz pattern. An interpretation is given assuming a slowly uprising and thereby expanding clumpy plasma-magnetic field configuration which is (via accompanying coronal loops) two times illuminated by energetic electrons coming from the soft X-ray flare precursor source region of the H-alpha flares F1 and F2 (see Figure 1). 相似文献
15.
David K. Strickland 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,376(2):523-533
We present the first imaging X-ray observation of the highly inclined ( i = 78°) Sab Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 6810 using XMM–Newton , which reveals soft X-ray emission that extends out to a projected height of ∼7 kpc away from the plane of the galaxy. The soft X-ray emission beyond the optical disc of the galaxy is most plausibly extraplanar, although it could instead come from large galactic radius. This extended X-ray emission is spatially associated with diffuse Hα emission, in particular with a prominent 5-kpc-long Hα filament on the north-west of the disc. A fraction ≲35 per cent of the total soft X-ray emission of the galaxy arises from projected heights | z | ≥ 2 kpc . Within the optical disc of the galaxy the soft X-ray emission is associated with the star-forming regions visible in ground-based Hα and XMM–Newton optical monitor near-UV imaging. The temperature, supersolar α-element-to-iron abundance ratio, soft X-ray/Hα correlation, and X-ray to far-infrared (FIR) flux ratio of NGC 6810 are all consistent with local starbursts with winds, although the large base radius of the outflow would make NGC 6810 one of the few 'disc-wide' superwinds currently known. Hard X-ray emission from NGC 6810 is weak, and the total E = 2–10 keV luminosity and spectral shape are consistent with the expected level of X-ray binary emission from the old and young stellar populations. The X-ray observations provide no evidence of any active galactic nucleus activity. We find that the optical, IR and radio properties of NGC 6810 are all consistent with a starburst galaxy, and that the old classification of this galaxy as a Seyfert 2 galaxy is probably incorrect. 相似文献
16.
A. Kouloumvakos S. Patsourakos A. Hillaris A. Vourlidas P. Preka-Papadema X. Moussas C. Caroubalos P. Tsitsipis A. Kontogeorgos 《Solar physics》2014,289(6):2123-2139
On 13 June 2010, an eruptive event occurred near the solar limb. It included a small filament eruption and the onset of a relatively narrow coronal mass ejection (CME) surrounded by an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wave front recorded by the Solar Dynamics Observatory’s (SDO) Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) at high cadence. The ejection was accompanied by a GOES M1.0 soft X-ray flare and a Type-II radio burst; high-resolution dynamic spectra of the latter were obtained by the Appareil de Routine pour le Traitement et l’Enregistrement Magnetique de l’Information Spectral (ARTEMIS IV) radio spectrograph. The combined observations enabled a study of the evolution of the ejecta and the EUV wave front and its relationship with the coronal shock manifesting itself as metric Type-II burst. By introducing a novel technique, which deduces a proxy of the EUV compression ratio from AIA imaging data and compares it with the compression ratio deduced from the band-split of the Type-II metric radio burst, we are able to infer the potential source locations of the radio emission of the shock on that AIA images. Our results indicate that the expansion of the CME ejecta is the source for both EUV and radio shock emissions. Early in the CME expansion phase, the Type-II burst seems to originate in the sheath region between the EUV bubble and the EUV shock front in both radial and lateral directions. This suggests that both the nose and the flanks of the expanding bubble could have driven the shock. 相似文献
17.
C. M. Canosa D. M. Worrall M. J. Hardcastle M. Birkinshaw 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1999,310(1):30-38
We present an analysis of X-ray data, taken with ROSAT , for a well-defined sample of low-power radio galaxies from the Bologna B2 catalogue. Where possible, the HRI has been used in order to take advantage of the high spatial resolution provided by this instrument. A variety of models are fitted to radial profiles in order to separate the resolved and unresolved X-ray emission from the galaxies. We demonstrate a strong, approximately linear, correlation between the luminosities of the unresolved X-ray components and the 5-GHz luminosities of the radio cores in this sample. This suggests a physical relationship between the soft X-ray emission of radio galaxies and the jet-generated radio core emission. We infer a nuclear jet-related origin for at least some of the X-ray emission. 相似文献
18.
We discuss a little-known variety of sharp decreases of long-duration meter-wavelength noise storms and type IV bursts. A survey of the IZMIRAN and AIP radio observations shows that a decrease or nearly complete disappearance of the continuum and bursts developing over tens of minutes without a subsequent recovery of the radio flux occasionally occurs. The decrease is usually preceded by a short-duration (several tens of minutes) enhancement of the radio emission. In these events, the onset of the flux decrease drifts from high to low frequencies with a rate of –(0.05–0.35) MHz s–1, comparable to the drift rates of noise-storm onsets and of chains of type I bursts. White-light coronagraph observations, as well as the characteristics of the accompanying microwave and soft X-ray emissions, provide evidence that such radio decreases appear to be associated with coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and post-CME phenomena. Yohkoh/SXT images show radio flux decrease events which are accompanied by significant rearrangements of coronal structures. We suggest that the radio flux variations are caused by CME interactions with pre-existing coronal arcade structures which are sources of noise storms and energetic electron acceleration. The fact that the noise-storm decreases develop with delays of several tens of minutes relative to the associated microwave burst peak, when the corresponding CME front is located at heights of several R
, however, is not explained. 相似文献
19.
We compare the millimeter, microwave, and soft X-ray emission from a number of solar flares in order to determine the properties of the high-frequency radio emission of flares. The millimeter observations use a sensitive interferometer at 86 GHz which offers much better sensitivity and spatial resolution than most previous high-frequency observations. We find a number of important results for these flares: (i) the 86 GHz emission onset appears often to be delayed with respect to the microwave onset; (ii) even in large flares the millimeter-wavelength emission can arise in sources of only a few arc sec dimension; (iii) the millimeter emission in the impulsive phase does not correlate with the soft X-ray emission, and thus is unlikely to contain any significant thermal bremsstrahlung component; and (iv) the electron energy distributions implied by the millimeter observations are much flatter (spectral indices of 2.5 to 3.6) than is usual for microwave or hard X-ray observations. 相似文献
20.
D. A. Schwartz D. E. Harris H. Landt A. Siemiginowska H. L. Marshall J. M. Gelbord E. S. Perlman M. Georganopoulos M. Birkinshaw D. M. Worrall C. C. Cheung L. Stawarz S. G. Jorstad A. P. Marscher Y. Uchiyama C. M. Urry 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2007,311(1-3):341-345
We present a Chandra image of the quasar, jet, and lobes of PKS 1354+195 (=4C 19.44). The radio jet is 18 arcsec long, and appears to be very
straight. The length gives many independent spatial resolution elements in the Chandra image while the straightness implies that the geometrical factors are constant along the jet although their values are uncertain.
We also have 4 frequency radio images with half to one arcsecond angular resolution, and use HST and Spitzer data to study
the broad band spectral energy distributions. The X-ray and radio spectra are both consistent with a spectrum f
ν
∝
ν
−0.7 for the integrated jet. Using that spectral index, the model of inverse Compton scattering of electrons on the cosmic microwave
background (IC/CMB) gives magnetic field strengths and Doppler factors that are relatively constant along the jet. Extended
X-ray emission is evident in the direction of the otherwise unseen counter-jet. X-ray emission continues past the radio jet
to the South, and is detected within both the southern and northern radio lobes. 相似文献