共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 171 毫秒
1.
我国南方植物生态学研究述评 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
我国热带亚热带区域生态系统具有很高的潜在脆弱性,在人类干扰和全球变化的双重影响下,我国南方地区面临着严峻的生态环境问题。本文总结和评述了近年来我国南方植物生态学研究的几个重点领域,包括森林群落生物多样性维持、群落演替机制、养分循环和碳循环,山地丘陵退化生态系统的植被恢复,湿地环境修复、生物多样性保护、生物入侵机制和温室气体排放,城市植物的环境修复、热岛效应缓解及碳源汇功能等,并展望了我国南方植物生态学研究的未来方向,提出修复和重建大面积的退化生态系统,促进生物多样性保护,维护人居环境和人类健康,提高生态系统对全球变化的适应性,增强生态安全保障,是今后我国南方植物生态学研究所肩负的历史使命。 相似文献
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科尔沁沙质草地植物群落的放牧退化及其自然恢复过程 总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1
为了了解不同放牧强度对我国北方沙质草地的影响及其封禁停牧后草地植被的自然恢复过程,我们于1992—2006年在科尔沁沙地开展了草地放牧和封育试验,分析研究了人类放牧活动对草地植被的影响,比较了不同程度退化草地恢复速度及其所受气候变化影响。研究结果表明:①在科尔沁沙地,随着放牧强度的增加,草地植被受放牧影响的程度会加重,但只有持续重牧才会导致植被的严重退化,而且持续重牧对植被盖度、高度和草地生产力的危害程度要大于对物种丰富度和多样性的危害程度;中度放牧可以导致植被盖度、高度、生物量的轻度下降,但对物种丰富度、多样性没有不良影响;对于退化草地而言,持续轻牧可促进植被的有效恢复;②封禁停牧以后,草地原受干扰程度不同,其恢复的相对速度也不同,表现为原草地退化越严重,其恢复速度相对越快,而且是植被高度、盖度、生物量的恢复速度要大于物种丰富度、多样性和频度的恢复速度;③草地植被的恢复演替明显受到气候变化的影响,暖湿气候有利于植被的恢复,暖干气候对于植被的恢复不利。 相似文献
3.
小嵩草群落——高寒草甸地带性植被放牧压力下的偏途顶极群落 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
采用以空间代时间的方法,研究了高寒草甸小嵩草群落的发生、发育、演化,处于不同退化阶段小嵩草群落在自然与人工干预恢复过程中,植被、地表特征的变化,探索小嵩草群落在高寒草甸生态系统中的地位及其对系统稳定性的作用.结果表明,青藏高原上小嵩草群落的大面积发育是高原地带性植被禾草矮嵩草群落在长期超载放牧下退化演替的结果,它逆向演替经历了矮嵩草群落后退化为小嵩草群落;而对不同退化程度小嵩草群落采取封育措施后,小嵩草群落可以恢复为禾草矮嵩草群落(或者向着以禾草为优势种的群落演替);"黑土滩"上人工建植禾草草地经过11 a的发展,杂类草进入,矮嵩草斑块发展,向着顶极植被--禾草矮嵩草群落的方向发展.禾草矮嵩草群落是青藏高原的地带性植被,而小嵩草群落是地带性植被超载放牧下的偏途顶极群落. 相似文献
4.
5.
甘肃民勤荒漠区植被演替特征及驱动力研究--以民勤为例 总被引：43，自引：20，他引：23
通过对40多年来民勤荒漠植被类型、植被演替特征的分析,发现民勤荒漠区的自然植被类型20世纪50年代大体可分为5个植被型,19个群系,现在只有9个群系;民勤土地旱化现象日趋严重,脆弱的生态系统进行着逆向演替,群落的生物多样性及植被类型减少,生态系统的稳定性减弱且结构趋于简单、功能衰退,荒漠植被进一步取代了草甸植被成为优势种。生态位变宽;同时,通过对地下水位、降水量、植被盖度近20a的定位观测,定量研究植被退化的驱动因子表明：人类的各种经济活动导致地表径流的大幅度减少、超采地下水,使地下水位急剧下降,成为植被退化最直接的根源。 相似文献
6.
《中国沙漠》2020,(4)
人工固沙林演替决定着固沙造林的成效。在腾格里沙漠南缘,应用空间代替时间的方法,选择造林封育5、15、25年花棒(Hedysarum scoparium)人工固沙林,对照流动沙丘和地带性植被样地,从生态水文、土壤种子库、土壤-植被相互关系等方面研究了人工固沙林演替的生态学机制,为区域人工固沙植被建设、保护和修复提供理论依据。结果表明:腾格里沙漠南缘花棒人工固沙林演替过程中,花棒、沙米(Agriophyllum squarrosum)和沙蒿(Artemisia rtemisia sphaerocephala)逐渐退出,自然优势种由一年生草本植物向半灌木、半灌木与多年生草本植物演替,25年后形成相对稳定的近自然固沙植被,呈现向草原化荒漠演替的趋势,但与地带性植被相似性只达到50%。表层土壤持水力持续增强,25年后达到流动沙丘的3.4倍,引起土壤水分浅层化和深层土壤干旱,驱动了深根系植物的衰亡和浅根性草本植物的发展。土壤种子库中沙米和沙蒿快速减少,并在造林25年后消失;油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)持续增加,短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)在25年后出现;土壤种子库与地上植被组成的相似性超过50%,驱动人工固沙林向油蒿+多年生草本植被演替。伴随人工固沙林植被演替,土壤容重持续降低,黏粒、粉粒、有机质和全氮含量持续增大,与人工固沙林群落、物种组成形成密切的对应关系,决定了固沙林演替阶段和物种组成。固沙造林启动并加速了自然植被的恢复演替,是干旱区沙化土地生态恢复的必要措施,但要充分考虑地带性植被和生境条件,以快速建立稳定的近自然植被。 相似文献
7.
均匀布点开展纳帕海湿地区植物群落调查,应用DCA排序分析植物群落演替特征及其主控因子,利用Shannon-Wiener等物种多样性指数分析群落演替过程中的物种多样性变化态势;利用多期Landsat TM/ETM+影像解译获取多年平均的湿地区淹水频率空间分异特征;均匀布点采集并测定分层土样重量含水率,生成植物调查同期湿地区分层土壤含水量空间分异特征;将样方DCA第一排序轴与样方物种多样性指数进行关联分析。结果表明:本次调查记录到湿地区植物物种130种,隶属36科88属;湿地区的湿-中生植物群落占绝大多数,中生群落和严重破坏地次生群落分布较广,典型水生植物群落分布生境狭窄,可分为水生植物群落、湿-中生植物群落、中生植物群落和严重破坏地植物群落4个演替阶段;水文情势分异及变化和强干扰是纳帕海湿地植被生态演替的主控因子;现状演替态势下,湿地区的湿-中生植物物种、与人为干扰或退化有关的伴生植物物种会趋向增加,湿地进一步退化;调控水文情势和减轻家畜翻拱的强干扰破坏是实现纳帕海湿地植被生态修复的重要途径。 相似文献
8.
滇东喀斯特山地植被退化及其恢复对策 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
喀斯特山区生态系统已经和正在经历各种人为的干扰、破坏和不合理使用.植被退化是生态系统退化的最典型外在特征.在对滇东的3个喀斯特山村和自然保护区的25个喀斯特植被样地的植物群落学特征,繁殖体库和土壤基质进行调查研究后发现：喀斯特山地植被退化是一个渐进的逆向演替过程,人和动物的选择性、物种的适应性和持久性能力决定着物种及其繁殖体的存在与消亡.某些物种由于具有较强的萌生能力和较高的持久性,其无性繁殖体能在反复砍伐后仍然保存于一些石质缝隙之中.伴随植被退化,土壤有机质和养分不断流失.以物种组成、群落高度、繁殖体库、土壤、生物量与参照群落间的相异性指数为指标,通过聚类分析将滇东的喀斯特退化植物群落分为顶级群落、乔林、灌乔、灌丛灌木、草灌和草本群落6个阶段.喀斯特退化植被的恢复应该充分考虑到这种植被退化的阶段性,根据各阶段的特点补充不同数量和种类的当地物种繁殖体,改善土壤基质性状并配以抚育措施. 相似文献
9.
油蒿群落植物多样性动态 总被引：15，自引：4，他引：11
油蒿为鄂尔多斯高原植被的优势种和建群种,油蒿群落的植物多样性有向顶极阶段增加的趋势。植物多样性的季节变化与气候的季节变化密切相关。人类活动特别是过度放牧,引起油蒿群落的退化,导致植物多样性降低。围育可使退化的油蒿群落向正向演替进行,使群落的植物多样性提高。 相似文献
10.
生态水文阈值在中国沙区人工植被生态系统管理中的意义 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
中国北方风沙区是全球沙漠化发展和生态退化最为严重的地区之一。利用植被固沙是遏制沙化土地扩张和生态重建与恢复的主要途径,但人工植被的稳定维持是可持续性风沙治理所长期面临的挑战。作为人工植被生态系统管理的依据,对生态水文阈值的认识及界定具有重要的理论和实践意义。本文以固沙植被中人工种植的灌木和乔木（仅限东部沙区）的盖度与深层土壤水分含量互馈互调作用的长期变化为依据,基于对中国不同气候带沙区典型人工植被系统生态和水文过程的模拟,通过建立生态水文模型初步界定了不同沙区适宜于人工植被生态系统管理的生态水文阈值,对现有沙区固沙植被的生态系统管理和未来风沙区植被建设具有一定的借鉴意义。 相似文献
11.
Nebkhas are often extensively distributed in arid and semi-arid areas, and play an important role in the stabilization of ecological environment in these areas. This paper reviews the following aspects, including formation and succession, spatial distribution, shape and surface airflow characteristics, balance between erosion and deposition, ecological and physiological characteristics of vegetation, response to precipitation and groundwater, soil properties as well as the protection measures. We found that nebkhas were studied without differentiation of succession periods, and shape characteristics, surface airflow, soil properties as well as vegetation dynamics in different succession periods were not fully understood, which made it difficult to explain the succession dynamics of nebkhas and its affecting factors. Previous studies of nebkhas were over-emphasized for its role as an indicator of land degradation, while its ecological functions in degraded ecosystems were neglected, which was unfavorable for the ecological restorations in arid and semi-arid areas. Future studies should pay more attention to the variation of vegetation, soil as well as hydrological process in the succession of nebkhas and its interaction between different influencing factors. In addition, positive role of nebkhas in degraded ecosystems in arid and semi-arid areas should be fully discussed. According to the data got from the above, effective protection measures of nebkhas should be explored. 相似文献
12.
Nebkhas are often extensively distributed in arid and semi-arid areas, and play an important role in the stabilization of
ecological environment in these areas. This paper reviews the following aspects, including formation and succession, spatial
distribution, shape and surface airflow characteristics, balance between erosion and deposition, ecological and physiological
characteristics of vegetation, response to precipitation and groundwater, soil properties as well as the protection measures.
We found that nebkhas were studied without differentiation of succession periods, and shape characteristics, surface airflow,
soil properties as well as vegetation dynamics in different succession periods were not fully understood, which made it difficult
to explain the succession dynamics of nebkhas and its affecting factors. Previous studies of nebkhas were over-emphasized
for its role as an indicator of land degradation, while its ecological functions in degraded ecosystems were neglected, which
was unfavorable for the ecological restorations in arid and semi-arid areas. Future studies should pay more attention to the
variation of vegetation, soil as well as hydrological process in the succession of nebkhas and its interaction between different
influencing factors. In addition, positive role of nebkhas in degraded ecosystems in arid and semi-arid areas should be fully
discussed. According to the data got from the above, effective protection measures of nebkhas should be explored. 相似文献
13.
Changes in intensity of wind erosion at different stages of degradation development in grasslands of Inner Mongolia, China 总被引：14，自引：1，他引：14
F.-R. Li L.-F. Kang H. Zhang L.-Y. Zhao Y. Shirato I. Taniyama 《Journal of Arid Environments》2005,62(4):567-585
Overgrazing by increasing numbers of livestock in the Horqin Sandy Land of Inner Mongolia, China, has led to extensive degradation of the region's sandy steppes. Degraded grasslands are generally classified into four main types: fixed (least degradation), semi-fixed (light degradation), semi-shifting (moderate degradation) and shifting (severe degradation) sandy lands, representing four stages of degradation development. An experiment was conducted in the Horqin Sandy Land to investigate changes in intensity of wind erosion at different stages of degradation development in sandy grasslands and determine the extent to which surface wind erosion was affected by surface-related soil and vegetation factors through their effects on surface roughness length and wind regimes. Daily wind erosion rate was monitored at four sites of degraded grassland over an erosive period from 1 April to 10 June in 2001. Soil and vegetation properties for these sites were also measured twice: one in mid-April prior to the establishment of vegetation and again in mid-June after the establishment of vegetation. Relationships between surface roughness length and soil and vegetation variables were examined at each of the two stages of vegetation development. This study shows striking differences in the intensity of surface wind erosion among sites. The daily wind erosion rate in the fixed sandy land was, on average, only about 1/5 of the rate in the semi-fixed sandy land, 1/14 of the rate in the semi-shifting sandy land and 1/47 of the rate in the shifting sandy land suggesting a much higher resistance of the fixed sandy land to wind erosion compared to other sites. Differences in rate of wind erosion between sites were attributed to between-site differences in soil and vegetation properties that exerted significant effects on wind regimes by altering surface roughness length. At the pre-establishment stage of vegetation, surface roughness length was determined by a combination of litter amount on the ground, soil surface hardness and soil moisture content, with litter amount explaining the greatest proportion of the variation. At the post-establishment stage of vegetation, the development of the surface roughness effects was mainly governed by vegetation characteristics (vegetation cover in particular), while the effects of soil surface hardness and soil moisture on surface roughness length are likely to be masked by vegetation effects. The findings suggest that better management practices of restoring vegetation in degraded grasslands are required to reduce soil erosion losses and achieve a sustainable livestock production in the Horqin Sandy Land, an ecologically fragile sandy land ecosystem. 相似文献
14.
《地理学报(英文版)》2010,(5)
Nebkhas are often extensively distributed in arid and semi-arid areas,and play an important role in the stabilization of ecological environment in these areas.This paper reviews the following aspects,including formation and succession,spatial distribution,shape and surface airflow characteristics,balance between erosion and deposition,ecological and physiological characteristics of vegetation,response to precipitation and groundwater,soil properties as well as the protection measures.We found that nebkhas were studied without differentiation of succession periods,and shape characteristics,surface airflow,soil properties as well as vegetation dynamics in different succession periods were not fully understood,which made it difficult to explain the succession dynamics of nebkhas and its affecting factors.Previous studies of nebkhas were over-emphasized for its role as an indicator of land degradation,while its ecological functions in degraded ecosystems were neglected,which was unfavorable for the ecological restorations in arid and semi-arid areas.Future studies should pay more attention to the variation of vegetation,soil as well as hydrological process in the succession of nebkhas and its interaction between different influencing factors.In addition,positive role of nebkhas in degraded ecosystems in arid and semi-arid areas should be fully discussed.According to the data got from the above,effective protection measures of nebkhas should be explored. 相似文献
15.
额济纳绿洲沙漠化对柽柳群落影响的研究 总被引：7，自引：7，他引：7
柽柳群落是黑河下游额济纳绿洲重要的荒漠河岸林，有河滩和沙地两个亚群系。通过对该区域的考察和对植物群落、土壤的取样分析，表明了在绿洲因水资源短缺而发生环境恶化的过程中，两个亚群系均产生了群落衰退，包括群落种类组成趋向柽柳单一种群，当年生物量占现存生物量比率下降，枝条枯死率上升，而群落盖度、植丛高度、丛幅等无显著变化，因此评估沙漠化的指标应以枝条枯死率为主。土壤表层盐分、有机质和机械组成在河滩系列变化较缓，沙地系列较强烈。在水资源持续短缺情况下，柽柳群落演替的最终结果是柽柳全部死亡后直接演变成裸地和流沙。柽柳群落是额济纳绿洲面积最大的群落类型，因而也是阻止、延缓绿洲沙漠化的最后防线，应注意保护和抚育。 相似文献
16.
毛乌素沙地草场荒漠化评价的指标体系 总被引：15，自引：4，他引：11
毛乌素沙地草场荒漠化的主要原因是开垦、过度放牧、樵柴和挖药材等,沙地草场荒漠化过程分为4个阶段,即轻度退化、中度退化、严重退化和极严重退化。应用植物被分类、排序和梯度分析等技术研究了沙地草场荒漠化过程。轻度退化阶段以臭柏、麻黄等中旱生灌木为主;中度退化以油蒿、柠条等为主;严重退化以籽蒿、羊柴等为主;极严重退化以沙米、牛心朴子等为主。随着退化的发展,地表覆沙厚度逐渐增大,土壤中各种营养成分大幅度下降,土壤机械组成粗化,由沙壤土向沙土发展,沿退化梯度群落种多样性呈现单峰曲线变化。在此基础上提出沙地草场在群落水平上的荒漠化评价指标体系。 相似文献
17.
为探明植被恢复对乌兰布和沙漠土壤风蚀可蚀性的影响,以乌兰布和沙漠内不同沙地固 定阶段的 8 种典型植物群落及群落内表土作为研究对象,对土壤物理因子（可蚀性颗粒含量、土壤 含水量、有机质含量）、土壤结皮因子、植被因子 3 类土壤风蚀可蚀性因子指标进行监测,分析土壤 风蚀可蚀性因子在不同植物群落类型间、沙地固定阶段间的差异。结果表明：（1）在乌兰布和沙漠 典型植物群落中,沙蓬、沙生针茅、盐爪爪等草本植物群落的土壤风蚀可蚀性最强,白刺、梭梭、沙 冬青等灌木植物群落土壤风蚀可蚀性弱于草本植物群落,说明灌木林能显著降低土壤风蚀作用。
（2）随着沙地的不断固定,土壤结构不断发育,土壤可蚀性不断降低,土壤风蚀可蚀性强弱表现为 固定沙地<半固定沙地<流动沙地。（3）土壤可蚀性颗粒含量、土壤有机质含量、土壤含水量、土壤结 皮、植被因子与植被类型及沙地固定阶段具有显著相关关系。因此,在沙区生态建设工程中,为了 减少土壤风蚀量,不仅要考虑物种的选择,还要促进人工生态系统的演替和恢复,从而有效降低土 壤风蚀可蚀性。研究结果可为乌兰布和沙区植被生态系统服务功能的科学评价、防沙治沙工程的 建设与管理提供一定参考。 相似文献
18.
南澳岛退化草坡的植被恢复研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
在南澳岛建立次生草坡对照及草坡种植试验样地,观测群落植物多样性、土壤肥力及生物量变化,以探讨海岛退化草坡的植被恢复过程。结果显示,海岛迎风面上修建公路、风能发电场或开垦后的弃耕祼地在自然状况下很难恢复其植被,植物种类和数量甚至有所减少,植被覆盖度下降,需要进行人工植被恢复;在迎风面恶劣的环境下,次生草坡可能是一种偏途顶极,短时间内植物多样性变化不大。退化草坡的土壤肥力较低,开垦后若不及时恢复适当植被,情况会恶化。该岛草坡的生物量均较低,远低于该岛一般人工林或次生林的水平。海岛本身存在水分、土壤、生物条件等方面的脆弱性,在工程建设过程中应尽量避免对地形地貌和植被造成破坏,一旦破坏要尽快进行适生的人工植被恢复。 相似文献