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1.
Groundwater chemical data from Birkenes, southern Norway, collected during the period October 1980 to November 1993, reveal intensifying acidification in the 1990s, as evidenced by decreases in pH, acid-neutralising capacity and alkalinity, and increases in hardness/alkalinity ratio, ‘acidification’, nitrate, non-marine sulphate (SO4*), non-marine hardness (Ca* + Mg*) and dissolved aluminium. The whole monitoring period is characterised by slopes of four or more on a plot of (Ca* + Mg*) vs. alkalinity.

Owing to its proximity to the sea, the Birkenes catchment receives seasalt-influenced precipitation, which results in episodic, natural acidification of the groundwater via cation exchange of marine Na+ with soil-bound H+ and/or Al3+. However, it is uncertain whether all of the recent groundwater acidification can be attributed to intensifying seasalt deposition alone: the steep slopes on the (Ca* + Mg*) vs. alkalinity plot and the increase in groundwater SO4* suggest that strong acids, of possible anthropogenic origin, may be involved. Additionally, seasalt deposition appears not to have increased during the 1990s: Cl− content in precipitation has not increased significantly and river water pH has not decreased significantly over the period 1990–1993. The suggestion is made that the observed intensification in groundwater acidification at Birkenes partly results from the exhaustion or weakening of an acid buffering system caused by soil acidification, under persisting, even if abating, anthropogenic acid loading.  相似文献   


2.
The water-table region (upper 50 cm of the saturated zone) of a 25 m deep phreatic sandstone aquifer, lying under fields irrigated with sewage effluents for up to 22 yrs, was monitored in 1971 and 1984. Average concentrations of NO−3, Cl− and SO2−4 of up to 225, 307 and 155 mg l−1, respectively, were detected in the upper 50 cm of the saturated region in two research wells in 1984. These concentrations, which are related to effluent and fertilizer input to groundwater, were two to four times higher than those found deep (37–55 m) below the water table in nearby (1000 m distant) production wells. Nitrate data and the estimated transit time through the unsaturated zone (2 m yr−1) support the model suggesting that the major source of nitrate pollution in the past should be related to the oxidation of soil organic matter. The SO2−4/Cl− ratio is found to be a useful indicator for the arrival of SO2−4-fertilizers at the groundwater interface. The observations presented in this paper question the suitability of plans for using effluents as a water source for agriculture in regions which are the replenishment areas of phreatic aquifers.  相似文献   

3.
A soil-water flux sensor was developed, which determines the flux value from the difference between downstream and upstream temperatures at some distances from an artificial heat source. It can detect flux values ranging from several mm hr.−1 to as small as 0.01 mm hr.−1. Design and calibration of the sensor are described.

The sensor was applied to the field studies of transfer processes in a surface soil, including rainwater infiltration, upward soil-water flow during evapotranspiration, and their effects on the water table level. Cl− accumulation in the surface soil is discussed on the basis of upward water flux and Cl− content observed.  相似文献   


4.
Water chemical data from the Botucatu Sandstone aquifer in the São Paulo State part of the Paraná Basin, Brazil, was evaluated using geochemical methods and two statistical analyses: cluster analysis and factor analysis. The results were used to develop a conceptual geochemical model, in which three geochemical regions were identified, and their chemical behavior was modeled. The characteristic chemicals, changing from the recharge area to the center of the basin, are: SiO2—(HCO3− and Ca2+)—(Na+, CO32−, and SO42−). The distribution of the chemicals is interpreted as controlled by different water–rock interaction processes in the different regions. In the recharge area, dissolution of alkali–feldspar minerals in the sandstone is the main reaction observed; in the mid-section of the basin, calcite dissolution results in high calcium and bicarbonate concentration; in the center of the basin, leakage from underlying layers becomes the governing factor.  相似文献   

5.
2012年6月30日新源-和静Ms6.6地震前后,新疆北天山地区的泥火山及温泉出现了明显的水化学异常。在地震前后4天内,采集了两批泥火山和温泉水样品,测定了泥火山和温泉水样的水化学参数。资料表明,泥火山喷溢水属于低温、弱碱性咸水或盐水,水化类型为CI-Na,来源于储存在封闭构造中并与干旱海相、河湖相沉围岩发生了漫长而复杂水岩作用的大气降水。温泉水为中温、弱碱性SO4·CI-Na型淡水,形成于地表水沿断裂深循环过程中的水岩作用。安集海泥火山出现同震喷溢,震后泥水温度(T)、总矿化度(TDS)、K+、Na+及Ca2+大幅上升;独山子、白杨沟及AM02泥火山为震前喷溢,独山子、白杨沟泥火山表现为T.TDS、EC、Na+、CI的升高和K+、Ca2+、Mg2+的降低;AM02泥火山K+、Mg+明显降低,Ca2+上升达223%。震后沙湾25号泉T降低7℃, TDS、电导率(EC)、K+、Na+、 Ca2+、 .Mg2+、CI-及$SO_{4}^{2-}$升高。研究结果可用于北天山地区的地震趋势分析和改进利用各泥火山、温泉进行北天山地区地震活动性监测的水化学方法。  相似文献   

6.
The coupled spatial investigation of the geometrical and geochemical properties of a chalk karstic aquifer provides information on the degree to which geologic structure controls aquifer functioning and groundwater quality. Major ion concentrations in the chalk aquifer of the Haute-Normandie region (France) were measured at a high spatial resolution (more than 100 sampling sites over a 6000 km2 area) and mapped. The first observation is a continuity of the geochemical properties, in spite of the karstic properties of the aquifer principal components analysis of geochemical maps revealed two types of spatial distributions: ions with an autochthonous origin (Ca2+, HCO3), and ions with a principally allochthonous origin (Cl−, Na+, , ). Mg2+ was categorised as both autochthonous (chalk dissolution) and allochthonous (brought in by infiltration of Tertiary deposits). To better understand the spatial distribution of the geochemistry, the aquifer geochemistry was compared to the physical properties of the aquifer, in particular aquifer thickness (representing aquifer geometry) and piezometric level (representing aquifer flow). Use of spatial correlation between the geochemical and the geometrical properties provided insight regarding the directional structure of the data and give evidence of directional relations between geochemical and geometrical properties. The degree of mineralisation (principally composed of Ca2+ and ions) increased along the direction of flow, corresponding to an increase in chalk dissolution rate along the flowpath. The steepest mineralisation gradients were related to an increase in the Mg/Ca ratio, evidence of longer residence times and corresponding to zones where aquifer flow capacity is limited because of a decrease of the thickness of the flow section (anticlines or faults). These results highlight the dominant role played by the geometry and the structural context in controlling aquifer geochemistry.  相似文献   

7.
Josep Pi  ol  Anna   vila  Ferran Rod 《Journal of Hydrology》1992,140(1-4):119-141
Streamwater chemistry is described for three streams draining undisturbed, evergreen broad-leaved forested catchments on phyllites in NE Spain: two streams with no or negligible flow in summer are located in the Prades massif, and one perennial stream is in the wetter Montseny mountains. Weekly data for a study period of 2–4 years are provided to (1) describe the seasonal variations in streamwater chemistry, (2) analyse the relationship between stream discharge and solute concentrations using a two-component mixing model and (3) search for patterns of temporal variation in stream solute concentrations after discounting the effects of discharge. At Prades, concentrations of all analysed ions, except NO−3, showed marked seasonal variations in stream water, whereas at Montseny only ions related to mineral weathering (HCO−3, Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) showed strong seasonality. Ion concentrations were more closely dependent on instantaneous discharge at Montseny than at Prades. The residuals of the relationship between solute concentrations and discharge retained a strong seasonality at Prades, but not at Montseny. These differences are related to the major hydrochemical processes that determine the streamwater chemistry at each site. The same processes are probably operative in the three catchments, but are of varying relative importance. At Montseny, the mixing of waters of different chemical composition seems to be the major process controlling streamwater chemistry, although the soilwater end-member composition predicted by the mixing model applied did not match the measured soilwater chemistry. In the drier Prades catchments, the two major hydrochemical processes determining the seasonal variation of streamwater chemistry are (1) the restart of flow after the summer drought, which flushes out the solutes accumulated during the dry period, and (2) the seasonal changes in groundwater chemistry that result from the interplay of water residence time, temperature and CO2 partial pressure. In Mediterranean catchments with relatively high precipitation, such as Montseny, the seasonal variation in the streamwater chemistry is largely determined by the same processes as at humid-temperate sites, whereas in drier Mediterranean catchments, such as Prades, the major hydrochemical processes are clearly distinct.  相似文献   

8.
Regional behaviour of the groundwater flow system in the Cochabamba Valley, Bolivia, is evaluated through the interpretation of tritium (3H) distributions in groundwater samples from wells and springs. In order to interpret groundwater 3H concentrations in Cochabamba Valley, where no historical record of 3H concentrations in rainfall exists, a reconstructed 3H precipitation record is developed. The record of 3H concentrations in precipitation is fairly extensive in the Amazon Basin and this record was extrapolated to the neighbouring Cochabamba Valley. Tritium concentrations in rainfall have been observed to increase under natural conditions with increasing latitude and with increasing distance from the ocean. By considering these trends, a linear relationship for increasing 3H concentration in precipitation is developed, based on data from the Amazon Basin, that realistically predicts regional 3H distributions from the northeast Brazilian coast to Cuzco, Peru. This 3H precipitation record is then extrapolated to the Cochabamba Valley and, after correction for radiogenic decay, is used to interpret trends in groundwater 3H concentrations within the valley.

The groundwater flow system in one of the principal alluvial fans, which serves as an important groundwater resource for the city, is studied in detail. Tritium concentrations drop from approximately 8–10 tritium units (TU) in the recharge area to concentrations below the detection limit of 0.8 TU further out in the valley. Groundwater velocities of approximately 0.3 to 0.9 m d−1 are estimated from distributions of groundwater 3H concentrations along the alluvial fan with the use of the reconstructed precipitation 3H record. Regional characteristics of the groundwater flow system are discussed with respect to future development and protection of the groundwater resources.  相似文献   


9.
To investigate the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater 23 shallow, 30 intermediate and 38 deep wells samples were collected from Sylhet district of Bangladesh, and analyzed for temperature, pH, Eh, EC,DO, DOC, Na^+, K^+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl^-, SO_42-, NO_3^-,HCO_3^-, SiO_2^-, Fe, Mn and As. Besides, 12 surface water samples from Surma and Kushiyara Rivers were also collected and analyzed to understand the influence into aquifers. Results revealed that, most of the groundwater samples are acidic in nature, and Na–HCO_3 is the dominant groundwater type. The mean value of temperature, EC,Na^+, K^+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl^-, NO_3^- and SO_42- were found within the range of permissible limits, while most of the samples exceeds the allowable limits of Fe, Mn and As concentrations. However, relatively higher concentration of Fe and Mn were found in deep water samples and reverse trend was found in case of As. The mean concentrations of As in shallow, intermediate and deep wells were 39.3, 25.3and 21.4 lg/L respectively, which varied from 0.03 to148 lg/L. From spatial distribution, it was found that Fe,Mn and As concentrations are high but patchy in northern,north-western, and south-western part of Sylhet region. The most influential geochemical process in study area were identified as silicate weathering, characterized by active cation exchange process and carbonate weathering, which thereby can enhance the elemental concentrations in groundwater. Pearson's correlation matrix, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were also employed to evaluate the controlling factors, and it was found that, both natural and anthropogenic sources were influencing the groundwater chemistry of the aquifers. However, surface water has no significant role to contaminate the aquifers,rather geogenic factors affecting the trace elemental contamination. Thus it is expected that, outcomes of this study will provide useful insights for future groundwater monitoring and management of the study area.  相似文献   

10.
Tracing groundwater flow in the Borden aquifer using krypton-85   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
Krypton-85 was measured in air, soil gas, and ground water at the Borden aquifer in Ontario in October 1989. The measured specific activities in air and soil gas were 52.0 ± 2.0 and 53.6 ± 1.8 disintegrations per min (dpm) cm−3 krypton. These measurements are in excellent agreement with the global atmospheric trend and demonstrate that krypton-85 enters the water table at the Borden site without a lag in the soil gas reservoir. The krypton-85 specific activity in five groundwater samples ranged from 44.9 to 9.5 dpm cm−3 corresponding to groundwater ages of 2–17 years with a monotonic decrease in specific activity (increase in age) along the groundwater flow path. Travel times calculated from a two-dimensional steady-state model of groundwater flow agree well with the krypton-85 ages in the main recharge region of the aquifer where flow is predominantly vertical, but were 30–40% older than the krypton-85 age downstream of the main recharge area where the flow is mainly horizontal. The effect of dispersion on the distribution of krypton-85 was determined by modelling the transport of krypton-85 in the Borden aquifer with a two-dimensional time-dependent advection dispersion model using the steady-state flow field. Agreement between model specific activity and observed specific activity was excellent for samples in the main recharge region, but the model specific activities were 30–50% lower than observed specific activities in the region of horizontal flow. The differences in travel times and krypton-85 ages and in model krypton-85 and observed krypton-85 specific activities are considered to be small given the heterogeneities that exist in the hydraulic conductivity and aquifer geometry and hence in the groundwater flow field. The model simulated krypton-85 distribution was not sensitive to changes in longitudinal dispersivity and was only weakly sensitive to changes in transverse dispersivity. The geochemical inertness, well-defined source function, and insensitivity to dispersion of krypton-85 allow estimates of groundwater age to be made in a straightforward manner and measurement of krypton-85 can significantly enhance the characterization of groundwater flow in many shallow subsurface systems.  相似文献   

11.
In the first part of this paper, the impact of forestry, agriculture and urban activities on the quality of surface water is analysed. Daily data from 15 forest and agricultural experimental catchments of the Institute of Hydrology, Slovak Academy of Sciences are used. It is shown, that the nitrate concentrations in surface water have decreased in Slovakia since 1989 as a result of decreased use of inorganic nitrogen fertilisers (lower intensity of agricultural production in Slovakia owing to recent economic changes). The annual nitrate specific load varies from 5.90 to 110 kg ha−1 year−1, the annual sulphate load varied from 29.16 to 509.60 kg ha−1 year−1 and the annual phosphate load varied from 0.0098 to 0.0224 kg ha−1 year−1 during 1990–1992.

In the second part, a two-step method of three-component hydrograph separation of rain-, soil- and groundwater is proposed. The method is used in the Manelo-Gribov microbasin (O.95 km2) in Eastern Slovakia. The annual contribution of surface runoff in total runoff volume was 57.5%, the contribution of interflow runoff was 21.1%, and the contribution of groundwater was 21.4%, during the period from 1 August to 31 July 1992. A deterministic regression model for predicting daily nitrate concentrations from values of stream daily discharge and flow component data was developed. A set of 1421 modelled NO3−1 data was compared with the set of measured data.  相似文献   


12.
This paper addresses the distribution, origin and controls upon nitrate in a 30-km2 area of the Interior Great Plains Region of southern Alberta, Canada. High concentrations of nitrate (> 100 mg l−1 NO−3-N) occurred in several isolated enclaves below the water table in brown weathered till. Nitrate concentrations of over 300 mg l−1-N were encountered in groundwater samples collected from these enclaves. Low nitrate concentrations (< 1.1 mg l−1 NO−3-N) were also encountered in the weathered till upgradient and downgradient of the nitrate enclaves. Groundwater samples collected from the underlying grey nonweathered till and bedrock had NO−3-N concentrations of < 1.1 mg l−1.

Through the application of geochemical (NO−3-N and NH+4-N) studies, environmental isotope studies (tritium), microbial analyses (nitrifiers) and laboratory experiments, it was shown that the high nitrates found in the weathered till are the result of the oxidation of ammonium present within the tills. It is postulated that this oxidation occurred during the Holocene epoch when water tables were much lower than present-day levels (5–18 m, and 2 m below ground, respectively).

Through the use of Eh measurements, the enumeration of denitrifying bacteria and laboratory experiments, the potential for denitrification was shown to exist below the present-day water table in the weathered till as well as in the nonweathered till and bedrock. Isotopic data showed that less denitrification may be occurring within the nitrate enclaves than in adjacent downgradient areas.  相似文献   


13.
This paper describes the preliminary evaluation of the PSYCHIC catchment scale (Tier 1) model for predicting the mobilisation and delivery of phosphorus (P) and suspended sediment (SS) in the Hampshire Avon (1715 km2) and Herefordshire Wye (4017 km2) drainage basins, in the UK, using empirical data. Phosphorus and SS transfers to watercourses in the Wye were predicted to be greater than corresponding delivery in the Avon; SS, 249 vs 33 kg ha−1 yr−1; DP, 2.57 vs 1.26 kg ha−1 yr−1; PP, 2.20 vs 0.56 kg ha−1 yr−1. The spatial pattern of the predicted transfers was relatively uniform across the Wye drainage basin, whilst in the Avon, delivery to watercourses was largely confined to the river corridors and small areas of drained land. Statistical performance in relation to predicted exports of P and SS, using criteria for relative error (RE) and root mean square error (RMSE), reflected the potential shortcomings associated with using longer-term climate data for predicting shorter-term (2002–2004) catchment response and the need to refine calculations of point source contributions and to incorporate additional river basin processes such as channel bank erosion and in-stream geochemical processing. PSYCHIC is therefore best suited to characterising longer-term catchment response.  相似文献   

14.
Hydrobiogeochemical processes controlling stream water chemistry were examined in four small (<5 km2) catchments having contrasting bedrock lithologies in the western Sierra Nevada foothills of California. The Mediterranean climate with its cool/wet and hot/dry cycle produces strong seasonal patterns in hydrological, biological and geochemical processes. Stream water solutes fall into three general groups according to seasonal fluctuation in concentration: strong, rainy season minimum–dry season maximum (Cl−, SO42−, base cations); weak, rainy season minimum–dry season maximum (Si); and rainy season maximum–dry season minimum (NO3− and K+). Solute dynamics in soil solutions and stream water suggest that mixing of drainage waters from bedrock and soil sources regulate stream water solute concentrations. Patterns are further altered by the leaching of solutes accumulated in the soil over the summer period of desiccation and the temporal discoupling of nutrient cycles that occurs due to differences in the timing between vegetation growth (late spring) and leaching (early winter). Solute concentrations are remarkably similar between watersheds with varying bedrock types, with the exception of nitrate, sulfate and bicarbonate. Three watersheds have nitrogen-bearing metasedimentary bedrock that contributes to elevated nitrate concentrations in stream waters. Watersheds whose bedrock includes mineralized veins of sulfide and carbonate minerals similarly have greater sulfate and bicarbonate concentrations in stream water. Hydrobiogeochemical processes are highly dynamic at the seasonal and storm-event temporal scales and spatially complex at the watershed scale making management of stream water chemical composition, such as nitrate concentrations, very challenging.  相似文献   

15.
S. V. Panno  W. R. Kelly   《Journal of Hydrology》2004,290(3-4):229-242
This investigation was designed to estimate the mass loading of nitrate (NO3−) and herbicides in spring water discharging from groundwater basins in an agriculturally dominated, mantled karst terrain. The loading was normalized to land use and NO3− and herbicide losses were compared to estimated losses in other agricultural areas of the Midwestern USA. Our study area consisted of two large karst springs that drain two adjoining groundwater basins (total area of 37.7 km2) in southwestern Illinois' sinkhole plain, USA. The springs and stream that they form were monitored for almost 2 years. Nitrate–nitrogen (NO3–N) concentrations at three monitoring sites were almost always above the background concentration (1.9 mg/l). NO3–N concentrations at the two springs ranged from 1.08 to 6.08 with a median concentration of 3.61 mg/l. Atrazine and alachlor concentrations ranged from <0.01 to 34 μg/l and <0.01 to 0.98 μg/l, respectively, with median concentrations of 0.48 and 0.12 μg/l, respectively. Approximately 100,000 kg/yr of NO3–N, 39 kg/yr of atrazine, and 2.8 kg/yr of alachlor were discharged from the two springs. Slightly more than half of the discharged NO3− came from background sources and most of the remainder probably came from fertilizer. This represents a 21–31% loss of fertilizer N from the groundwater basins. The pesticide losses were 3.8–5.8% of the applied atrazine, and 0.05–0.08% of the applied alachlor. The loss of atrazine adsorbed to the suspended solid fraction was about 2 kg/yr, only about 5% of the total mass of atrazine discharged from the springs.  相似文献   

16.
Individual based simulations of population dynamics require the availability of growth models with adequate complexity. For this purpose a simple-to-use model (non-linear multiple regression approach) is presented describing somatic growth and reproduction of Daphnia as a function of time, temperature and food quantity. The model showed a good agreement with published observations of somatic growth (r2 = 0.954, n = 88) and egg production (r2 = 0.898, n = 35). Temperature is the main determinant of initial somatic growth and food concentration is the main determinant of maximal body length and clutch size. An individual based simulation was used to demonstrate the simultaneous effects of food and temperature on the population level. Evidently, both temperature and food supply affected the population growth rate but at food concentrations above approximately 0.4 mg Cl−1 Scenedesmus acutus temperature appeared as the main determinant of population growth.

Four simulation examples are given to show the wide applicability of the model: (1) analysis of the correlation between population birth rate and somatic growth rate, (2) contribution of egg development time and delayed somatic growth to temperature-effects on population growth, (3) comparison of population birth rate in simulations with constant vs. decreasing size at maturity with declining food concentrations and (4) costs of diel vertical migration. Due to its plausible behaviour over a broad range of temperature (2–20 °C) and food conditions (0.1–4 mg Cl−1) the model can be used as a module for more detailed simulations of Daphnia population dynamics under realistic environmental conditions.  相似文献   


17.
Groundwater recharge and palaeoclimate in the Sirte and Kufra basins, Libya   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Stable and radio-isotope results (C, H, O) for groundwaters from the Sirte and northern Kufra basins are used to determine the recharge history during the Holocene and late Pleistocene. Radiocarbon ages have been corrected on the basis of their stable carbon isotope ratios and on environmental samples from the areas, and two groups may be recognised: (1) low 14C activity groundwaters (13000–34000 yr. BP) with δ 13C-5.6 to −11.7‰; and (2) higher 14C activity groundwaters (5000–7800 yr. BP) enriched in 13C up to δ 13C = −3.2‰. There is a general correlation of age with depth.

A well defined freshwater (< 50 mg/l Cl−) channel can be traced within the aquifer for some 130 km through the region, which is considered to represent recharge from a former wadi. This water with an age of ± 7800 yr. BP is chemically and isotopically distinct from the regional groundwaters and provides direct evidence of a significant recharge event during the Holocene.

The stable isotope (O and H) composition of groundwater from the Kufra and Sirte basins are all related by an evaporative line with slope δ D = 4.5δ 13O − 35 with an intercept on the meteoric line of -11‰. This suggests a recharge source continuing into the Holocene from air masses, analogous to current heavy monsoon rain derived from south of the Sahara. The spatial and temporal distribution of groundwaters in relation to the evaporative line suggests a progressive change in character of the recharge which is controlled by a shift towards strongly convective rainfall during the Holocene.

The direct hydrogeological and geochemical evidence supports climatic models proposed by several workers in which discrete humid episodes during the Holocene are inferred.  相似文献   


18.
The hydrological influence of fault zones in tectonic areas is usually difficult to depict from field data. Numerical simulation allows representation of such flow systems and an estimation of flow lines and rates. This paper reports on simulations of the groundwater flow in a range‐and‐basin area affected by a regional fault zone, which may drain or recharge an overlaying alluvial aquifer. Different hydraulic conductivity values for the range rocks, the fault‐zone, and the sedimentary infill of the basin are considered, as well as different fault‐zone widths and boundary conditions. Results show that upward and downward fluxes develop in the upper part of the fault zone, controlled by the action of the alluvial aquifer, influencing the recharge of the sedimentary basin. This paper shows the hydrological efficiency of fault zones as preferential flow; it also analyses the constraints that determine groundwater recharge to the surrounding basins. These results contribute to the understanding of hydrogeological dynamics in tectonic areas. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

19.
Water-budget components and the vertical conductance were determined for Lowry (Sand Hill) Lake in north-central Florida, USA. In this type of lake, which interacts with both the surface-water and groundwater systems, the inflow components are precipitation, surface-water inflow, groundwater inflow, and direct runoff (i.e. overland flow), and the outflow components are evaporation, groundwater outflow, and surface-water outflow. In a lake and groundwater system that is typical of many karst lakes in Florida, a large part of the groundwater outflow occurs by means of vertical leakage through an underlying confining unit to a deeper, highly transmissive aquifer called the upper Floridan aquifer. The water-budget component that represents vertical leakage to the upper Floridan aquifer was calculated as a residual using the water-budget equation. For the 13 month period from August 1994 to August 1995, relative to the surface area of the lake, rainfall at Lowry Lake was 1.55 m yr−1, surficial aquifer inflow was 0.79 m yr−1, surface-water inflow was 1.92 m yr−1, and direct runoff was 0.01 m yr−1. Lake evaporation was 1.11 m yr−1, and surface-water outflow was 1.61 m yr−1. The lake stage increased 0.07 m yr−1, and the vertical leakage to the upper Floridan aquifer was 1.48 m yr−1. Surficial aquifer outflow from the lake was negligible. At Lowry Lake, vertical leakage is a major component of the water budget, comprising about 35% of the outflow during the study period. The vertical conductance (KV/b), a coefficient that represents the average of the vertical conductances of the hydrogeologic units between the bottom of a lake and the top of the upper Floridan aquifer, was determined to be 2.51 × 10−4 day−1 for Lowry Lake.  相似文献   

20.
共和盆地恰卜恰地热区现今地热特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文
恰卜恰地热区位于青海共和盆地的东北部,是我国重要的具有干热岩地热资源勘探开发潜力的地区之一.自2013年起,不同的研究者针对该区开展了大量地球物理探测工作,然而现今地热场的研究相对较少.本文基于4口干热岩钻孔的稳态测温资料和81块岩芯样品的热导率测试数据,计算了研究区4个大地热流值.研究结果表明：研究区基底花岗岩层现今地温梯度为39.0~45.2℃·km-1,平均值为41.3℃·km-1,大地热流值介于93.3~111.0 mW·m-2之间,平均值为102.2 mW·m-2,与我国主要的克拉通型盆地（如柴达木盆地、四川盆地和鄂尔多斯盆地）和新生代裂谷型盆地（如渤海湾盆地）相比,该区属于青藏高原高热流背景下的局部异常高地温梯度和高大地热流区.分析认为,研究区高地热异常可能暗示共和盆地浅部（20 km以浅）存在局部异常热源体（岩浆囊）.  相似文献   

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