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1.
深水牵引流形成的床形单元组合   总被引:10,自引:2,他引:8       下载免费PDF全文
海底上发育深水牵引流形成的各种床形单元,包括等深岩丘及大型沉积物波在内的不同床形单元有规律地组合在一起,对于此类床形组合的确切形成机理,目前仍在探讨之中。本文经详细研究得出以下几点进展:① 运用内波理论可对海底上大型沉积物波各组成单元的成因作出较为合理的解释,向深海方向传播的内波可形成向上坡方向迁移的大型沉积物波;② 在等深流与上覆低密度水体之间的界面上具备产生大规模界面内波的条件;③ 某些底流成因的床形单元组合属于等深流与等深流所引发内波的联合作用的产物,首次提出了等深流-内波沉积组合的概念;④ 在现代海底上及古代地层记录中均发现了等深流-内波沉积组合的实例;⑤ 建立了一个古代地层记录中的深水牵引流沉积组合综合模式。  相似文献   

2.
等深流与重力流在深水环境中较为常见,两者在地质历史时期中可存在相互作用进而形成交互作用沉积。结合近20年研究成果,对深水等深流与重力流交互作用的沉积类型、鉴别标志、形成机理及地质意义进行了总结。1)等深流与重力流交互作用沉积可分为等深流与重力流沉积互层、等深流改造重力流及等深流与重力流同时作用沉积。2)等深流沉积和重力流沉积的有效鉴别是等深流与重力流沉积互层沉积研究的前提。3)等深流改造重力流沉积发育重力流和牵引流沉积构造,双向交错层理最为典型;常具顺斜坡向下及大致平行斜坡的两个水流方向;概率累积曲线呈1~3段式等特征。4)等深流与重力流同时作用沉积主要发育单向迁移水道、不对称的水道—堤岸体系及偏转型朵叶。5)交互作用形成过程主要受等深流与重力流相对能量大小的影响。当重力流活跃时,发育重力流沉积,在重力流末期及间歇期,等深流沉积发育,进而形成重力流与等深流沉积互层。等深流能量较强时,可改造重力流沉积,形成等深流改造重力流沉积。高能等深流在重力流能量较弱时,可对重力流沉积物进行横向搬运,形成迁移水道、不对称水道—堤岸体系及偏转型朵叶。6)主要问题及下一步的主攻方向主要包括四个方面:①重视综合研究,增加实例分析;②完善鉴别标志,推广研究成果;③多方法、多尺度、多条件、多维度综合探讨交互作用沉积过程及主控因素;④加强油气勘探潜力、古环境演化及地质灾害预防等方面的研究。  相似文献   

3.
等深流沉积研究进展   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
李华  何幼斌 《沉积学报》2017,35(2):228-240
等深流沉积研究已有约50年的历史,其研究成果极为丰富。近10余年,随着科学技术的发展和海洋意识的提高,等深流沉积研究工作开展迅速,涌现出了大量的新成果。简要回顾了等深流沉积研究的历程,结合最新研究成果,对其进展及认识进行了总结。等深流沉积以细粒沉积为主,沉积构造及生物扰动发育,多呈细-粗-细沉积序列。其类型可分为长条形丘状漂积体、水道型漂积体、补丁型漂积体等7类。沉积模式根据地形、水动力、路径等可分为简单路径模式、复杂路径模式以及等深流与重力流交互作用模式。等深流与重力流交互作用是深水沉积研究热点之一。等深流沉积研究面临的问题及发展方向主要有三方面,即,1)完善识别标志,推广研究成果;2)综合运用多种手段和理论,探讨沉积过程与构造演化、古海洋及气候变化的耦合关系;3)加大油气勘探潜力研究力度。  相似文献   

4.
鄂尔多斯盆地南缘奥陶系平凉组等深流沉积*   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0       下载免费PDF全文
鄂尔多斯盆地南缘奥陶系平凉组发育石灰岩、泥岩和砂岩,夹放射虫硅岩及凝灰岩,深水原地沉积、重力流沉积及等深流沉积发育。等深流沉积主要为砾屑、砂屑、粉屑、灰泥及粉砂—砂质等深积岩。粉屑等深积岩顶部发育波痕及生物扰动,波痕不对称,迁移方向明显,波长1~5,cm,波高0.2~0.5,cm。等深流沉积具有灰泥等深积岩、粉屑等深积岩、砂屑等深积岩及砾屑等深积岩叠置组成的完整及不完整的细—粗—细沉积层序,厚度几毫米至数厘米。该层序既可由多层叠置而成,也可由单层组成或在相邻泥质纹层或缝合线之间直接出现,并存在向上变粗的逆递变和向上变细的正递变厚度不对称特征。等深流从东向西,大致平行于斜坡运动。平凉组下部发育深水原地沉积和重力流沉积,上部则发育深水原地沉积和等深流沉积。等深流沉积主要受构造运动、相对海平面升降、古地貌、流体能量及运动路径的影响。  相似文献   

5.
等深流作用机制和沉积的研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
等深流是大洋环境非常重要的动力学机制,其沉积蕴含了重要的古海洋学和古气候信息,对其进行解析是近些年国际海洋学、气候学的研究热点。等深流是顺陆坡走向流动的牵引流,其侵蚀—沉积效应取决于陆坡地貌、气候旋回等多种因素,认识等深流侵蚀—沉积的动力学规律是学术界关注的焦点之一,也具有重要的油气经济意义。探究等深流沉积的新类型、等深流沉积的形态和叠加—迁移型式,以及它们发育的背景和控制因素,也是近些年学术界和工业界关注的热点。确定等深流作用机制及其沉积响应的研究脉络,对凝聚研究方向和确定科研目标至关重要。  相似文献   

6.
内波、内潮汐沉积和复合流沉积是二十余年来在古代深水环境中新发现的一种具牵引流性质的沉积相类型,由于地层沉积记录十分有限,制约了深水底流沉积的沉积学研究。大比例尺实测地质剖面和精细露头测量表明,底流沉积发育于凭祥盆地深水沉积之中,通过对其沉积构造精细剖析和古水流测量,识别出内波、内潮汐沉积和复合流沉积,其中内波、内潮汐沉积以双向交错层理、单向交错层理、透镜状层理为特征,复合流沉积以复合流层理、丘状交错层理和较陡的爬升波纹层理为特征,进一步表明存在浊流和底流的交互作用,为古代地层中的深水底流沉积提供了又一研究实例。  相似文献   

7.
沉积物重力流的研究随着深海、深湖环境油气资源的勘探成为现阶段沉积学领域研究的重点课题之一。沉积重力流的分类与命名已不断的完善与细化,浊流与碎屑流成为沉积物重力流的研究重点,沉积学者依据其流态特征、流变学特征、流体浓度与支撑机理对两者进行区分。重力流的的研究手段从野外观察到室内水槽实验,再到区域地震识别。沉积模式从单一浊流形成的"浊积扇"到多种流体相作用的"深海扇"或"海底扇"转变。由于沉积物重力流的控制因素较多,因此在重力流的概念、分类与成因上依然存在许多争议。水槽实验的不断发展,成为沉积物重力流的研究的主要途径,但实验模拟依旧存在很多问题,需不断完善水槽实验的限定因素与控制参量。  相似文献   

8.
深水牵引流沉积的研究历程、现状与前景   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
深水牵引流沉积研究,是沉积学研究中一个较新的领域。在这个领域中,我国学者做出了应有的贡献,并且具有自己的特色和优势。目前研究的深水牵引流沉积,一是等深流沉积,二是内波、内潮汐沉积。等深流沉积研究开始于20世纪60年代,早期主要是对小规模的细粒薄层等深流沉积的研究,而现在已发展到对大规模等深流沉积体--等深岩丘的研究。内波内潮汐沉积研究始于20世纪90年代,也是从小规模内波、内潮汐沉积的鉴别开始,现在已达到研究深海大型沉积物波的阶段。今后等深流沉积研究的主攻方向,应是地层记录中的等深岩丘,并特别注意碎屑岩等深岩丘的发现和研究。内波、内潮汐沉积方面,最有矿产意义的当属由大型沉积物波构建的地质体。而首例地层记录中的大型沉积物波,已在塔里木盆地中部奥陶系中被鉴别出来,并具有含油气远景。从目前对内波、内潮汐的研究势头来看,我国很有希望在该领域继续保持国际领先地位。  相似文献   

9.
深水复合流沉积研究近年来尚处于起步阶段,发现新的实例并探讨复合流沉积构造对环境的指示作用具有重要意义。鄂尔多斯盆地西缘北部内蒙古桌子山地区上奥陶统拉什仲组以深水斜坡至盆地环境下浊流沉积为主,兼有等深流沉积和内波、内潮汐沉积,沉积时具有复杂的水动力条件。在详细的野外观察和测量的基础上,结合已有水槽实验和相关实例的研究成果,对拉什仲组有关复合流沉积构造进行了详细研究。在深水沉积环境中发现了典型的复合流沉积构造,包括复合流层理、准平行层理和小型似丘状交错层理。垂向上可归纳为6种沉积构造序列,分别为:(a)正粒序层—浪成波纹层理—复合流层理;(b)准平行层理—正粒序层—复合流层理;(c)正粒序层—准平行层理;(d)准平行层理—双向交错层理—小型似丘状交错层理;(e)黏土岩中的叠置小型似丘状交错层理和(f)黏土岩中的复合流层理。结合拉什仲组沉积环境和沉积类型,复合流沉积可能为深水环境下浊流、等深流和内波流交互作用形成,依据流体与海底地形的作用,可划分为浊流抑制区(序列a和b)、强交互区(序列c)、内波作用区(序列d)和弱交互区(序列e和f)。该研究对于在地层记录中研究内波、内潮汐与海底地形作用和有关沉积相带划分具有重要意义。  相似文献   

10.
等深流沉积是深水环境中牵引流沉积的重要类型之一。虽然研究程度相对较高,但主要以深海测量和大洋钻探为平 台对现代海洋中的等深流进行研究,特别是大洋钻探339航次的执行,将等深流沉积研究推向一个新的阶段(等深岩丘结 构剖析),而对地层记录中的等深流沉积研究却非常薄弱,从而也制约了对等深流沉积的研究,特别是等深流沉积模式的建 立。鄂尔多斯盆地西缘北部桌子山地区中奥陶统达瑞威尔阶克里摩里组广泛发育等深流沉积,此次在详细的野外观察基础 上,对内蒙古乌海市海南区石峡谷剖面进行沉积学研究,该剖面克里摩里组从下到上可分为三段:下段以薄-中层叠置石 灰岩为特征、中段以石灰岩-泥岩岩组与泥岩互层为特征,上段以条纹状泥岩为特征。三段沉积分别代表了深水环境下等 深流水道沉积、天然堤沉积和深水盆地平原区极弱等深流沉积,在垂向上组成了一个完整的等深流水下水道-天然堤沉积 体系。  相似文献   

11.
李向东  陈海燕 《地球科学》2020,45(4):1266-1280
为缩小等深流沉积研究中的现代海洋研究与地层记录研究之间的不平衡和探索中-晚奥陶世鄂尔多斯盆地西缘大洋环流体系在海相深水油气勘探中的意义,在详细的野外观测的基础上,对有关沉积构造进行了古水流和流体动力学分析.结果表明:(1)非水道环境下约有1/3的小型交错层理古水流方向与区域斜坡方向垂直;(2)水道环境下普遍发育双向递变沉积构造,包括平行层(沙纹层)-均匀层-平行层(沙纹层)、条纹条带和双向粒序层3种类型.上述特征可解释为深水斜坡环境下的等深流沉积,并识别出非水道型和水道型2类,后者又分为部分改造型和完全改造型2亚类.   相似文献   

12.

Experimental data have shown that the cyclonic circulation in the Middle Caspian is a seasonal contour current surrounding the Middle Caspian megabasin along the slope during the cold half of the year. This current and the enormous influx of suspended particulate matter on the western slope of the Middle Caspian Basin provide conditions for the formation of contourites near the slope foot. In addition, the joint action of the contour current and slope gravity flows led to the formation of specific accumulative structures, sedimentary waves, on the western slope of the Middle Caspian.

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13.
鄂尔多斯盆地西缘桌子山地区中奥陶统克里摩里组下段以深灰色薄—中层石灰岩夹灰黑色极薄层泥岩为特征,石灰岩单层略显透镜状且基本未受后期成岩作用改造,其中石峡谷剖面垂向上特征变化明显,是研究该组沉积过程的理想剖面。本次研究在详细的野外观察基础上,依据岩石特征和沉积构造进一步确认克里摩里组深水斜坡沉积背景和等深流沉积,同时详细研究了薄—中层石灰岩的充填特征和形态特征,探讨其水动力特征和沉积机制。结果表明: (1)在粉晶石灰岩和灰泥石灰岩中,晶粒呈散点状分布,粉晶之间为灰泥充填,同时岩层内部具有不均一性,粗粉晶、细粉晶和灰泥呈相间分布;(2)石灰岩主要发育和单层内粒度(方解石晶粒)变化有关的沉积构造,包括具有双向递变特征的粒序层、条带状构造和水平层—均匀层—水平层序列;(3)石灰岩层中透镜体发育,包括薄层中的小型连续透镜体、中层(一般小于30cm)中的长透镜体以及由多个石灰岩层组成的透镜体,后者侧向上尖灭于页岩或地形高处,其内部单个岩层可呈对称性尖灭;(4)剖面上发育单层石灰岩厚度向上变薄的垂向序列以及由该序列组成的石灰岩叠置层。结合已有研究成果认为: 克里摩里组下段薄—中层石灰岩沉积于深水底流发育环境,其水动力具有低速、弱—强—弱周期变化和空间上受限的特征,应为等深流水道沉积,其沉积机制可分为3个阶段,即等深流作用前的清水钙质沉积、等深流作用期间对沉积物的改造和等深流作用后的浑水泥质沉积。  相似文献   

14.
The sands and gravels form part of a once more continuous succession comprising parts of three delta lobes which advanced into a deepening pro-glacial lake. Normal delta construction was accompanied by sporadic rapid mass movement of coarse sediment. This generated turbidity currents which gouged and filled remarkable channels. The deposits are cut by a very large number of normal faults which bear a strike relationship to the bedding showing they were produced by down-dip extension of the beds as a result of slope instability. The consistently southwesterly current directions, deduced from various sedimentary structures, and the constant strike orientation of faults together show that the mounds cannot be ice-contact features as was previously widely believed. The external form of the deposits is related more to subsequent erosion than to their original mode of formation.  相似文献   

15.
Review of the criteria which have been proposed for distinguishing between the deposits of turbidity currents and bottom currents in deep water sedimentation shows no general agreement on their validity. It is important to compare finegrained turbidites and contourites, to recognize that different turbidity current and bottom current mechanisms exist, and that their deposits may be closely inter-bedded in a continental rise environment. Interbedded turbidites and contourites have been recognized in cores from the deep-water margin off Nova Scotia. The most useful criteria for distinguishing between the two deposits were found to be: (1) fining and sorting trends: perpendicular or parallel to the contours; (2) marked textural differences between interbedded turbidites and contourites indicating differences in source and transport distance; (3) mineralogy and textural composition: regional patterns indicating transport perpendicular or parallel to the contours; (4) grain fabric: indication of downslope or along-slope transport at the time of final deposition; (5) sedimentary structures: turbidites show a structural sequence and evidence of rapid burial; contourites are bioturbated and contain irregular lag concentrations of biogenic sand. Other criteria include grain-size parameters, and the regional setting, distribution and depositional rate of the various facies. With due care these criteria can be applied to other regions. Previously used characteristics of silt-laminae abundance, layer thickness, heavy mineral cross lamination, sorting, and the nature of bed contacts are not applicable to fine-grained turbidites and contourites. Compositional criteria depend on regional features.  相似文献   

16.
等深流与等深流沉积   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
综述了国内外学者对等深流及其沉积物的研究现状。全面介绍了等深流的概念、“深海风暴”的成因、现代海洋等深流的沉积作用、等深流沉积物的特征、等深积岩的识别以及研究意义和存在问题。  相似文献   

17.
孟加拉湾深海记录中的等深流活动特征及其环境意义初探   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
方念乔  陈萍等 《地球科学》2002,27(5):570-575
实地观测和对沉积记录的研究表明,孟加拉湾存在大的等深流活动。通过采自孟加拉深海东部和中部的3支活塞岩心的学积学研究表明,那些氧化色彩强烈,钼质生物壳体溶蚀严重,不存在粒序层理的粉砂质薄层实际上是等沉积作用的产物,源自两极的等深流是全球温盐循环系统的关键组分,它们的过去150ka的历史中曾经多次得到强化,不仅对研究区的环境变化产生重要影响,而且可能作为纽带,加强了低纬地区与极区在气候意义上的遥相关,等深流的强化与冰川旋顺之间似乎不存在密切关联,氧同位素第3,4,5期内均可发现明显的强化记录,关于强化的控制机制有待深入探讨。  相似文献   

18.
Contourites: Their recognition in modern and ancient sediments   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
D.A.V. Stow  J.P.B. Lovell 《Earth》1979,14(3):251-291
We suggest that publication of evidence that the continental rise of the western North Atlantic has been shaped by bottom currents flowing parallel to bathymetric contours (Heezen, Hollister and Ruddiman, 1966) marked the beginning of a revolution in sedimentology comparable to the turbidite revolution launched by Kuenen and Migliorini in their classical 1950 paper.Intensification of slow, thermohaline circulation on the western margins of the ocean basins leads to high-velocity, deep, boundary currents, capable of eroding, transporting and depositing fine-grained sediment. Long-period, direct current measurements suggest a complex, periodic flow for these currents, while bottom photographs indicate their influence on the sediment surface. Sediment ridges in the North Atlantic can be closely related to the deep-water circulation pattern. Other morphological features (ripples, furrows, waves), echogram characteristics, and the presence of well-developed nepheloid layers cannot be uniquely attributed to the action of bottom currents.Critical review of marine-based investigations reveals a lack of generally accepted criteria for the recognition of contourites on the basis of sediment character. We discuss the problems in establishing such criteria and recognize that: (a) a continuum may exist between dilute turbidity flows, bottom currents and hemipelagic settling; (b) interbedded turbidites, contourites and hemipelagites are common, especially in a rise environment; and (c) composition and other criteria may be only locally applicable. However, we can identify two main contourite groups, muddy contourites and sandy contourites, and have proposed new criteria for their recognition. Muddy contourites are generally bioturbated, have poorly defined bedding, and contain biogenic sand often concentrated into irregular layers. They may be texturally and compositionally distinct from interbedded turbidites, and have relatively high CaCO3 and organic carbon contents. Sandy contourites occur as thin, bioturbated, irregular lag-deposits, or as reworked tops of sandy turbidites. In the latter case they may be clean, well sorted, parallel- or cross-laminated, but show no offshore trends or vertical structural sequence. Grain orientation shows the bottom current direction, often superimposed upon the original turbidite fabric.Reveiw of land-based work shows that there is growing recognition of the need for a new concept to complement turbidity-current theory, but that there have been relatively few claims of firm contourite identification. Recognition of ancient contourites has been based either on the application of previous sedimentological criteria, or on an interpretation of the broader environmental framework. It is suggested that it is lack of suitable criteria for the identification of contourites rather than a true scarcity of these rocks that has led to such a restricted literature.Mindful of problems created by diagenesis, tectonic activity and the limited preservation potential of many diagnostic features of marine contourites, we do suggest criteria, and a procedure, for the recognition of contourites in land-based work. Sandy contourites of the reworked-turbidite variety may be the most easily recognised; the presence of bimodal palaeocurrent directions at about 90° is an important indicator of this type.The geological significance of contourites in palaeo-oceanographical, palaeogeographical and tectonic reconstructions is emphasised, especially in relation to work on passive (Atlantic-type) continental margins. We also refer to the possible economic significance of contourites as exploration for hydrocarbons moves into deeper waters.  相似文献   

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