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1.
以2008年6月9—10日江淮地区的锋面暴雨和2008年6月6—7日华南地区的暖区暴雨为例,采用模式试验的方法,研究了这2个不同地域不同类型的暴雨的模式可预报性的差异．控制试验的结果表明,2个地区的暴雨都可以用WRF模式得到较好的模拟再现．通过在控制试验的初始场上对温度场和风场添加高斯随机扰动误差构造敏感性集合成员,结果表明初始场的微小误差在24 h内使得华南暴雨与江淮暴雨的模拟结果都发生较大改变,但华南暴雨的误差增长快于江淮暴雨,导致华南暴雨模拟结果发生更大的改变．通过对集合离散度的分析表明,华南暴雨与江淮暴雨的离散度都随积分时间延长而不断增大,但华南暴雨的集合离散度增长更快,华南暴雨的集合离散度在模式各层上都远大于江淮暴雨．从误差增长和集合预报的角度讲,华南暴雨的模式可预报性比江淮暴雨的模式可预报性差 相似文献
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WRF3.1微物理参数化方案对两例暴雨的集合预报试验及可预报性分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用WRFV3.1.1数值模式,选取模式中的10个微物理过程参数化方案构造10个集合预报成员,分别对2008年6月9—10日江淮地区暴雨与2008年6月6—7日华南地区暴雨进行集合预报试验,并进一步讨论了这两例暴雨的可预报性差异。结果表明:各参数化方案在暴雨的模拟中所表现出来的优势是相对的,但微物理过程集合预报在两例暴雨中都取得稳定且优异的模拟效果;通过比较两例暴雨的ETS(Equitable threat score)评分距平发现,华南暴雨在各个量级上的ETS评分距平都大于江淮暴雨,且华南暴雨集合成员之间的ETS评分差别也较大;大多数集合成员的模式误差在初始12 h增长最快,其后将减慢或者降低。对各成员的均方根误差(σ)距平分析表明,华南暴雨的σ距平增长相对较快且成员之间差别较大。因此从模式误差增长的角度来说,华南暴雨的可预报性低于江淮暴雨。 相似文献
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一次华南暴雨过程的数值模拟和试验 总被引：14，自引：9，他引：5
本文利用有限区域数值预报模式MM4对一次华南暴雨过程进行了数值模拟和试验.用该模式预报的形势场与实况较一致,预报的暴雨强度、位置也与实况相近.此外由控制试验和敏感性试验可知,该暴雨强度对地形、辐射和下垫面过程比较敏感. 相似文献
4.
AREM模式对2002年汛期降水的实时预报试验 总被引：15，自引：2，他引：13
2002年主汛期,“973”(中国暴雨)项目研制开发的η坐标有限区域数值预报模式(AREM)在武汉暴雨研究所进行了每天两个时次(08时、20时)的实时数值预报试验。实时预报表明,该模式适合于我国计算机条件,对我国夏季降水有相当预报能力。对试验结果进行了分区Ts评分检验,模式对我国东部地区的降水预报评分最高,08时起报的0～24h时效的降水预报,对24小时降水量大于0．1、10、25和50mm的R评分分别为0．578、0．282、0．144和0．062。对2002年主汛期的几次强降水过程的预报结果表明：模式对2002年梅雨、长江流域暴雨、华南暴雨和华北暴雨都有很好的预报,模式对雨带的位置、移动、降水强度、降水的持续与减弱的预报都具备一定的能力。 相似文献
5.
针对登陆华南台风降水及模式预报存在的突出问题,就当前关于登陆台风降水分布的不对称性及台风登陆后期持续性暴雨发生机理的研究状况进行回顾和分析,提出了需要深入研究的相关科学问题及模式预报技术改进的应对措施,为促进登陆华南台风暴雨预报工作和效果的不断改进提供参考。分析指出环境风场垂直切变、低层气团边界(如冷池边界)、干冷空气侵入、中尺度对流系统以及地形等是造成登陆华南台风降水不对称分布的重要影响因素。台风登陆后期华南发生的持续性暴雨往往与季风活动增强相关,活跃的西南季风为强降水中尺度对流系统(MCSs)发展提供有利条件,MCSs通过潜热加热反馈于大尺度环流,可使台风涡旋环流和西南季风得以维持并致使MCSs反复发生发展、暴雨持续。开展相关科学问题的深入研究,有针对性地考察评估目前模式的预报性能并提出有效改进方案,是进一步提高模式预报效果的重要途径。 相似文献
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华南中尺度暴雨数值预报的不确定性与集合预报试验 总被引：50，自引：0，他引：50
利用非静力MM5模式,分析了不同积云对流参数化方案对华南暖区暴雨数值预报的不确定性影响,进行了中尺度暴雨模式扰动集合预报试验。不同对流参数化方案的对流凝结加热引起不同的局地温度扰动,通过大气内部的热力动力过程,导致垂直速度的差异,进而影响网格尺度和次网格尺度降水时间、地点和强度。后续降水再通过凝结潜热释放形成新的扰动源。不同积云对流参数化方案还可引起扰动源能量传播方式不同,最终使模拟大气的动力和热力结构有差异。针对物理过程的不确定性,使用两种模式扰动方法构造集合预报扰动模式,第一种方法是随机组合不同积云对流参数化方案和边界层方案,第二种方法是扰动Grell积云对流参数化方案中主要参数振幅。集合预报结果表明,第一种方法的集合预报效果优于第二种方法,仅扰动参数振幅值似乎还不足以反映华南暴雨预报的不确定性。单一的确定性预报在暴雨落区和强度方面的可信度不稳定,集合产品能给华南暴雨过程提供更有用价值的指导预报,具有较高的应用价值。 相似文献
8.
地形重力波拖曳参数化方案在华南中尺度模式（GRAPES）中的应用试验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在华南中尺度模式GRAPES中发展KA95方案地形重力波拖曳参数化方案(GWDO),并对2012年的2月8—12日影响华南冷空气过程、8月23—24日发生在广东的局地性暴雨和5—8月共4个月的KA95方案预报试验进行检验。结果表明,KA95地形重力波拖曳参数化方案的引入,改善了GRAPES模式对冬、春季低层南风偏强和地面温度偏高的现象,一定程度上纠正了在模式积分过程中出现的南风偏差,改正了在业务预报中因南风偏强而导致温度偏差过大的现象;改善了模式对局地强降水强度和落区的预报,减小了大雨和暴雨的漏报率和预报偏差,提高了GRAPES模式对降水的预报效果。 相似文献
9.
增长模繁殖法在华南暴雨中期集合预报中的应用 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：10
采用增长模繁殖法和全球谱模式T106L19对2005年6月发生在华南的暴雨过程进行了中期集合预报试验。结果表明：相对于单一的确定性预报,集合预报能给出更多的预报信息;各成员的降水预报、降水概率预报等丰富的预报产品能够给暴雨预报提供更有价值的信息,减少漏报率,对低压槽线和副高脊线等关键环流系统的预报,集合预报结果更为接近实况。 相似文献
10.
卫星云导风资料应用于伴随同化系统的数值试验研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
以2002年6月14日00时至15日00时发生在江南、华南一带的暴雨过程为例,利用MM5伴随模式同化系统,同化常规观测资料以及卫星云导风资料,研究MM5伴随模式对降水预报的改善以及云导风资料对于提高暴雨预报的作用。设计了4种数值试验方案,试验结果表明：MM5伴随同化系统对降水预报有较好的改善作用;GMS-5卫星云导风资料的加入增加了高空风场资料,将其同化到伴随同化系统中能有效改善模式初始场,提高了降水预报质量,特别对暴雨强降水的预报起到了较好的改善作用。 相似文献
11.
本文提出一种月尺度西北太平洋热带气旋生成频数(Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Frequency, WNPTCF)预测的新方法。该方法利用全球次表层海温(Subsurface Sea Temperature Anomaly, SubSSTA)和中国气象局国家气候中心发布的130项监测指数,构建了既考虑热力强迫因子、又考虑大气动力因子,既考虑同期海洋强迫,又考虑前期海洋和大气影响的集成预测模型。利用该预测模型对2011—2020年6—10月逐月WNPTCF进行独立样本检验预测,准确率达70%以上,说明该预测模型对WNPTCF的逐月演变预测的效果良好。该预测模型对ENSO信号较强年份的WNPTCF预测效果要好于ENSO信号不强的年份,原因在于在ENSO信号不强的年份,SubSSTA可预报性较低,非线性变率大,海洋对WNPTC的强迫作用弱。 相似文献
12.
A fine-mesh numerical model with thirteen-layer, three-dimensional primitive equation is designed, which has a relatively high vertical resolution in the boundary layer and detailed boundary parameterization. A strong cold frontal process is simulated by the model. Comparison of the simulated results of this process with different models shows that the result of this model is prior to that of others, and that it is necessary to increase the vertical resolution and to take account of the physical processes in the boundary layer. 相似文献
13.
Accurate simulation of tropical cyclone tracks is a prerequisite for tropical cyclone risk assessment. Against the spatial characteristics of tropical cyclone tracks in the Northwest Pacific region, stochastic simulation method based on classification model is used to simulate tropical cyclone tracks in this region. Such simulation includes the classification method, the genesis model, the traveling model, and the lysis model. Tropical cyclone tracks in the Northwest Pacific region are classified into five categories on the basis of its movement characteristics and steering positions. In the genesis model, Gaussian kernel probability density functions with the biased cross validation method are used to simulate the annual occurrence number and genesis positions. The traveling model is established on the basis of the mean and mean square error of the historical 6 h latitude and longitude displacements. The termination probability is used as the discrimination standard in the lysis model. Then, this stochastic simulation method of tropical cyclone tracks is applied and qualitatively evaluated with different diagnostics. Results show that the tropical cyclone tracks in Northwest Pacific can be satisfactorily simulated with this classification model. 相似文献
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植物种群资源竞争与共存的理论模型研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
自然生态系统不同植物种群之间存在着广泛的竞争,且多种植物种群可以共存,即具有生物多样性。经典的资源竞争模型(莫诺模型)支持生态学上的"竞争排斥原理",不适用于阐释自然生态系统不同植物种群间的竞争与共存。根据植物生态系统的特点,引入植物种群的生长率随着物种个体大小/个体数增加而逐渐趋于饱和的性质,建立自抑制资源竞争模型。该模型与莫诺模型的本质区别在于,物种的临界可利用资源随种群密度增加而上升,从而可以达到不同物种间的平衡。数学分析及数值模拟结果表明,该模型可允许多物种稳定共存(即共存的物种种类数可以多于供给其生长的资源种类数),同时优势物种随资源供给率增加而依次变化。 相似文献
16.
B. G. Hunt 《Climatic change》1998,38(2):133-157
The question as to whether the climatic anomalies associated with the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age can be attributed to natural climatic variability is explored in this paper. The output from a 500-year run with a global climatic model is used for this purpose. The model exhibits multi-decadal variability in its climatic outputs, which appears to have many of the characteristics of observed climatic data over the last millennium. Global distributions of surface temperature associated with peak warming and cooling phases of the model run highlight the spatial variability which occurs, and the lack of synchroneity in the response from region to region. Considerable year-to-year variability occurs in temperature anomaly patterns during the warming and cooling phases, indicating the complexity of the responses. The model results suggest that such climatic phases should not be considered as lengthy periods of universal warming or cooling. Comparison of observed time series of land surface temperature for the northern hemisphere for the last 500 years with model output indicates that most of the observed features in this climatic record can be reproduced by processes associated with internal mechanisms of the climatic system as reproduced in the model. While the model results do not exclude the possible contribution of external forcing agents as a contributing factor to these climatic episodes, the perception is that such agents would enhance existing naturally-induced climatic features rather than initiate them, at least for this time frame. Given the omnipresent nature of natural climatic variability, it is assumed that such variability rather than external forcing agents has primacy in generating and maintaining the underlying observed climatic variability. An understanding of the mechanisms and behaviour of such climatic features is becoming of increasing importance, in view of their possible role in modulating future climatic trends given the expected influence of the greenhouse effect. 相似文献
17.
Ｃｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎ ｏｆ Ｓｕｒｆａｃｅ Ｗｉｎｄ Ｓｔｒｅｓｓ Ａｎｏｍａｌｉｅｓ ｏｖｅｒ ｔｈｅ Ｔｒｏｐｉｃａｌ Ｐａｃｉｆｉｃ Ｓｉｍｕｌａｔｅｄ ｂｙ ａｎ ＡＧＣＭ Ａｎｄ ｂｙ ａ Ｓｉｍｐｌｅ Ａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃ ＭｏｄｅｌＮ... 相似文献
18.
Ramón de Elía 《Climate Dynamics》2012,39(3-4):877-887
The objective of this work is to present the basis for a formal language that aims to express in a concise way some fundamental beliefs held within the climate research community. The expression of this set of beliefs takes the form of relations, conjectures or propositions that describe characteristics of different aspects of climate modeling. Examples are constructed using topics that are much discussed within the climate modeling community. The article first introduces, as elements of this formal language, models considered a priori (the model as a code or algorithm) or a posteriori (the model as output), and then presents different relations between these elements. The most important relation is that of dominance, which helps to define the superiority of one model over another based on which model a rational agent will choose. Various kinds of dominance are considered. Also presented in a formal language are propositions and conjectures relating to model development, model calibration and climate change ensemble projections, each of which are held with diverse levels of acceptance within the climate modeling community. In addition, the relevance of defining elements—models—whose existence is improbable, such as bug-free model versions, is discussed. Although the potential value of this language is shown, there remains a need to improve the definitions presented here, as some of them remain unsatisfying. Still, we believe that this attempt may help us not only communicate more clearly but also to better distinguish different schools of thought that currently exist within the community. 相似文献
19.
伴随模式同化系统在修正模式地形中的应用 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
任何模式都只是实际大气的一种近似模拟，存在误差。鉴于传统的四维资料伴随模式同化系统都是假设模式完全正确仅对初始场进行修正。将伴随模式同化系统应用于修正模式地形误差，通过对不同初始地形的修正试验表明，MM5伴随模式同化系统能很好地对地形误差进行修正，能够反演出与初始气象要素场分辨率相匹配、与模式更协调的地形场，为伴随模式同化系统的广泛应用提供了一种新的思路。 相似文献
20.
In this study we investigate the impact of large-scale oceanic forcing and local vegetation feedback on the variability of the Sahel rainfall using a global biosphere-atmosphere model, the coupled GENESIS-IBIS model, running at two different resolutions. The observed global sea surface temperature in the twentieth century is used as the primary model forcing. Using this coupled global model, we experiment on treating vegetation as a static boundary condition and as a dynamic component of the Earth climate system. When vegetation is dynamic, the R30-resolution model realistically reproduces the multi-decadal scale fluctuation of rainfall in the Sahel region; keeping vegetation static in the same model results in a rainfall regime characterized by fluctuations at much shorter time scales, indicating that vegetation dynamics act as a mechanism for persistence of the regional climate. Even when vegetation dynamics is included, the R15 model fails to capture the main characteristics of the long-term rainfall variability due to the exaggerated atmospheric internal variability in the coarse resolution model. Regardless how vegetation is treated and what model resolution is used, conditions in the last three decades of the twentieth century are always drier than normal in the Sahel, suggesting that global oceanic forcing during that period favors the occurrence of a drought. Vegetation dynamics is found to enhance the severity of this drought. However, with both the observed global SST forcing and feedback from dynamic vegetation in the model, the simulated drought is still not as persistent as that observed. This indicates that anthropogenic land cover changes, a mechanism missing in the model, may have contributed to the occurrence of the twentieth century drought in the Sahel. 相似文献