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1.
不同时段河道的侧向侵蚀/加积面积变化的定量研究可以揭示河道的变化特征。以黄河临河段213 km长的河段为研究对象,利用1977年以来19个时段基于遥感影像绘制的河道平面形态图的面积变化来估算其4个亚河段（S1、S2、S3和S4）在不同时段的河岸侧向侵蚀/加积面积以及全河段的河道平均萎缩速率。研究结果表明,黄河临河段左右河岸在37年间都表现为侧向净加积,其4个亚河段左岸的侧向累计加积面积分别为33.16 km2、49.59 km2、29.52 km2和30.85 km2,其中1995-2000年的加积面积分别占到其总加积面积的85.5%、51.2%、47.2%和104.6%;右岸的侧向累计加积面积分别为30.83 km2、8.74 km2、26.44 km2和18.76 km2,而1995-2000年的加积面积分别占到其总加积面积的57.2%、111.9%、65.7%和61.6%。该河段河道面积1977-2001年具有减小趋势,2001年之后河道表现为侧向侵蚀、加积的交替变化,1977-2014年间河道平均萎缩速率为6.16 km2/yr。该河段河道平面形态值最明显的变化也发生在1990s,与1995年相比,2000年的河道长度增加了5.8%,河道面积减少了39.4%,河道平均宽度减小了42.8%,弯曲系数增加了6.6%。黄河临河段河道形态剧烈变化及河道严重萎缩都发生在1990s,这主要是黄河上游刘家峡和龙羊峡水库联合运行导致汛期水沙量大量减小所致,4个亚河段的河岸冲淤变化还受到局部河岸物质结构、护岸工程及水动力差异的影响。随着2000年后河流综合管理措施的调整,黄河临河段河道的上述变化趋势明显弱化,河流健康程度有所好转。 相似文献
2.
利用地理信息系统(GIS)与数字高程模型(DEM)技术,定量分析了30年来东平水道上段河道演变过程,结果表明:河道总体有冲刷的趋势,其中1977-1990年冲刷量为660X104m3,平均冲刷速率为50×104m3/a:1990-1999年冲刷量为0025x108 m3,平均冲刷速率为270x104 m3/a:20世纪90年代变化强度大于80年代.东平水道上段河床下切幅度不一,沿程下切幅度先增大后减小再增大;深泓线在河口到三水区段从河道右岸向左岸偏转,从三水区到紫洞段,深泓线位置较为稳定.河床地形的剧烈变化引起了河道水动力的变化,如水位大幅下降,水位流量曲线变化,思贤滘分流比变化等.大规模无序挖沙和航道整治是引起东平水道上段河道演变的主要原因. 相似文献
3.
《干旱区地理》2021,44(3):620-628
生态恢复力是指生态系统在外界干扰下通过自我调节、恢复到未受损前状态的能力,研究生态恢复力可为有效应对外界干扰对生态系统的威胁提供理论基础。基于对过去20 a近河岸荒漠河岸林植被归一化植被指数(NDVI)和气象数据的分析,研究了塔里木河下游不同河段4个时期(2001—2005年、2006—2010年、2011—2015年和2016—2019年)植被净初级生产力(NPP)的均值以及生态系统抵抗力、稳定性和恢复力状况,得到了不同时期不同河段生态系统的恢复状况。结果表明:(1)2016—2019年具有最大的NPP均值和最大值,与2006—2015年相比,生态系统恢复力较大,但略小于2001—2005年。(2)上段2011—2015年恢复力最大,中、下段2016—2019年恢复力最大,上、中和下段2006—2010年恢复力最低。(3)输水20 a后,上段生态系统的恢复状况较中、下段好。(4)生态恢复是相对于某种状态而言的,生态输水后前10 a生态恢复力较低,表明生态系统不容易恢复到未退化状态,而后10 a生态恢复力较大,说明生态系统越来越接近未退化状况,植被整体生长状况在改善。 相似文献
4.
利用南极长城站和中山站的降水、风、湿度、气压和云量等高质量的地面气象观测资料,对两站基本气候特征和变化趋势进行了分析。结果显示,长城站年降水量为503mm,年际变化呈减少趋势,变化速率为-27mm/10a。长城站和中山站年降水日数均呈下降趋势,变化速率分别为-2.9d/10a和-12.1d/10a。长城站和中山站年平均相对湿度分别为88%和58%。长城站年平均湿度总体上呈不明显下降趋势,中山站没有趋势。长城站盛行风向为西北风,中山站为偏东风,年平均风速分别为7.3m/s和7.1m/s。两站年平均风速呈减小趋势,变化速率分别为-0.09m/s/10a和-0.23m/s/10a。长城站平均大风日数为137d,记录的极大风速为37.2m/s。中山站平均大风日159d,记录的极大风速为50.3m/s。长城站和中山站年平均气压分别为990hPa和985hPa,变化速率分别为0.65hPa/10a和-0.80hPa/10a。其变化趋势相反,并与两站风速和大风日数及降水日数的变化倾向基本相同。长城站和中山站月平均云量分别为8.8和6.2,其差异显示了两站所处气候带的特点,即长城站地区全年阴天多、云量大,中山站则与此相反。 相似文献
5.
1990年以来黄河第一湾齐哈玛河段砾质网状河的演变特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
黄河第一湾的网状河型因其砾石质的河床质而与砂床质网状河明显不同,但是其具体的冲淤特性、河道与河间地的稳定性等是否与砂质网状河具有相似之处,尚待揭示。以齐哈玛乡主河道长约为12 km的砾石质网状河段为研究对象,利用1990年、2001年、2013年和2016年共4期Landsat遥感影像数据和2011年与2013年两期Google Earth高分辨率图像数据,结合野外采样观测分析其1990-2016年间的平面形态变化与沉积特征。结果表明：砾石质网状河整体具有很高的稳定性,众多分支河道与河间地无明显冲淤现象。网状带面积仅增加2.43%,陆地与水体面积比例接近1∶1;网状带部分小型河间湿地及河间岛屿呈现碎片化现象,导致河间湿地个数逐渐增加,最大增加率为62.16%。河道主流线长期左右迁移交替变化,且变化率相对稳定,受主流线迁移的影响,主河道内部河间岛屿形态变化较大,其河岸变化率为5 m/a。网状河众多支河道非常稳定,平均河宽变化率仅为1 m/a左右。河岸沉积物以细砂或粉砂为主,黏土含量较高,粒度分布曲线呈现多峰,这与砂质网状河流河岸以泥质沉积物为主略有不同,但河岸及河间湿地茂密的植被保护了众多分支河道免受侵蚀、维持了河道的稳定性,这也是砾石质网状河流体系具有高稳定性的重要原因。 相似文献
6.
受风沙入黄影响,黄河沙漠宽谷段河流地貌过程复杂,河道深泓摆动响应敏感。以1966—2019年黄河乌兰布和沙漠段河道断面为基础,提取深泓摆动参数,分析沙漠河流深泓横向摆动特征与规律,以期为沙漠河流管理提供参考。结果表明:河道深泓横向摆动强度与径流量及其年内分配不均匀系数、河床质粒度和河岸风沙动力条件呈现显著正相关;1966—2019年,河道深泓横向摆动幅度以每年8.24 m的速度下降,且波动幅度明显减小。河道深泓摆动过程中存在19 a和7 a时间尺度下的周期变化规律,摆动周期分别为13 a和5 a,且周期性不断减弱。深泓摆动速度与周期变化趋势指示沙漠宽谷辫状河道横向冲淤趋于稳定。 相似文献
7.
绿洲是干旱区独特的自然景观,是干旱区人们赖以生存和发展的物质基础。以敦煌绿洲为研究区域,基于Landsat TM长时间序列遥感图像,采用最佳指数因子研究最佳波段组合并进行图像分类,基于转移矩阵分析了绿洲主要覆被构成要素的转换特征,并基于土地利用类型动态度模型进行了动态变化分析。结果表明：1975-1998年间敦煌绿洲面积呈缓慢扩张趋势（平均0.35 km2/a）;1998-2006年间绿洲面积快速增大（平均3.88 km2/a）;2006-2011年间绿洲面积基本稳定。1990-2006年间水浇地和林地的面积总体呈增加趋势;2006-2011年,人工干预加速了土地利用方式的转变。 相似文献
8.
1990-2011年西昆仑峰区冰川变化的遥感监测 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文应用Landsat 5、7 TM、ETM+影像分析1990-2011年昆仑山西段昆仑峰区冰川变化特征,结果表明:1990-2011年冰川面积减少16.83 km2,退缩率仅为0.65%,冰川退缩趋势不明显。单条冰川变化有进有退,中峰冰川末端在2002-2004年以661 m/a的速率前进,初步判定为跃动冰川。1991-1998年,崇测冰川面积增加9.47 km2,冰川末端以200 m/a的速率前进,不排除有跃动冰川的可能性。尽管近年来全球气温普遍上升,大量冰川处于退缩状态,但统计已有研究结果发现近50年来青藏高原存在冰川长度、面积增加,冰川物质平衡为正的现象,表现出冰川对气候变化复杂的反馈机制。通过分析气象站点和冰芯资料,研究区周边地区气温上升、降水量缓慢增加可能是冰川微弱退缩的原因之一;增强的西风环流带来更多的降水、研究区以极大陆型大规模冰川为主,也可能是冰川退缩幅度较小的原因。 相似文献
9.
It is important to examine the lateral shift rate variation of river banks in different periods. One of the challenges in this regard is how to obtain the shift rate of river banks, as gauging stations are deficient for the study of river reaches. The present study selected the Yinchuan Plain reach of the Yellow River with a length of 196 km as a case study, and searched each point of intersection of 153 cross-sections(interval between two adjacent cross-sections was 1.3 km) and river banks in 1975, 1990, 2010 and 2011, which were plotted according to remote sensing images in those years. Then the shift rates for the points of intersection during 1975–1990, 1990–2010 and 2010–2011 were calculated, as well as the average shift rates for different sections and different periods. The results show that the left bank of the river reach shifts mostly to the right, with the average shift rates being 36.5 m/a, 27.8 m/a and 61.5 m/a in the three periods, respectively. Contemporarily, the right bank shifts mostly to the right in the first period, while it shifts to the left in the second and third periods, with the average shift rates being 31.7 m/a, 23.1 m/a and 50.8 m/a in the three periods, respectively. The average shift rates for the left and right banks during the period 1975–2011 are 22.3 m/a and 14.8 m/a, respectively. The bank shift rates for sections A, B and C are different. The shift rate ratio of the left bank in the three sections is 1:7.6:4.6 for shift to the left and 1:1.7:3.8 for shift to the right, while that of the right bank is 1:1.8:1.2 for shift to the left and 1:5.6:17.7 for shift to the right during the period 1975–2011. Obviously, the average shift rate is the least in section A, while it is maximum in section B for shift to the left and in section C for shift to the right. The temporal variation of the shift rate is influenced by human activities, while the spatial variation is controlled by the local difference in bank materials. 相似文献
10.
图们江下游圈河流域河岸沙丘动态变化 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
以图们江下游跨国界地区圈河流域河岸沙丘为研究对象,运用遥感与GIS技术,结合遥感影像、地形图等资料,分析该区1984~2015年河岸沙丘空间分布与格局演变,计算河岸沙丘分维值与稳定性指数。结果表明：该区河岸沙丘主要分布在弯曲型河道东岸,呈WNW-ESE向带状展布,面积15.71 km2。近31 a沙丘面积总体呈减少态势,净减少0.09 km2,其中,较少有人类活动的A区,沙丘面积呈减少趋势,减少幅度为8.21%;而受人类活动影响较大的B区,沙丘面积持续增加,尤其近5 a增幅达32%。河岸沙丘分维值虽总体高于内陆沙漠沙丘,但变化不显著,说明河岸沙丘处于相对稳定的发育演化过程中。该研究为图们江下游跨国界地区生态环境可续持发展提供科学依据。 相似文献
11.
It is important to examine the lateral shift rate variation of river banks in different periods. One of the challenges in this regard is how to obtain the shift rate of river banks, as gauging stations are deficient for the study of river reaches. The present study selected the Yinchuan Plain reach of the Yellow River with a length of 196 km as a case study, and searched each point of intersection of 153 cross-sections (interval between two adjacent cross-sections was 1.3 km) and river banks in 1975, 1990, 2010 and 2011, which were plotted according to remote sensing images in those years. Then the shift rates for the points of intersection during 1975–1990, 1990–2010 and 2010–2011 were calculated, as well as the average shift rates for different sections and different periods. The results show that the left bank of the river reach shifts mostly to the right, with the average shift rates being 36.5 m/a, 27.8 m/a and 61.5 m/a in the three periods, respectively. Contemporarily, the right bank shifts mostly to the right in the first period, while it shifts to the left in the second and third periods, with the average shift rates being 31.7 m/a, 23.1 m/a and 50.8 m/a in the three periods, respectively. The average shift rates for the left and right banks during the period 1975–2011 are 22.3 m/a and 14.8 m/a, respectively. The bank shift rates for sections A, B and C are different. The shift rate ratio of the left bank in the three sections is 1:7.6:4.6 for shift to the left and 1:1.7:3.8 for shift to the right, while that of the right bank is 1:1.8:1.2 for shift to the left and 1:5.6:17.7 for shift to the right during the period 1975–2011. Obviously, the average shift rate is the least in section A, while it is maximum in section B for shift to the left and in section C for shift to the right. The temporal variation of the shift rate is influenced by human activities, while the spatial variation is controlled by the local difference in bank materials. 相似文献
12.
Lateral erosion/accretion area and shrinkage rate of the Linhe reach braided channel of the Yellow River between 1977 and 2014 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Quantitative studies on river channel lateral erosion/accretion area changes over time can reveal the characteristics of channel evolution. Taking the 213-km-long Linhe reach braided channel of the Yellow River as an example, area changes in channel bank erosion/accretion in four sub-reaches (S1, S2, S3 and S4) over 19 different periods were evaluated on the basis of remote sensing images captured since 1977. Mean channel shrinkage rate for the whole river reach was also obtained. Results show that the left and right banks of the Linhe reach were dominated by lateral net accretion between 1977 and 2014. The channel area of this section of the Yellow River was characterized by reduction between 1977 and 2001, while periods of alternate erosion and accretion occurred subsequent to 2001. Mean channel shrinkage rate in the Linhe reach braided channel was 6.15 km2/yr between 1977 and 2014, while the most remarkable changes in channel planform occurred in the 1990s. Compared to 1995, channel length and sinuosity increased by 5.8% and 6.6% by 2000, while channel area and mean width decreased by 39.4% and 42.8%, respectively. Significant changes in channel planform and shrinkage of the Linhe reach occurred in the 1990s, mainly as a result of the joint-operation of the Longyangxia and Liujiaxia reservoirs since 1986, which caused substantial reductions in runoff and sediment flux during the annual flooding season. In addition, bank erosion/accretion in the four sub-reaches was affected by the physical properties of local banks, engineering emplaced to protect channel banks, and hydrodynamic differences. However, since the implementation of integrated river management measures from 2000 onwards, these changes have been significantly mitigated and the health of the Linhe reach braided channel of the Yellow River has been restored. 相似文献
13.
14.
《地理学报(英文版)》2016,(11)
Quantitative studies on river channel lateral erosion/accretion area changes over time can reveal the characteristics of channel evolution. Taking the 213-km-long Linhe reach braided channel of the Yellow River as an example, area changes in channel bank erosion/accretion in four sub-reaches(S1, S2, S3 and S4) over 19 different periods were evaluated on the basis of remote sensing images captured since 1977. Mean channel shrinkage rate for the whole river reach was also obtained. Results show that the left and right banks of the Linhe reach were dominated by lateral net accretion between 1977 and 2014. The channel area of this section of the Yellow River was characterized by reduction between 1977 and 2001, while periods of alternate erosion and accretion occurred subsequent to 2001. Mean channel shrinkage rate in the Linhe reach braided channel was 6.15 km~2/yr between 1977 and 2014, while the most remarkable changes in channel planform occurred in the 1990 s. Compared to 1995, channel length and sinuosity increased by 5.8% and 6.6% by 2000, while channel area and mean width decreased by 39.4% and 42.8%, respectively. Significant changes in channel planform and shrinkage of the Linhe reach occurred in the 1990 s, mainly as a result of the joint-operation of the Longyangxia and Liujiaxia reservoirs since 1986, which caused substantial reductions in runoff and sediment flux during the annual flooding season. In addition, bank erosion/accretion in the four sub-reaches was affected by the physical properties of local banks, engineering emplaced to protect channel banks, and hydrodynamic differences. However, since the implementation of integrated river management measures from 2000 onwards, these changes have been significantly mitigated and the health of the Linhe reach braided channel of the Yellow River has been restored. 相似文献
15.
The rate of bluff erosion has been monitored and related processes examined on a Mississippi River meander bend at Port Hudson, Louisiana, from 1971 to mid-1980. The erosion data were analyzed using a stepwise multiple regression analysis to determine the conditions controlling the amount and distribution of bluff erosion. The results indicate a pattern of decreasing bluff erosion that is attributed to downstream migration of the zone of maximum basal scour. Bluff retreat in the period of active basal undercutting (1971 to mid-1975) was 18.9m/year and in the following period of decreased basal scour activity (mid-1975 to mid-1980) was 6.8m/year. Approximately, 61% of the erosion was associated with rising river levels. The data also indicated that 66% of the erosion occurred at bankfull discharge stage or above. Conditions that produce bluff erosion were found to vary between the two eriosion periods and also as river levels rose or fell in each of the periods. During the actively undercutting period, precipitation rate and amount of river rise explained 94% of the bank erosion that occurred as river levels rose. During the falling river phase, days above bankfull stage and amount of river fall accounted for 99% of the bluff erosion. In the period of decreased basal scour, precipitation rate and maximum river stage accounted for 94% of the bluff erosion related to rising river levels, while the erosion during falling river levels could be only tentatively correlated to precipitation rate and factors associated with drawdown. Changes in slope processes as the result of decreased basal scour were also examined. 相似文献
16.
基于马尔科夫模型的新疆水文气象干旱研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在气象干旱SPI和水文干旱SRI的二维变量干旱状态的研究基础上,通过一阶马尔科夫链模型对二维变量干旱状态进行频率、重现期和历时分析,并预测未来非水文干旱到水文干旱的概率,研究结果表明：（1）开都河、和田河在干旱形成中危害大,阿克苏河在干旱演变中危害大,开都河和叶尔羌河在干旱持续中危害大。开都河和叶尔羌河主要以气象水文干旱为主,和田河和阿克苏河以水文干旱为主。（2）开都河连续湿润或者干旱的概率最大,状态2与状态4、状态5的相互转移概率低,和田河和开都河状态4不能一步转移到状态2。（3）在长期干旱预测中,塔河流域从状态2达到状态4或者状态5的概率最低,开都河（或和田河）从非水文干旱状态到状态4的概率最大（或最小）,从非水文干旱状态到状态5的概率最小（或最大）。 相似文献
17.
北洛河下游河槽形成与输沙特性 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
北洛河发湖泊于黄河粗沙来源区，年均含沙量达１２８ｋｇ／ｍ＾３年均流量仅２５ｍ＾３．ｓ，是典型的多沙河流，但由于泥沙主要由高含沙洪水输送，平水流量小，含沙量低，经常保持窄深稳定河槽，使高含沙洪水挟带的泥沙能顺利输送而不淤，并形成弯曲性河流。 相似文献
18.
This paper mainly analyzes the geomorphological changes of the tidal deposition in the Liaohe Estuary based on the multi-year bathymetric charts in 1990, 1996, 2002 and 2005 and Landsat TM images in 1987, 1994, 2002 and 2005. Evolution of the tidal depositional system during the past 20 years in the Liaohe River was studied on the basis of 50 boreholes drilling and 30 km shallow stratigraphic exploration from 2002 to 2005. The main tidal depositional body of the modern Liaohe River delta is located in the Shuangtaizihe Estuary. The stratum within the depth of 10 m includes tidal bank facies, tidal channel facies and neritic facies with paleo-delta facies underlying them. The sediments of tidal bank facies are mainly composed of sand and silt with siltation load and suspended load of about 50% respectively in proportion. The sediment of tidal channel facies and neritic facies is composed of clayey silt and silty clay which belongs to suspended load. The study area was a small bay between the old Daliaohe River, the old Dalinghe River and the Raoyanghe River complex delta since the Holocene to 1896. Many tidal banks formed and expanded rapidly after the Shuangtaizihe River was excavated by labor in 1896. The runoff and sediment discharge have decreased since the construction of brake at the Shuangtaizihe River in 1958.The Shuangtaizihe Estuary is in the state of deposition as a whole whose tidal bank is increasing and expanding southward, westward and northward. The maximum expansion speed is 87 to 683 m/a and the mean depositional rate is 0.189 m/a. Erosion occurred in some part of tidal bank with average erosional rate of 0.122 m/a. The tidal channel was filled up with sediment at a migration speed of 48–200 m/a. Geomorphologic changes have happened under the combined influences of runoff, ocean dynamics and human activities. The main source of sediment changes from river sediment to sediment driven by tidal current and longshore current. 相似文献