首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Neoformed minerals in shallow fault rocks are increasingly recognized as key to the behavior of faults in the elasto-frictional regime, but neither the conditions nor the processes which wall-rock is transformed into clay minerals are well understood. Yet, understanding of these mineral transformations is required to predict the mechanical and seismogenic behavior of faults. We therefore present a systematic study of clay gouge mineralogy from 30 outcrops of 17 low-angle normal faults (LANF's) in the American Cordillera to demonstrate the range and type of clay transformations in natural fault gouges. The sampled faults juxtapose a wide and representative range of wall rock types, including sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks under shallow-crustal conditions. Clay mineral transformations were observed in all but one of 28 faults; one fault contains only mechanically derived clay-rich gouge, which formed entirely by cataclasis.Clay mineral transformations observed in gouges show four general patterns: 1) growth of authigenic 1Md illite, either by transformation of fragmental 2M1 illite or muscovite, or growth after the dissolution of K-feldspar. Illitization of fragmental illite–smectite is observed in LANF gouges, but is less common than reported from faults with sedimentary wall rocks; 2) ‘retrograde diagenesis’ of an early mechanically derived chlorite-rich gouge to authigenic chlorite–smectite and saponite (Mg-rich tri-octahedral smectite); 3) reaction of mechanically derived chlorite-rich gouges with Mg-rich fluids at low temperatures (50–150 °C) to produce localized lenses of one of two assemblages: sepiolite + saponite + talc + lizardite or palygorskite +/− chlorite +/− quartz; and 4) growth of authigenic di-octahedral smectite from alteration of acidic volcanic wall rocks. These transformation groups are consistent with patterns observed in fault rocks elsewhere. The main controls for the type of neoformed clay in gouge appear to be wall-rock chemistry and fluid chemistry, and temperatures in the range of 60–180 °C.  相似文献   

2.
断层泥自生伊利石年龄分析及其在龙门山断裂带的应用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
韧性剪切带的活动年龄及其相关的隆升/剥蚀速率可以通过各种同位素技术进行直接测定和计算。相比较而言,由于形成于浅部低温环境,老的碎屑物质和新的重结晶物质相互掺杂,脆性断裂的同位素年龄往往代表的是一个混合年龄,难以反映其真实的活动时间。近些年来,断层泥自生伊利石定年方法在地表脆性断裂的年代学研究中展现出了良好的应用前景。文中介绍了断层泥中自生伊利石的生成过程、形貌特征和定年原理,并简要介绍了样品的处理过程和伊利石多型相对含量的确定方法。近几年,这种方法逐渐被应用于龙门山断裂带及其山前飞来峰活动时代的确定,为青藏高原东缘早期的构造活动提供了直接的年代证据。  相似文献   

3.
蒙脱石伊利石化是近几十年来粘土矿物学研究的核心之一。本文综述了近年来蒙脱石伊利石化的研究进展，内容涉及影响控制蒙脱石伊利石化的主要因素，包括温度、时间、压力、孔隙流体的化学成分等；蒙脱石向伊利石转化的机制及动力学模拟；当前流行的几种蒙脱石伊利石化的转化模型。  相似文献   

4.
There is convincing evidence from field data that smectite clay undergoes conversion primarily to illite and chlorite if it is fully water-saturated and heated. The conversion may take place through mixed-layer formation with increasing illite/smectite ratio at higher temperatures and pressures. This process requires dehydration of the interlamellar space, for which either an external pressure or drying are needed. An alternative mechanism that takes place without dehydration, is dissolution of smectite and neoformation of illite. Both processes imply reorganization of the smectite crystal lattice for which the activation energy is fairly high, meaning that the conversion is negligible at temperatures lower than about 60°C. At elevated temperatures the conversion rate is controlled by the access to potassium for either mechanism.

An ongoing detailed investigation of this subject has led to a tentative model for the smectite-to-illite conversion in natural sediments and in canister-embedding clay in high-level radioactive waste (HLW) repositories.  相似文献   


5.
X-ray diffraction analysis of black shale of Upper Triassic Member Chang 7 of the Yanchang Formation in southeastern Ordos Basin showed that black shales were deposited in brackish, strongly reducing, semi-deep-deep lacustrine facies, and mainly composed of quartz, feldspar, carbonate （dolomite）, clay minerals （illite and il- lite/smectite） and a certain amount of pyrite. The mineral composition characteristics of this set of black shales are similar to those of highly productive shale gas in North America, for example shallow burial, low clay mineral and abundant brittle mineral, so the strata are conducive to the development of cracks and fractures. Thus, this area is favorable for shale oil/gas exploration and development.  相似文献   

6.
In this study, we report the characteristics of clay minerals present in the Chelung-pu fault in Taiwan. In the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, different slip motions were recorded along the Chelung-pu fault in the northern and southern parts of the fault. The characteristics of clay minerals present in the fault zones can be attributed to the differences in motion. We analyzed the shallow drill core samples obtained from the northern and southern sites penetrating the fault. The clay minerals identified in most of the samples from both the sites are smectite, illite, and chlorite. There are illite–smectite mixed layers with a high illite content and no chlorite–smectite mixed layer. In some samples, no smectite is detected. We also examined the iron content and symmetry of iron and magnesium in the silicate and hydroxide layers in chlorite. At the northern site, the total iron content in chlorite of gouge is larger than that of the host rocks. On the other hand, at the southern site, the total iron content varies widely. It is hypothesized that the smectite consumption and differences in the characteristics of chlorite may be controlled by the differences in the lithology, fluid chemistry, fluid temperature, or fault activities (heating or breakage) between the northern and southern sites.  相似文献   

7.
《Applied Geochemistry》1997,12(1):23-35
Based on water-rock interaction modelling and kinetic considerations, the present study is aimed at testing the impact of organic matter maturation on two kinds of diagenetic reactions leading to the alteration of the petrophysical properties of sandstones: (1) Clay mineral conversion to illite with K-feldspar being a local potential source of K; and (2) Dissolution-precipitation processes produced in sandstones by the action of water-soluble organic species derived from adjacent shales.Assuming firstly that the chemical reactions take place in closed systems, the nature and timing of diagenetic reactions in marine sandstone/shale formations were modelled for a 50–120°C temperature range in order to improve understanding of the factors that control the illitization reaction with K-feldspar coexisting with aluminous clay. Illite is modelled here as a muscovite type mineral. We tested the effects of an energy barrier on illite growth by allowing or preventing the muscovite/illite precipitation reaction to occur, while using several illitization reaction rates. We also compared the stable mineral parageneses predicted for organic material-free systems with those predicted in the case of organic diagenesis (release of CO2, CH4, acetic and oxalic acids). Similarities and discrepancies between numerical results and natural mineral assemblages suggest that the illitization reaction depends on the nature of the reacting clays. Kaolinite conversion to end-member illite involves high-energy conditions (> 2 kcal mol−1 ), which are not met when the pore water equilibrates with the mineral matrix from undersaturated conditions in a closed system. To overcome this barrier, the fluid should be oversaturated with respect to K-feldspar. An external source of K or a pH increase in an open system is necessary for this reaction. No particular effect of organic diagenesis on this reaction was found in the present study. On the other hand, smectite-to-illite conversion involves a lower energy barrier and can operate in closed systems where K-feldspars are the source of K. The maturation of organic matter may speed up the smectite-to-illite conversion rate by increasing the Gibbs Free Energy of illite growth.Interactions between sandstone and shale were examined by modelling the transfer of aqueous species of organic origin from shale to sandstone. Fluid expulsion from shale had little or no effect on diagenesis in adjacent sandstones during each flushing cycle, mainly because organic protons and ligands were neutralized in the source rock. However, the diffusion of shale-derived cations through sandstone as organometallic complexes (Mg > Ca > > Fe > > Al) appears to be an efficient process during carbonate cementation in sandstones, where oxidizing conditions enhance the decomposition of such complexes.  相似文献   

8.
Mineralogical and chemical investigations (<2μm clay separates) of shale samples from the Neogene-age Surma Group obtained from four wells (Habiganj-11, Shahbazpur-1, Titas-11, Titas-15) in the Bengal basin, Bangladesh, were carried out in order to reveal the clay mineral composition as reservoir exploration and exploitation requires a good understanding of the clay minerals. The samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-Ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). Mineralogically, the sub-surface Surma Group shales comprise predominantly quartz, plagioclase, illite, chlorite, kaolinite, with lesser amounts of K-feldspar, dolomite and smectite, and minor to trace amounts of calcite, siderite and pyrite. The chemical composition of the <2 μm clay separates also suggests an illite and chlorite-rich composition. With increasing burial depth, the Surma Group shales are enriched in illite. The gradual decreasing of the smectite clays with depth and ultimate disappearance at greater depths (≥ 3000 m) may have been responsible for the presence of the diagenetic illite. Based on the mineralogical composition it is most likely that the illite-chlorite associations together with quartz and feldspar were predominantly detrital in origin and thus reflect the presence of a rapidly-rising source terrain not subjected to intense weathering.  相似文献   

9.
超压背景下粘土矿物转化的化学动力学模型及应用   总被引：14，自引：4，他引：10  
在目前的粘土矿物转化化学动力学模型中,人们仅考虑了温度、时间和流体介质的影响。然而新近的一些研究表明,超压可以抑制粘土矿物的转化,增加反应活化能。通过超压调节反应活化能,建立超压背景下粘土矿物转化的化学动力学模型,并根据渤海湾盆地板桥凹陷、歧北凹陷超压发育井和歧南凹陷超压不发育井的粘土矿物实测资料,确定了相关参数。模拟结果表明,在超压井中,伊/蒙混层中蒙皂石层含量S%的计算值与实测数据吻合较好,但与Pytter和Reynolds(1989)模型的预测结果相差甚远,在压力系数为1.2~1.7的地层中,超压对S%的抑制最大可达15%~20%。由于在蒙皂石向伊利石转化的过程中,释放出大量S i4+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Fe3+、Na+等阳离子,所以超压对粘土矿物转化的抑制,导致了泥岩中这些阳离子生成量的减少和相邻砂岩中许多胶结作用的延迟,这非常有利于深层(埋深>3 500 m)优质储层的发育和油气藏的形成。  相似文献   

10.
本文提出粘土矿物(特别是含伊/蒙不规则混层粘土矿物)混合物相的X射线定量分析方法——模拟定量法。着重解决在蒙脱石-不规则伊/蒙混层粘土矿物-伊利石组合中,伊/蒙混层粘土矿物的定量分析计算。模拟定量法是对以前的各种粘土矿物X射线定量分析方法的补充。用纯净的蒙脱石、伊利石、高岭石、绿泥石及各种伊/蒙混层比的伊/蒙混层粘土矿物,配制了各种不同组合的粘土矿物混合样品,制成定向薄膜片,进行了X射线分析,讨论了各种组合的粘土矿物混合物相X射线衍射图谱的特征,并在此基础上提出了粘土混合物相定量分析的方法。  相似文献   

11.
探究断层泥力学行为是研究断裂带工程地质效应的基础,以延安神道沟断裂带断层泥为对象,借助颗粒分析、X射线衍射等微观测试手段研究了3种颜色断层泥的组构特征,并通过环剪试验分析了不同含水率条件下重塑断层泥的力学行为。研究结果表明:单峰型粒径曲线的断层泥级配明显优于双峰型,石英、云母和长石为主要的非黏土矿物,黏土矿物则以伊利石和高岭石为主,赤铁矿与绿泥石的相对含量是造成断层泥颜色差异的主要原因;受含水率和粗颗粒含量的影响,断层泥应变软化特征显著,应变软化随着含水率增大呈现先增强后减弱的变化规律,当含水率小于塑限含水率时,应变软化特征则随着粗颗粒含量升高而趋弱;内摩擦角是影响应变软化特征的主要力学指标,峰值内摩擦角和残余内摩擦角均与含水率呈负相关;矿物含量影响内摩擦角的变化,在5%和10%含水率条件下,内摩擦角随非黏土矿物含量的升高而增大。  相似文献   

12.
K‐Ar ages of authigenic illite from two drill‐core gouge samples of a fault in the Palaeoproterozoic basement of Finland record two distinct faulting events. The older sample yields apparent ages from 1240 ± 26 to 1006 ± 21 Ma for four grain size fractions between 6 and <0.1 μm. The second sample is structurally younger and yields statistically distinct ages ranging from 978 ± 20 to 886 ± 18 Ma. We interpret the ages of the <0.1 m fractions, which are the youngest, as representing the actual time of faulting. XRD analysis and age modelling exclude significant age contamination of the finest dated fractions with inherited host rock components. These results provide therefore an example of meaningful isotopic dating of illite‐type clay material formed during Precambrian faulting, demonstrate and constrain fault reactivation and give evidence for brittle Sveconorwegian Mesoproterozoic shortening and Neoproterozoic extension in Fennoscandia.  相似文献   

13.
The bar-top sediments at the Tons river deposited mainly from the suspension current during waning stage condition of river are collected to study their provenance on the basis of clay mineralogy, heavy minerals and magnetic properties. The clay mineral assemblages in samples predominantly consist of illite, with minor amounts of kaolinite, smectite and chlorite. The clay minerals are contributed due to (i) weathering and decomposition of shales, argillaceous limestones and pyroclastic deposits of upper Vindhyan Groups and (ii) weathering and erosion of Banda plain of Gangetic alluvium. The low ZTR index for the studied samples indicates poor sediment maturity, rapid erosion in the source region and short transportation of detritus. The transparent heavy mineral assemblages in the sediment samples predominantly consist of garnet, with minor amounts of tourmaline, zircon, hornblende, enstatite, hypersthene, rutile, tremolite, kyanite, sillimanite, andalusite, chlorite, epidote, wollastonite, and staurolite. The heavy minerals are dominantly angular to sub-angular with some rounded to sub-rounded grains. The rounded grains indicate multicyclicity and derivation fromVindhyan sandstones. The angular grains are either contributed due to erosion of primary rocks of Bundelkhand gneissic complex and or various Gangetic alluviums. The magnetic properties from sediment samples indicate that the antiferromagnetic minerals (illite, chlorite and smectite) are more concentrated in clay sized particles and it also indicated mixed source rocks for the bar-top sediment of Tons river.  相似文献   

14.
To investigate the role of bedding in the evolution of meso- and microstructural fabrics in fault zones, detailed microscopic, mineralogical, and geochemical analyses were conducted on bedding-oblique and bedding-parallel faults that cut a folded Neogene siliceous mudstone that contains opal-CT, smectite, and illite. An analysis of asymmetric structures in the fault gouges indicates that the secondary fractures associated with each fault exhibit contrasting characteristics: those of the bedding-oblique fault are R1 shears, whereas those of the bedding-parallel fault are reactivated S foliation. The bedding-oblique fault shows the pervasive development of S foliation, lacks opal-CT, and has low SiO2/TiO2 ratios only in gouge, whereas the bedding-parallel fault exhibits these characteristics in both gouge and wall rocks. The development of S foliation and the lack of silica can result from local ductile deformation involving the sliding of phyllosilicates, coupled with pressure solution of opal-CT. Although such deformation can occur in gouge, the above results indicate that it may occur preferentially along bedding planes, preceding the formation of a gouge/slip surface. Thus, in sedimentary rocks that contain phyllosilicates and soluble minerals, bedding can influence the rheological evolution of meso- and microstructural fabrics in fault zones.  相似文献   

15.
The Chang 7 Member of the Yan-Chang Formation (Yan-Chang #7 Member), which is located in the central south of the Ordos Basin (China), is assessed for its potential as a shale gas resource. The characteristics and spatial variability of mineral components in this continental shale formation play a crucial role in evaluating and characterising the shale reservoirs. We collected 64 shale core samples from 30 representative sampling sites located in the central south of the Ordos Basin using X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy to study the mineral compositions, vertical/planar variations of minerals, and the major controlling factors that result in such variations. Based on the relative fractions of the dominant minerals, the shale rocks can be classified into four categories: quartz-rich (type #1), illite/chlorite-rich (type #2), illite–smectite mixed-layer-rich (type #3) and feldspar-rich (type #4). In general, type #1 is mainly located in the northwest of the study area, type #4 is mainly located in the south of the study area, and types #2 and #3 are sandwiched between types #1 and #4. In the centre of the basin, the illite content increases with burial depth and the conversion from smectite to illite, which is experimentally confirmed in this study, enhances the surface porosity of shale. The major factors influencing the properties and spatial variability of the mineral components include sedimentary environment, provenance and diagenesis. Compared with marine shales in China (e.g. Longmaxi marine shales), the Yan-Chang #7 Member continental shale has a higher clay content, but lower calcite, dolomite and pyrite contents. The brittleness indexes of type #1 shale in Wuqi and its surrounding areas are marginally higher than that of Longmaxi marine shales, which makes the type #1 shale in the Wuqi and its surrounding areas slightly easier to fracture than the Longmaxi marine shales.  相似文献   

16.
苏北盆地粘土矿物转化模式与古地温   总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16  
以苏北盆地为例,系统研究了火成岩发育区粘土矿物组合特征及其控制因素;建立了粘土矿物转化模式;根据粘土矿物成岩演化特点,进行古地温分析。研究表明,苏北地区粘土矿物的分布主要受埋藏成岩作用、岩浆侵入、母质来源三种因素的影响,发育四种类型的粘土矿物组合和三种粘土矿物转化模式;火山碎屑岩母岩区和基性岩浆侵入区具有特殊的粘土矿物组合和成岩演化模式,前者以富含蒙皂石矿物为特点;后者出现高岭石与伊/蒙有序间层矿物共生组合,并具有不连续的演化序列;苏北盆地短有序I/S矿物出现于镜质组反射率 0.5 %～ 0.5 5 %的深度,伊/蒙间层矿物转变成伊利石在镜质组反射率 0.75 %～ 0.8%,可以用于热成熟度和古地温的估算;而蒙皂石消失的界面则不具有指标意义  相似文献   

17.
The fault zone architectural elements of the Copper Basin fault include a fault core, inner damage zone, and outer damage zone. Utilizing Yb as a reference frame element, significant elemental mass changes were documented across all three architectural zones, with the greatest change in the fault core. Porosity and volumetric strain both increase toward the principal slip surface reaching a maximum in the inner damage zone and then dropping significantly in the fault core. In the damage zone and unaffected wall rocks, smectite is the most prominent clay species, whereas illite dominates the fault core suggesting that temperatures may have reached ∼100–150 °C or more during the production of the fault core. A number of studies have interpreted similar mass changes and clay mineral reactions to indicate high water/rock ratios. Such interpretations imply that during rupture, permeability increased within the fault core allowing it to act as a pathway for hot, chemically reactive fluids. Then during and after rupture, CO2 and SiO2 rich fluids moved into the inner and outer damage zones where calcite and quartz precipitation healed the fractured and permeable rock.  相似文献   

18.
Iheya‐North‐Knoll is one of the small knolls covered with thick sediments in the Okinawa Trough back‐arc basin. At the east slope of Iheya‐North‐Knoll, nine hydrothermal vents with sulfide mounds are present. The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 331 studied Iheya‐North‐Knoll in September 2010. The expedition provided us with the opportunity to study clay minerals in deep sediments in Iheya‐North‐Knoll. To reveal characteristics of clay minerals in the deep sediments, samples from the drilling cores at three sites close to the most active hydrothermal vent were analyzed by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The sediments are classified into Layer 0 (shallow), Layer 1 (deep), Layer 2 (deeper) and Layer 3 (deepest) on the basis of the assemblage of clay minerals. Layer 0 contains no clay minerals. Layer 1 contains smectite, kaolinite and illite/smectite mixed‐layer mineral. Layer 2 contains chlorite, corrensite and chlorite/smectite mixed‐layer mineral. Layer 3 is grouped into three sub‐layers, 3A, 3B and 3C; Sub‐layer 3A contains chlorite and illite/smectite mixed‐layer mineral, sub‐layer 3B contains chlorite/smectite and illite/smectite mixed‐layer minerals, and sub‐layer 3C contains chlorite and illite. Large amounts of di‐octahedral clay minerals such as smectite, kaolinite, illite and illite/smectite mixed‐layer mineral are found in Iheya‐North‐Knoll, which is rarely observed in hydrothermal fields in mid‐ocean ridges. Tri‐octahedral clay minerals such as chlorite, corrensite and chlorite/smectite mixed‐layer mineral in Iheya‐North‐Knoll have low Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios compared with those in mid‐ocean ridges. In conclusion, the characteristics of clay minerals in Iheya‐North‐Knoll differ from those in mid‐ocean ridges; di‐octahedral clay minerals and Fe‐poor tri‐octahedral clay minerals occur in Iheya‐North‐Knoll but not in mid‐ocean ridges.  相似文献   

19.
南海北部中新世以来粘土矿物特征及东亚古季风记录   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
应用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM) 和X射线能谱(EDS) 分析技术对南海北部ODP1146站中新世以来(~20 Ma) 粘土矿物的组成、结晶学特征、微形貌和化学成分进行了研究, 分析了粘土矿物的物质来源及其记录的东亚季风演化历史.1146站粘土矿物组合的总体特点是以伊利石和蒙脱石为主, 高岭石和绿泥石含量较低.物源分析表明, 1146站蒙脱石主要来自于吕宋岛, 伊利石和绿泥石来自于珠江和台湾(长江), 而高岭石则主要来自于珠江.1146站的粘土矿物不仅被南海周围物源的同时代气候所控制, 而且为相互消长的不同传输作用(表层洋流) 的强度所影响.1146站(伊利石+绿泥石) /蒙脱石比值可以用来作为东亚季风演化的矿物学标志.指标变化显示出东亚冬季风强度和冬季风相对夏季风的强度在15 Ma、8 Ma和3 Ma左右发生了3次显著加强, 结果可以与黄土、北太平洋风尘沉积、南海微体古生物记录等很好对比.青藏高原的阶段性隆升可能促进了东亚季风的这3次加强.   相似文献   

20.
The clay mineral content of the < 2 µm fraction in tidal flat sediments in the former Harle Bay on the Lower Saxony coast has changed considerably since the thirteenth century up to the present time. The proportion of smectite has decreased from 29 to 11 wt%, whereas the proportion of illite has increased by about 10 wt% and those of chlorite and kaolinite by about 3 wt% each. The chemical composition of the major clay mineral illite has also changed: Al2O3 has decreased by about 2 wt%, K2O by about 1·5 wt% and SiO2 by about 3 wt%. It can be concluded that the changes in the clay mineral content are mainly influenced by dike construction and sea level rise, modifying flow pattern, submarine morphology, sedimentation and tidal range. These processes cause smectite to settle less rapidly because of its small grain size and low density resulting from interlayer water, so that the sediment becomes impoverished in this mineral.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号