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本文利用北京等六个热量平衡观测站三年观测资料,计算和分析了土壤热交换量的日变化、年变化及其空间变化特征。最后还分析了几种土壤热交换量的经验计算方法。 相似文献
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林带附近的热量平衡各分量的变化体现了林带对周围近地大气环境的影响.本文根据上海市郊林带附近温、湿、风梯度及净辐射观测资料,分析了林带附近冬夏晴天热量平衡各分量的特征,结果表明:夏季林带附近的净辐射比非林带小,冬季则比非林带大;林带对风速有减弱作用,林带附近的湍流输送较弱,因而林带附近热量和水汽量输送较小;林带附近有植物蒸腾,蒸散耗热量较大,为热量平衡中主要支出项;土壤热通量变化与近地面地温变化有关;林带附近较大的蒸散耗热和较弱的湍流输送有利于有利林带附近土壤水分的储存,并使周围湿润,但高温或低温时,湿度增加会引起人体不适,在林带规划上要充分考虑以上特点. 相似文献
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中国对流层大气辐射平衡 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文根据辐射传输理论和某些物理近似,提出一个计算对流层大气辐射平衡的半经验半理论的气候学方法。使用十年平均气候资料,计算了我国对流层大气的辐射平衡及其有关分量,给出了这些量的分布特征,并简要讨论了影响我国对流层大气辐射平衡的主要因子。 相似文献
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为了研究和揭示宁夏南部地气能量传输过程及特点并进一步评估退耕还林还草的生态效应, 利用Landsat-7 ETM+卫星遥感资料所求取的地表特征参数, 将地表分成水体、裸地、半裸地、草地、林地5类地表覆盖类型, 结合常规气象观测资料, 分别计算得出宁夏南部地表辐射和热量平衡各量的区域分布, 并给出各量的分布图和直方图, 分类别讨论了地表辐射和热量平衡各量分布特征, 使得对宁夏南部区域地表辐射和热量平衡区域分布有一个直观、综合的了解和认识。研究表明, 植被分布对地表辐射和热量平衡各量影响很大。 相似文献
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南海—西太平洋海域热量平衡各分量的年变化特征及其与天气系统的关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
就海表面热量平衡Q_l而言,它包括进入海平面的太阳总辐射Q_s,海面有效回辐射Q_b,蒸发耗热Qe,以及海洋与大气间感热交换Qc,它们之间的关系是:Q_l=Qs-Qb-Qe-Qc。 本文对1965—1967年期间南海及西太平洋海域热量平衡各分量的月际变化进行了分析,结果表明:(1)海面热量平衡各分量的年变化中,季节变吧是最显著的,各年之间具有共同性。(2)热量平衡各分量的季节变化对该地区的重要天气系统的作用是不一样的:(a)冬季感热加热带(也包括潜热)可能对移出大陆的气旋在海上加强有一定的贡献;(b)全年在低纬度海洋上一直存在的潜热加热带与台风活动有着密切的联系;(c)而进入海面的太阳总辐射可能对西太平洋副热带高压轴线的位移有一定的控制作用。 相似文献
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农桐间作地热量平衡和水分利用状况研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
由实测资料系统分析了农桐间作地热量平衡各分量复杂的时空变化特征。结果表明：间作内外蒸发耗热（ＬＥ）仍是主要耗热项，湍流耗热（Ｈ）低于ＬＥ，但高于土壤热通量（Ｑ）；间作地各分量小于对照，但ＬＥ、Ｑ占净辐射（Ｒｎ）比值高于对照；泡桐林带对各分量的影响与间作结构及测点位置有关。然后计算了间作中小麦、棉花水分利用率（ＷＵＥ），其值与作物类型，生长期等因子有关，且间作地高于对照。 相似文献
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南海——西太平洋海域热量平衡各发量的年变化特征及其与天气系统的关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
就海表面热量平衡Qι而言，它包括进入海平面的太阳总辐射Qs，海面有效回辐射Qb，蒸发耗热Qe，以及海洋与大气间感热交换Qc，它们之间的关系是：Qι＝Qs－Qb－Qe－Qc。本文对1965－1967年期间南海及西太平洋海域热量平衡各分量的月际变化进行了分析，结果表明：（1）海面热量平衡各人量的年变化中，季节变化是最显著的，各年之间具有共同性。（2）热量平衡各分量的季节变化对该地区的重要天气系统的作用是不一样的：（a）冬季感热加热带（也包括潜热）可能对移出大陆的气旋在海上加强有一定的贡献；（b）全年在低纬度海洋上一直存在的潜热加热带与台风活动有着密切的联系；（c）而进入海面的太阳总辐射可能对西太平洋副热带高压轴线的位移有一定的控制作用。 相似文献
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The global heat balance: heat transports in the atmosphere and ocean 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
The heat budget has been computed locally over the entire globe for each month of 1988 using compatible top-of-the-atmosphere radiation from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment combined with European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts atmospheric data. The effective heat sources and sinks (diabatic heating) and effective moisture sources and sinks for the atmosphere are computed and combined to produce overall estimates of the atmospheric energy divergence and the net flux through the Earth's surface. On an annual mean basis, this is directly related to the divergence of the ocean heat transport, and new computations of the ocean heat transport are made for the ocean basins. Results are presented for January and July, and the annual mean for 1988, along with a comprehensive discussion of errors. While the current results are believed to be the best available at present, there are substantial shortcomings remaining in the estimates of the atmospheric heat and moisture budgets. The issues, which are also present in all previous studies, arise from the diurnal cycle, problems with atmospheric divergence, vertical resolution, spurious mass imbalances, initialized versus uninitialized atmospheric analyses, and postprocessing to produce the atmospheric archive on pressure surfaces. Over land, additional problems arise from the complex surface topography, so that computed surface fluxes are more reliable over the oceans. The use of zonal means to compute ocean transports is shown to produce misleading results because a considerable part of the implied ocean transports is through the land. The need to compute the heat budget locally is demonstrated and results indicate lower ocean transports than in previous residual calculations which are therefore more compatible with direct ocean estimates. A Poisson equation is solved with appropriate boundary conditions of zero normal heat flux through the continental boundaries to obtain the ocean heat transport. Because of the poor observational data base, adjustments to the surface fluxes are necessary over the southern oceans. Error bars are estimated based on the large-scale spurious residuals over land of 30 W m–2 over 1000 km scales (1012 m2). In the Atlantic Ocean, a northward transport emerges at all latitudes with peak values of 1.1±0.2 PW (1 standard error) at 20 to 30°N. Comparable values are achieved in the Pacific at 20°N, so that the total is 2.1±0.3 PW. The peak southward transport is at 15 to 20°S of 1.9±0.3 PW made up of strong components from both the Pacific and Indian Oceans and with a heat flux from the Pacific into the Indian Ocean in the Indonesian throughflow. The pattern of poleward heat fluxes is suggestive of a strong role for Ekman transports in the tropical regions. 相似文献
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H. C. Aslyng 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1960,10(3):359-375
Summary Evaporation from an area covered with short clover-grass has been determined by means of evapotranspirometers (4 m2), open (12 m2) and screened (1/3 m2) evaporimeters, and it has been estimated on the basis ofPenman's andThornthwaite's theories, too. The results of the measurements with the various instruments are compared with each other and with the results derived from the cited theories.Further, radiation heat balances have been made, including evaporation and heating of soil and atmosphere.
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Zusammenfassung Die Verdunstung über einer mit kurzem Kleegras bedeckten Fläche wurde mittels Evapotranspirometern (4 m2), offenen (12 m2) und abgeschirmten (1/3 m2) Evaporimetern gemessen und auch auf Grund vonPenmans undThornthwaites Theorien berechnet. Die Meßergebnisse der verschiedenen Instrumente werden untereinander verglichen und auch den mittels der angeführten Theorien abgeleiteten Resultaten gegenübergestellt.Weiters wurde eine Strahlungs-Wärme-Bilanz aufgestellt, die auch die Verdunstung und die Erwärmung von Boden und Atmosphäre berücksichtigt.
Résumé On a mesuré l'évaporation sur une surface recouverte de trèfle court à l'aide d'évapotranspiromètres (4 m2) et d'évaporimètres ouverts (12 m2) et protégés (1/3 m2); les résultats de mesures, furent comparés entre eux et avec la théorie dePenman etThornthwaite.Puis on a dressé un bilan radiatif tenant compte, de l'évaporation et du réchauffement du sol et de l'atmosphère.
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Urban heat storage derived as energy balance residuals 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
The hourly heat storage changes of a suburban area in Vancouver B.C. are evaluated by residual after determining all other terms in the surface energy balance. Despite the errors and uncertainties associated with this approach, the resulting diurnal cycle of heat storage uptake and release appears to behave in a fashion similar to that of less complex systems. When plotted against the net all-wave radiation, the heat storage values display a hysteresis loop with the peak storage preceding that of radiation. Therefore, although a linear parameterization of heat storage is shown to produce reasonable first-order estimates of storage, a form which includes the time derivative of the net radiation is probably better. 相似文献
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This study proposes a model that estimates optimal expected temperature for thermal comfort at various levels of relative humidity, wind speed, mean radiation temperature, metabolic rate, and clothing insulation, while improving the variables of the mean radiation temperature. By including the results of numerical and observational data testing, the improved model considers mean radiant temperatures more comprehensively than the previous model. Changes in expected temperatures for thermal comfort at various mean radiation temperatures showed that the outdoor temperature must decrease as the length of outdoor exposure increases. The expected temperature for thermal comfort must be lower at higher metabolic rates. The expected temperature does not change as wind speed increases when the mean radiant temperature is low. However, as mean radiant temperature increases, the expected temperatures change depending on the wind speed. 相似文献
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Climatic Change - Anomaly-diffusing energy balance models (AD-EBMs) are routinely employed to analyze and emulate the warming response of both observed and simulated Earth systems. We demonstrate a... 相似文献
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W. Ambach 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1960,10(3):279-288
Summary A report on the glacio-meteorological research program for investigation of the energy economy in the ablation area of the Greenland Ice Cap is given. Experience obtained at the calibration ofR. Schulze's radiation balance meter and of theMoll-Gorczynski solarimeter is communicated.The contribution of the individual components of heat balance to the transformation of energy is estimated for an ablation period of eleven days. The difference between measured and calculated ablation was found to be 4 per cent.The high contribution of radiation and the insignificant contribution of heat convection are characteristic of the transformation of energy of the melting ice surface on the Greenland Ice Cap. Conditions of evaporation are much more frequent than conditions of condensation. Nevertheless, the amount of evaporated ice is only 1.5 per cent of the melted ice. About 10 per cent of the energy available for melting is consumed for the heating of the ice at lower levels.
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Zusammenfassung Es wird über ein glazial-meteorologisches Forschungsprogramm zur Untersuchung des Energiehaushaltes im Ablationsgebiet des Grönlandeises berichtet. Einige Erfahrungen bei der Eichung eines Strahlungsbilanzmessers nachR. Schulze und eines SolarimetersMoll-Gorczynski werden mitgeteilt.Der Beitrag der einzelnen Komponenten des Wärmehaushaltes zum Energieumsatz wird für eine elftägige Ablationsperiode abgeschätzt. Es ergibt sich eine Differenz von 4% zwischen gemessener und berechneter Ablation.Für den Energieumsatz der schmelzenden Eisoberfläche des Grönlandeises ist der hohe Beitrag der Strahlung und der geringfügige Beitrag des konvektiv zugeführten Wärmestromes charakteristisch. Die Bedingung für Verdunstung ist weit häufiger erfüllt als die Bedingung für Kondensation. Trotzdem beträgt die verdunstete Eismasse nur 1,5% der geschmolzenen Eismasse. Für die Erwärmung des Eises werden etwa 10% der für Schmelzung verfügbaren Energie verbraucht.
Résumé Exposé concernant le programme de recherches de glaciologie météorologique sur l'économie énergétique dans le domaine de l'ablation de l'islandsis groenlandais. Expériences faites lors de l'étalonnage d'un intégrateur du bilan radiatif d'aprèsR. Schulze et d'un solarimètre deMoll-Gorczynski.L'auteur tente d'estimer les diverses composantes du bilan radiatif dans le processus énergétique d'ablation glaciaire d'une durée de onze jours; un écart de 4% apparaît entre l'ablation mesurée et calculée.La fusion superficielle du glacier est caractérisée par le rôle prépondérant du rayonnement et par un apport très faible de la chaleur fournie par la convection. Les conditions favorables à l'évaporation sont beaucoup plus fréquentes que celles de la condensation; la masse de glace évaporée ne représente cependant qui le 1,5% de la glace fondue. Le 10% de l'énergie disponible pour la fusion est absorbé par le réchauffement de la glace.
Mit 5 Figures 相似文献
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The snow cover extent in mid-high latitude areas of the Northern Hemisphere has significantly declined corresponding to the global warming, especially since the 1970s. Snow-climate feedbacks play a critical role in regulating the global radiation balance and influencing surface heat flux exchange. However, the degree to which snow cover changes affect the radiation budget and energy balance on a regional scale and the difference between snow-climate and land use/cover change (LUCC)-climate feedbacks have been rarely studied. In this paper, we selected Heilongjiang Basin, where the snow cover has changed obviously, as our study area and used the WRF model to simulate the influences of snow cover changes on the surface radiation budget and heat balance. In the scenario simulation, the localized surface parameter data improved the accuracy by 10 % compared with the control group. The spatial and temporal analysis of the surface variables showed that the net surface radiation, sensible heat flux, Bowen ratio, temperature and percentage of snow cover were negatively correlated and that the ground heat flux and latent heat flux were positively correlated with the percentage of snow cover. The spatial analysis also showed that a significant relationship existed between the surface variables and land cover types, which was not obviously as that for snow cover changes. Finally, six typical study areas were selected to quantitatively analyse the influence of land cover types beneath the snow cover on heat absorption and transfer, which showed that when the land was snow covered, the conversion of forest to farmland can dramatically influence the net radiation and other surface variables, whereas the snow-free land showed significantly reduced influence. Furthermore, compared with typical land cover changes, e.g., the conversion of forest into farmland, the influence of snow cover changes on net radiation and sensible heat flux were 60 % higher than that of land cover changes, indicating the importance of snow cover changes in the surface-atmospheric feedback system. 相似文献