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1.
Carbonatites are believed to have crystallized either from mantle-derived primary carbonate magmas or from secondary melts derived from carbonated silicate magmas through liquid immiscibility or from residual melts of fractional crystallization of silicate magmas. Although the observed coexistence of carbonatites and alkaline silicate rocks in most complexes, their coeval emplacement in many, and overlapping initial87Sr/86Sr and143Nd/144Nd ratios are supportive of their cogenesis; there have been few efforts to devise a quantitative method to identify the magmatic processes. In the present study we have made an attempt to accomplish this by modeling the trace element contents of carbonatites and coeval alkaline silicate rocks of Amba Dongar complex, India. Trace element data suggest that the carbonatites and alkaline silicate rocks of this complex are products of fractional crystallization of two separate parental melts. Using the available silicate melt-carbonate melt partition coefficients for various trace elements, and the observed data from carbonatites, we have tried to simulate trace element distribution pattern for the parental silicate melt. The results of the modeling not only support the hypothesis of silicate-carbonate melt immiscibility for the evolution of Amba Dongar but also establish a procedure to test the above hypothesis in such complexes.  相似文献   

2.
This study presents petrographic and compositional data for coexisting peralkaline silicate glass and quenched natrocarbonatite melt in nepheline phenocrysts from the 24 September 2007 and July 2008 eruptions of the natrocarbonatite volcano Oldoinyo Lengai (Tanzania). Data are also given for peralkaline residual glass in combeite nephelinite ash clasts occurring in the March–April 2006 large volume natrocarbonatite flow. These data are considered to demonstrate the occurrence of liquid immiscibility between strongly peralkaline Fe-rich nephelinite melt and natrocarbonatite at Oldoinyo Lengai. Compositional data for coexisting silicate–carbonate pairs in conjunction with previous experimental studies suggest that the size of the field of liquid immiscibility for carbonated nephelinitic magmas is a function of their peralkalinity. It is shown that peralkaline combeite wollastonite nephelinite was present at Oldoinyo Lengai prior to, and during, the 24 September 2007 ash eruption. It is postulated that the driving force for this major eruption was assimilation and decomposition of previously emplaced solid natrocarbonatite. Assimilation resulted in the formation of the unusual hybrid nepheline–andradite–melilite–combeite–phosphate magma represented by the 24 September 2007 ash.  相似文献   

3.
At Mt. Vulture volcano (Basilicata, Italy) calcite globules (5–150 μm) are hosted by silicate glass pools or veins cross-cutting amphibole-bearing, or more common spinel-bearing mantle xenoliths and xenocrysts. The carbonate globules are rounded or elongated and are composed of a mosaic of 2–20 μm crystals, with varying optical orientation. These features are consistent with formation from a quenched calciocarbonatite melt. Where in contact with carbonate amphibole has reacted to form fassaitic pyroxene. Some of these globules contain liquid/gaseous CO2 bubbles and sulphide inclusions, and are pierced by quench microphenocrysts of silicate phases. The carbonate composition varies from calcite to Mg-calcite (3.8–5.0 wt.% MgO) both within the carbonate globules and from globule to globule. Trace element contents of the carbonate, determined by LAICPMS, are similar to those of carbonatites worldwide including ΣREE up to 123 ppm. The Sr–Nd isotope ratios of the xenolith carbonate are similar to the extrusive carbonatite and silicate rocks of Mt. Vulture testifying to derivation from the same mantle source. Formation of immiscibile silicate–carbonatite liquids within mantle xenoliths occurred via disequilibrium immiscibility during their exhumation.  相似文献   

4.
The Toongi Deposit, located in central NSW, Australia, hosts significant resources of Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Y and REE within a small (ca. 0.3 km2), rapidly cooled trachyte laccolith. Toongi is part of regional Late Triassic to Jurassic alkaline magmatic field, but is distinguished from the other igneous bodies by its peralkaline composition and economically significant rare metal content that is homogenously distributed throughout the trachyte body. The primary ore minerals are evenly dispersed throughout the rock and include lueshite/natroniobite and complex Na–Fe–Zr–Nb–Y–REE silicate minerals dominated by a eudialyte group mineral (EGM). The EGM occurs in a unique textural setting in the rock, commonly forming spheroidal or irregular-shaped globules, herein called “snowballs”, within the rock matrix. The snowballs are often protruded by aegirine and feldspar phenocrysts and contain swarms of fine aegirine and feldspar grains that often form spiral or swirling patterns within the snowball. Secondary ore minerals include REE carbonates, Y milarite, catapleiite and gaidonnayite that fill fractures and vesicles in the rock. Based on bulk-rock geochemical and Nd isotope data, and thermodynamic modelling of magma fractionation, the alkaline rocks of the region are interpreted to represent extrusive to hyperbyssal products of mantle-derived magma that ponded at mid-crustal levels (ca. 0.3 GPa) and underwent extensive fractionation under low-oxygen fugacity conditions. The high Na2O, peralkaline nature of the Toongi Deposit trachyte developed via extensive fractionation of an alkali olivine basalt parental magma initially in the mid-crust and subsequently at shallow levels (ca. 0.1 GPa). This extended fractionation under low fO2 and relatively low H2O-activity conditions limited volatile release and allowed build-up of rare metal contents to ore grades. We speculate that the ore minerals may have originally formed from rare metal-rich sodic-silicate melt that formed immiscible globules (subsequently crystallized to EGM) in the magma shortly before emplacement and rapid cooling. Subsequent hydrothermal alteration caused relatively limited and localized remobilization of some ore metals into fractures and vesicles in the rock.  相似文献   

5.
The Lugiin Gol nepheline syenite intrusion, Mongolia, hosts a range of carbonatite dikes mineralized in rare-earth elements(REE). Both carbonatites and nepheline syenite-fluorite-calcite veinlets are host to a previously unreported macroscale texture involving pseudo-graphic intergrowths of fluorite and calcite. The inclusions within calcite occur as either pure fluorite, with associated REE minerals within the surrounding calcite, or as mixed calcite-fluorite inclusions, with associated zirconosilicate minerals. Consideration of the nature of the texture, and the proportions of fluorite and calcite present(～29 and 71 mol%,respectively), indicates that these textures most likely formed either through the immiscible separation of carbonate and fluoride melts, or from cotectic crystallization of a carbonatefluoride melt. Laser ablation ICP-MS analyses show the pure fluorite inclusions to be depleted in REE relative to the calcite. A model is proposed, in which a carbonate-fluoride melt phase enriched in Zr and the REE, separated from a phonolitic melt, and then either unmixed or underwent cotectic crystallization to generate an REE-rich carbonate melt and an REE-poor fluoride phase. The separation of the fluoride phase(either solid or melt) may have contributed to the enrichment of the carbonate melt in REE, and ultimately its saturation with REE minerals. Previous data have suggested that carbonate melts separated from silicate melts are relatively depleted in the REE, and thus melt immiscibility cannot result in the formation of REE-enriched carbonatites. The observations presented here provide a mechanism by which this could occur, as under either model the textures imply initial separation of a mixed carbonate-fluoride melt from a silicate magma. The separation of an REEenriched carbonate-fluoride melt from phonolitic magma is a hitherto unrecognized mechanism for REE-enrichment in carbonatites, and may play an important role in the formation of shallow magmatic REE deposits.  相似文献   

6.
Geological-petrological data were first obtained on the Early Miocene basaltoids and spinel-fassaite carbonatite tuffs of the Ambinsky volcanic structure in southwestern Primorye. The geological study of Ambinsky volcano allowed the reconstruction of stratigraphic sections across lava and pyroclastic basaltic rocks and stratified carbonatite tuffs. The chemical compositions of rocks and mineral phenocrysts from basalts and carbonatite tuffs are reported. The basaltoids are classed with undifferentiated moderately alkaline within-plate basalts. Evidence of carbonate-silicate immiscibility was found in the basaltoids and carbonatite tuffs. It was suggested that the formation of the carbonatite melt associated with simultaneous basification and abundant crystallization of spinel, fassaite, as well as oversaturation of the silicate system in Ca was caused by limestone assimilation, subsequent transformation of the melt, and liquid immiscibility. Thermal decomposition of carbonates with dissolution of released CaO in magma and accumulation of CO2 in a closed magmatic chamber gave rise to the autoclave gas effect and, correspondingly, heavy explosive eruptions atypical of such volcanic rocks. The genesis of carbonatite tuffs of Ambinsky volcano can serve as a model example of exsolution of carbonate melt in the moderately alkaline nonagpaitic basaltic system.  相似文献   

7.
火成碳酸岩及其风化产物是全球战略性关键金属稀土元素(REE)和铌(Nb)的主要来源。因此,对关键金属在火成碳酸岩中的超常富集机理研究具有重要的科学意义。研究表明成矿碳酸岩常常与碱性杂岩体存在密切的时空联系,因而母岩浆应属于碳酸盐化的硅酸盐岩浆,并以霞石岩岩浆为主。针对碳酸岩关键金属矿床的成岩成矿过程,已有实验发现母岩浆在地壳内的演化过程中,既可以通过分离结晶作用,也可以通过液态不混溶作用形成碳酸岩。然而,更加接近自然样品的多组分体系的实验均表明液态不混溶作用总是先于碳酸盐矿物分离结晶作用。因此,液态不混溶作用对关键金属成矿过程有着不可忽视的作用。尽管如此,已有不混溶实验表明当碳酸盐熔体和硅酸盐熔体发生不混溶之后,关键金属REE与Nb总是优先分配到硅酸盐熔体(碱性岩)中,但是在成矿杂岩体中,REE与Nb是高度富集在碳酸岩中。虽然不混溶实验表明REE与Nb在碳酸盐-硅酸盐熔体中的分配系数与含水量有关,即与熔体的聚合程度有关,但是绝大部分成矿碳酸岩成矿过程一般并不富水,所以碳酸岩中REE和Nb等关键金属元素超常富集的机理并不明确。因此未来的研究应重点关注在碳酸岩演化的过程中,除了水以外,其他配体对于关键金属元素在不混溶硅酸盐-碳酸盐熔体之间分配系数是否有影响,从而找到控制碳酸岩中关键金属成矿的关键。  相似文献   

8.
若干地区的研究证明,熔结凝灰岩是液体熔离——泡沫熔岩流生成的。无色玻屑及其间隙中的褐色玻璃质胶结物为物质的熔体属性提供了证据。熔浆中丰富的水主要来自火山口湖水的向下渗漏,部分属岩浆水。未脱玻化的岩石中无色玻屑和褐色玻璃质胶结物成分分析以及褐色玻璃为主要组分的火焰石的结构和成分分析表明,熔浆中发生过熔离作用。贫水较富铁的液体球滴因密度大发生了重力分异,于负荷压力及粘性流动条件下凝结为火焰石。成岩后岩石发生了广泛的重结晶和自变质作用。德兴地区发现大量的排气筒为一奇景。  相似文献   

9.
This paper focuses on reasons for the appearance of tetrad effects in chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns of granitoids (Li-F granites, peralklaine granites, ongonites, fluorine-rich rhyolites, and granitic pegmatites). The analysis of published data showed that the alteration of such rocks by high- and/or low-temperature metasomatic processes does not result in most cases in the appearance or enhancement of M-type tetrad effects in REE patterns. These processes are accompanied by the removal or addition of lanthanides, a W-type sag appears between Gd and Ho, and negative or positive Ce anomalies develop sometimes in REE patterns. The formation conditions of peculiar rocks enriched in Ca and F from the Ary Bulak ongonite massif (eastern Transbaikalia) and the character of REE distribution in these rocks and melt inclusion glasses were discussed. Based on the obtained data and the analysis of numerous publications, it was concluded that REE tetrad effects in rare-metal granitoids are caused by fluoride-silicate liquid immiscibility and extensive melt differentiation in the accumulation chambers of fluorine-rich magmas. A considerable increase in fluorine content in a homogeneous granitoid melt can cause its heterogenization (liquation) and formation of fluoride melts of various compositions. The redistribution of lanthanides between the immiscible liquid phases of granitoid magma will result in the formation of M-type tetrad effects in the silicate melts, because the REE patterns of fluoride melts exhibit pronounced W-type tetrad effects. The maximum M-type tetrad effect between La and Nd, which is observed in many rare-metal granitoids, is related to the character of REE partitioning between fluoride and silicate melts and F- and Cl-rich magmatic fluids. The low non-chondritic Y/Ho ratio (<15) of many rare-metal granitoids may be indicative of a contribution of fluoride melts to the differentiation of F-rich silicic magmas, from which these rocks were formed. The influence of high-temperature F-Cl-bearing fluids on melts and/or granitoid rocks results in an increase in Y/Ho ratio owing to the elevated solubility of Ho in such fluids.  相似文献   

10.
The study of melt microinclusions in olivine megacrysts from meimechites and alkali picrites of the Maimecha–Kotui alkali ultramafic and carbonatite province (Polar Siberia) revealed that the melt compositions corrected for loss of olivine due to post-entrapment crystallization of olivine on inclusion walls (differentiates of primary meimechite magma) match well to the composition of nephelinites and olivine melilitites belonging to carbonatite magmatic series. Modeling of fractional crystallization of meimechite magmas results in the high-alkali melt compositions corresponding to the silicate–carbonate liquid immiscibility field. The appearance of volatile-rich melts at the base of magma-generating plume systems at early stages of partial melting can be explained by extraction of incompatible elements including volatiles, by near-solidus melts at low degrees of partial melting, and meimechites are an example of such magmas. Subsequent accumulation of CO2 in the residual melt results in generation of carbonate magma.  相似文献   

11.
《Applied Geochemistry》1996,11(3):481-487
Geological studies demonstrate that liquid immiscibility in felsic magma closely associates with the ore forming process. In order to obtain experimental evidence demonstrating the relationship between the ore forming process and liquid immiscibility in felsic magma, we carried out a series of experiments at high temperature and atmospheric pressure. The experimental results show that the granite ∼ KBF4∼Na2MoO4 system is a homogeneous melt at high temperature. With decrease in temperature, however, the melt decomposes into two immiscible melts: silicate melt and ore-forming melt. The ore-forming melt exists as globules in the silicate phase. Molybdenm, Ca, Na, Mg, P, Mn, F, B, and OH are concentrated in these globules. The ore forming melt is characterized with very low SiO2 and Al2O3 concentrations but the concentration of MoO3 and CaO is very high. In contrast, the silicate melts are significantly enriched in SiO2 and Al2O3, and depleted in MoO3 and CaO. In the silicate melt the concentrations of network modifying elements (e.g. Mo, Ca, Na, P, Mg) and volatiles (F, OH) are very low. The differences between the two immiscible melts exist not only in chemical composition but also in structure. The ore-forming melt structurally consists of [MoO4], [MoOF4], [B(OH)4], and OH, while the silicate melt is [Si04]. Because of the difference in composition and structure the two immiscible melts possess different physical properties. Compared to silicate melt, the ore-forming melt has a lower density and viscosity, which permits the globules to behave as bubbles in granite magma and to move and concentrate in the upper part of magma chamber. This process is probably responsible for the concentration of ore-forming elements in the upper part of granite bodies and their immediate aureoles. The present experimental results suggest that liquation in felsic magma can be the first step in the ore-forming process during granitoid evolution.  相似文献   

12.
A primary carbonate phase with Ca/(Ca+Mg) in the range 0.85–0.95 has been identified in a metasomatized, depleted harzburgite nodule from Montana Clara Island, Canary Islands; textural relations show that this carbonate represents a quenched liquid. Although magnesian carbonate melts have been described from upper mantle peridotites, this is the first reported occurrence of a primary magma within peridotite nodules which has the composition of calciocarbonatite, by far the most common carbonatite type occurring in crustal complexes. The carbonate in the Montana Clara harzburgite host is restricted to wehrlitic alteration zones and is intimately associated with a second generation of minerals, mainly olivine, clinopyroxene and spinel, with glass of syenitic composition, and with Fe−Cu-rich sulphides. The metasomatic assemblage was formed by reaction of a sodiumbearing dolomitic melt, derived from a somewhat deeper level in the upper mantle, with the harzburgite mineral assemblage at a pressure of 15 kbars, or lower. As a result of the reaction the residual carbonatite melt became more enriched in calcium. The calciocarbonatite and sulphide phases almost invariably form globules in the silicate glass, indicating the existence of three immiscible liquids under upper mantle conditions. Several alkaline complexes contain carbonatites occurring with syenitic rock types and its seems feasible that the formation of such close associations might have been influenced by processes of liquid immiscibility which took place under upper mantle conditions. Editorial responsibility: I. Parsons  相似文献   

13.
单强  曾乔松  罗勇  杨武斌  张红  裘瑜卓  于学元 《岩石学报》2011,27(12):3653-3665
阿尔泰南缘康布铁堡组酸性火山岩分布在麦兹、克朗、冲呼尔以及阿舍勒等火山-沉积盆地.本文对其中的钾质流纹岩(TM1,铁木尔特地区)和钠质流纹岩(KK7,可可塔勒地区)进行了SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年以及地球化学的研究.钾质流纹岩的年龄为400.8±8.4Ma(加权平均年龄为394.8±7.9Ma),钠质流纹岩的年龄为402.2±6Ma(加权平均年龄为396.8±5.1Ma).主元素分析结果证明研究区在时间和空间上紧密共生的高钾流纹岩和高钠流纹岩同属于高碱、高硅、低钙、过铝质的钙碱性岩系.相似的稀土元素分配模式和同样亏损高场强元素(Ti、Nb、Ta)的地球化学特征暗示二者的原始岩浆源于上地壳部分熔融.钾质流纹岩富集Rb,Ba、Pb,钠质流纹岩则富集Sr,这种元素分相富集的特征符合在岩浆液态不混溶条件下微量元素在共轭钠质熔体和钾质硅酸盐熔体中的分配原则.由此推论,本区产出的钾质流纹岩和钠质流纹岩可能是上地壳部分熔融形成的高挥发分酸性岩浆液态不混溶的产物.  相似文献   

14.
Altered variolites described for the first time in the axial zone of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge are represented by rounded globules of andesite (icelandite) composition with light trachyandesite rim embedded in a picrobasaltic matrix. The globules were transferred with picrobasaltic melt and then floated to the surface of lava flow, while formation of leucocratic rims was presumably related to thermodiffusion (Soret effect) in a cooling heterogeneous melt. This heterogeneous melt was formed by penetration of ascending column of picrobasaltic magma in already existing small intracructsal magmatic chamber filled with residual icelanditetype andesite melt and involvement of the latter into a general upward movement. The rapid ascent of the melts in the oceanic spreading zones by means of turbulent flowing caused dispersion of the extragenous melt into small drops in a jet of picrobasaltic magma, without their interaction. Variolites were formed during cooling of such heterogeneous lava flow. No signs of liquid immiscibility were found in the studied variolites.  相似文献   

15.
Melt inclusions in clinopyroxenes of olivine foidite bombs from Serra di Constantinopoli pyroclastic flows of the Vulture volcano (Southern Italy) were studied in detail. The rocks contain abundant zoned phenocrysts and xenocrysts of clinopyroxene, scarce grains of olivine, leucite, haüyne, glass with microlites of plagioclase and K-feldspar. The composition of clinopyroxene in xenocrysts (Cpx I), cores (Cpx II), and in rims (Cpx III) of phenocrysts differs in the content of Mg, Fe, Ti, and Al. All clinopyroxenes contain two types of primary inclusion-pure silicate and of silicate-carbonate-salt composition. This fact suggests that the phenomena of silicate-carbonate immiscibility took place prior to crystallization of clinopyroxene. Homogenization of pure silicate inclusions proceeded at 1 225 – 1 190°C. The composition of conserved melts corresponded to that of olivine foidite in Cpx I, to tephrite-phonolite in Cpx II, and phonolite-nepheline trachyte in Cpx III. The amount of water in them was no more than 0.9 wt.%. Silicate-carbonate inclusions decrepitated on heating. Salt globules contained salts of alkali-sulphate, alkali-carbonate, and Ca-carbonate composition somewhat enriched in Ba and Sr. This composition is typical of carbonatite melts when decomposed into immiscible fractions. The formation of sodalite-haüyne rocks from Vulture is related to the presence of carbonate-salt melts in magma chamber. The melts conserved in clinopyroxenes were enriched in incompatible elements, especially in Cpx III. High ratios of La, Nb, and Ta in melts on crystallization of Cpx I and Cpx II suggest the influence of a carbonatite melt as carbonatites have extremely high La/Nb and Nb/Ta and this is confirmed by the appearance of carbonatite melts in magma chamber. Some anomalies in the concentrations and relatives values of Eu and especially Ga seems typical of Italian carbonatite related melts. The mantle source for initial melts was, most likely, rather uniform, undepleted and was characterized by a low degree of melting and probable presence of garnet in restite.  相似文献   

16.
Data on mineral-hosted melt, fluid, and crystalline inclusions were used to study the composition and evolution of melts that produced rocks of Changbaishan Tianchi volcano, China–North Korea, and estimate their crystallization parameters. The melts crystallized within broad ranges of temperature (1220–700°C) and pressure (3100–1000 bar), at a drastic change in the redox potential: Δ log \(f_{O_2}\) from NNO + 0.92 to +1.42 for the basalt melts, NNO –1.61 to –2.09 for the trachybasaltic andesite melts, NNO –2.63 to –1.89 for the comendite melts, and NNO –1.55 to –3.15 for the pantellerite melts. The paper reports estimates of the compositions of melts that produced the continuous rock series from trachybasalt to comendite and pantellerite. In terms of trace-element concentrations, all of the mafic melts are comparable with OIB magmas. The silicic melts are strongly enriched in trace elements and REE. The most strongly enriched melts contain concentrations of certain elements almost as high as in ores of these elements. The paper reports data on H2O concentrations in melts of different composition. It is demonstrated that the variations in the H2O concentrations were controlled by magma degassing. Data are reported on the Sr and Nd composition of the rocks. The deviations in the Sr isotopic composition are proportional to the 87Sr/86Sr ratio and could be produced in a melt with a high enough 87Sr/86Sr ratio during a geologically fairly brief time period. The evolution of melts that produced rocks of the volcano was controlled by crystallization differentiation of the parental basalt magmas at insignificant involvement of melt mixing and liquid immiscibility of silicate and sulfide melts. The alkaline salic rocks were generated in shallow-sitting (13–3.5 km) magmatic chambers in which the melts underwent profound differentiation that gave rise to pantellerites and comendites strongly enriched in trace elements (Th, Nb, Ta, Zr, and REE). Data on the composition of the magmas and parameters of their derivation are used to develop a generalized petrologic–geodynamic model for the origin of Changbaishan Tianchi volcano.  相似文献   

17.
朱永峰  曾贻善 《岩石学报》1995,11(4):353-364
为探讨长英质岩浆作用过程中金属成矿元素的地球化学行为及其成矿意义，我们进行了常压下花岗岩－ＫＢＦ３－Ｎａ２ＭｏＯ４－ＷＯ３体系的实验研究。结果表明，高温（１２５０℃）条件下呈均一状态的花岗岩－ＫＢＦ４－ＮａＭｏＯ４－ＷＯ３体系，当温度降低时发生液态不混溶，从中分离出含矿熔体的小液滴，体系中的Ｍｏ（Ｗ）几乎全部富集在这种小液滴中。含矿熔体中极富含Ｃａ、Ｍｇ和Ｐ，而贫Ｓｉ、Ａｌ和Ｋ，Ｈ２Ｏ和Ｆ富集在含矿熔体中。此实验结果表明：长英质岩浆中液态不混溶作用的发生可以使成矿元素Ｗ和Ｍｏ富集到与硅酸盐熔体不混溶的独立的非硅酸盐熔体中。这种熔体在适当的地质条件下继续演化可形成类似镁铁质岩浆演化过程中常出现的岩浆熔离型矿床。本实验结果可能为斑岩矿床的形成机理提供一种新的解释。  相似文献   

18.
The results of a Sr isotopic study of coexisting alkaline silicate rocks and carbonatites of two Cretaceous alkaline complexes of India, Amba Dongar (Deccan Flood Basalt Province) and Sung Valley (Rajmahal–Bengal–Sylhet Flood Basalt Province) are reported. The overlapping nature of initial Sr isotopic ratios of alkaline rocks and carbonatites of both the complexes is consistent with a magmatic differentiation model. Modelling of initial 87Sr/86Sr variation in alkaline rocks of Amba Dongar is consistent with a process of crustal assimilation by the parent magma undergoing simultaneous fractional crystallization of silicate rocks and silicate–carbonate melt immiscibility. A maximum of ∼5% crustal contamination has been estimated for the parent magma of Amba Dongar, the effect of which is not seen in the Sr isotope ratio of carbonatites generated by liquid immiscibility. A two point Rb–Sr isochron of the Sung Valley carbonatites, pyoxenite and a phlogopite from a carbonatite yielded an age of 106±11 Ma, which is identical to the 40Ar–39Ar age of this complex. The same age for the carbonatites and the alkaline silicate rocks, similar initial Sr ratios and the higher Sr concentration in the former than the latter favour the hypothesis of liquid immiscibility for the generation of the Sung Valley. The higher initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio for these complexes than that of the Bulk Earth indicates their derivation from long-lived Rb/Sr-enriched sources.  相似文献   

19.
The 1750-m-diameter, bowl-shaped Talemzane impact structure in Algeria is emplaced in Senonian or Eocene flint-bearing limestones. Field studies reveal a thin layer of light-colored polymict breccia with rounded, dark inclusions beneath a limestone megablock zone located at the top of the crater rim. The matrix of the rounded, dark inclusions consists of Si-rich glass and microcrystalline calcite. The latter is characterized by high contents of Si and Al suggesting rapid crystallization of the calcite from a melt. Backscattered electron imagery shows textural evidence for liquid immiscibility between the CaCO3-rich and Si-rich glass of the matrix in the form of intermingling of calcite with Si-rich glass, coalesced blebs within silicate glass, individual calcite blebs within Si-rich glass, carbonate spherical globules in fresh Si-rich-glass, and sharp menisci between silicate and calcite blebs. These features are interpreted as evidence of impact melting of limestone and flint. The low totals of the Si-Al-Mg-rich glasses suggest that they contain significant amounts of volatiles. X-ray diffraction analyses indicate partial alteration of the Si-Mg-Al-rich glass to phyllosilicates.  相似文献   

20.
Minerals of olivine–melilite and olivine–monticellite rocks from the Krestovskiy massif contain primary silicate-salt, carbonate-salt, and salt melt inclusions. Silicate-salt inclusions are present in perovskite I and melilite. Thermometric experiments conducted on these inclusions at 1,230–1,250°C showed silicate–carbonate liquid immiscibility. Globules of composite carbonate-salt melt rich in alkalies, P, S, and Cl separated in silicate melt. Carbonate salt globules in some inclusions from perovskite II at 1,190–1,200°C separated into immiscible liquid phases of simpler composition. Carbonate-salt and salt inclusions occur in monticellite, melilite, and garnet and homogenize at close temperatures (980–780°C). They contain alkalies, Ca, P, SO3, Cl, and CO2. According to the ratio of these components and predominance of one of them, melt inclusions are divided into 6 types: I—hyperalkaline (CaO/(Na2O+K2O)≤1) carbonate melts; II—moderately alkaline (CaO/(Na2O+K2O)>1) carbonate melts; III—sulfate-alkaline melts; IV—phosphate-alkaline melts; V—alkali-chloridic melts, and VI—calc-carbonate melts. Joint occurrence of all the above types and their syngenetic character were established. Some inclusions demonstrated carbonate-salt immiscibility phenomena at 840–800°C. A conclusion in made that the origin of carbonate melts during the formation of intrusion rocks is related to silicate–carbonate immiscibility in parental alkali-ultrabasic magma. The separated carbonate melt had a complex alkaline composition. Under unstable conditions the melt began to decompose into simpler immiscible fractions. Different types of carbonate-salt and salt inclusions seem to reflect the composition of these spatially isolated immiscible fractions. Liquid carbonate-salt immiscibility took place in a wide temperature range from 1,200–1,190°C to 800°C. The occurrence of this kind of processes under macroconditions might, most likely, cause the appearance of different types of immiscible carbonate-salt melts and lead to the formation of different types of carbonatites: alkali-phosphatic, alkali-sulfatic, alkali-chloridic, and, most widespread, calcitic ones.  相似文献   

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