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1.
城市湍流边界层内汽车尾气扩散规律数值模拟研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
以纳维斯托克斯方程组、大气平流扩散方程、湍流动能及湍流动能耗散率方程组为基础．采用伪不定常方法,建立了一个数值模式．利用该模式列城市湍流边界层内流场结构及汽车排放污染物扩散规律进行了研究。结果表明：街谷内会形成一个涡旋型流场．汽车排放污染物浓度在地面及建筑物背风面产生堆积,且其沿高度方向的梯度变化在背风面大．迎风而小。随着街谷两侧建筑物屋顶风速的增大,峡谷内形成的涡旋流场的强度增大,污染物扩散速率增大：当屋顶来流与街道之间的夹角逐渐增大时．涡旋中心位置由街道中心偏向于背风面及更高层且污染物扩散速度加快。 相似文献
2.
为研究机动车辆排出的污染物在大气中的扩散规律，在北京做了小风条件下的街谷示踪试验。当楼顶风速u接近或大于1米/秒时，街谷内可形成一稳定的原生涡；u＜0.6米/秒时原生涡将消失。对于楼之间空间较小的街谷，背风面和迎风面的示踪剂浓度平均比值可达8。浓度值沿楼层高度无明显变化；由于快车路旁松墙的阻挡和抬升作用，可能造成沿高度方向楼层中段的浓度偏高。在街谷外，除下风方路面上有一按下风距离的负幂指数衰减的浓度分布外，上风方路面上也有一按较大负幂指数衰减的分布。根据上述试验，给出了用以预测街谷中机动车辆排出的惰性气体污染物的扩散模式；模式中，对原生涡和小尺度湍流，做了分别处理。 相似文献
3.
《气象与环境学报》2017,(5)
为了探讨街区风场和污染物的传输特性,本文基于计算流体力学软件FLUENT数值模拟了行列式街区的风场和污染物浓度,采用RNGκ-ε湍流模型,以接近实况并在街道中央设置了线性污染源的非孤立三维行列式街区作为研究对象,经过风洞实验验证数值方案可行,研究分析了微尺度范围内的三维街区下游及其内部流场与污染物浓度的分布特征,并对流场和污染物浓度的分布特征进行了解释。结果表明:由于建筑群的阻挡作用,导致建筑群下风方向产生风速的低值涡旋区,并聚集了大量来自街区内部的污染物;在街区两个主干道风速入口处附近,受狭管效应作用形成风速最大值区,相应的污染物浓度最低。与以往研究结果一致,在高宽比为1:1的街道峡谷内均产生了一个顺时针涡旋,且污染物主要聚集在背风面底层;污染物的扩散与湍流强度和风速密切关系,在高湍流区域和风速较大的迎风面表现为污染物浓度较低,反之,背风面污染物浓度较高。本文研究结果可以为合理设计街区布局和利用自然风缓解城市高密度地区空气污染提供科学依据。 相似文献
4.
二维街谷地面加热引起的流场特征的水槽实验研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
利用拖曳式水槽,采用激光粒子成像速度场测量系统(PIV),模拟了街谷存在地面加热时流场特征;讨论了环境风场对其的影响。我们发现在静风条件下,街谷中环流完全由热力驱动,对流活动可伸展至街谷上方;在建筑物层顶以上,也可发现水平和垂直方向的运动。这些对流活动有助于基本风场为零时,街谷内外动量和物质的交换。当街谷较宽时,对流形成的涡旋可能为两个以上,形态较为复杂并随时间变化,当街谷变窄时,涡旋蜕化成只有一个。当有弱环境风场存在时,街谷中的对流呈现为一个主涡旋,随着风速增加,涡旋形状更加规则,其中心并向下风向移动。 相似文献
5.
公路和城市街渠机动车大气污染物扩散模式发展综述 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
随着城市机动车数量的增加，机动车尾气污染已经成为城市污染物的重要来源。研究机动车尾气扩散规律，可为公路建设，车流量控制，街道大气污染的监测、评价与防治提供科学依据。对公路机动车污染物扩散模型的发展进行了回顾，详细论述了高斯模式、数值模式、统计模式等模式的发展历程及其目前存在的问题，并比较了几种典型模式的性能优劣及其各种条件下的适用性。随后对城市街渠峡谷机动车污染物扩散模型进行专述，指出了街渠峡谷模式研究的难点在于街渠流场模拟，介绍了国外最新街渠流场研究方法。最后提出了当前机动车大气污染物扩散模型存在的主要困难，展望了其解决途径和发展的方向。 相似文献
6.
为定量评估气象站风观测对障碍物的距离要求,通过流体力学模式(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)对单体建筑物进行了敏感性试验分析,并用河北沽源构筑物观测试验对模拟结果进行了验证。结果表明:(1)按照来流风速90%进行风速影响范围评估,障碍物对风速的影响距离为迎风面上3倍建筑物高度,背风面为28.5倍建筑物高度;按风向偏差10°进行风向影响范围评估时,障碍物对风向的影响距离为迎风面1.4倍建筑物高度,背风面为6.8倍建筑物高度,侧风向为2.8倍建筑物高度,垂直方向上为4倍建筑物高度。(2)对来流风速、建筑物厚度、建筑物高度、建筑物视宽角、来流风向的敏感性分析表明,10 m风速、风向测量对障碍物距高比的要求随背景风速的增大而增大;随着建筑物厚度的增大,10 m风速、风向观测对距高比的要求减小;当障碍物高度6 m时,对10 m风速、风向观测影响不明显,当障碍物高度6 m时,对距高比的要求随障碍物高度的增加而减小;随着建筑物视宽角的增大,10 m风速、风向观测对距高比的要求增大;来流风向与建筑物呈45°时,风速影响区域增大,风向影响区域水平方向增大、侧方向减小。 相似文献
7.
应用雷诺应力湍流模型,模拟了不同高度比的城市街道峡谷的气流场。结果表明:峡谷的对称性对其内部气流场有显著影响。前高后低型峡谷下部为逆时针旋涡,上部为顺时针旋涡,峡谷越深,流场发展的越充分;峡谷内部墙面存在明显的驻点。前低后高型峡谷只存在一个大的顺时针旋涡,随着峡谷的加深,内部气流速率有减小的趋势;峡谷达到一定深度后出现驻点。对称型峡谷内部形成了顺时针旋涡,强度不大;随着峡谷的加深,内部流场转为一顺一反2个旋涡的二元结构;仅当峡谷很深时才出现明显驻点。前低后高型峡谷的气流场形式更有利于污染物的迁移、扩散,在城市规划中应尽量结合主导风向设计这类建筑布局。 相似文献
8.
9.
街谷环流生热力结构的数值模拟 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
文章介绍一种用于模拟街谷流场和温度场的动力学模式和热力学模式。应用动力模式模拟了方桩体塔楼和圆柱体塔楼形成的流场，应用动力和热力模式模拟了街谷中流场和温度场的日变化过程。计算实例表明，上述模式可用于城市街谷和建筑群风环境和热力环境研究以及街谷中空气污染物传输和扩散的计算。 相似文献
10.
对具有复杂下垫面的小区精细化风环境进行数值模拟是当前城市气象研究的热点,而针对具有复杂地形的山地型城市（如重庆）的研究还比较匮乏。本文采用能显式分辨下垫面陡峭地形和复杂建筑物的计算流体力学（CFD）模式对重庆市渝北区龙湖社区气候态下的精细化风环境进行高分辨率的数值模拟。结果表明,下垫面能显著调节小区内风场的分布,风速大值区主要出现在九龙湖等开阔区域以及与中尺度背景入流方向一致的街道中。在夏季,小区整体风场以东南风为主,而其他3个季节则以偏东风为主。4个季节中,夏季小区内的风速最大,平均风速为0.3 m/s左右,局地能出现大于背景风的风速,可达0.8 m/s;其他3个季节的风速则较弱,区域平均的风速在0.2 m/s左右。不同的建筑物布局对局地风环境的影响也不同:单个孤立高层建筑迎风面的近地面存在明显地绕流,局地风速有所增加,而在背风面则形成尾流区,水平风速较低;在低矮分散的建筑群,建筑物的整体高度不高,区域内流场相对来说比较一致,风速较大,有利于小区的通风;在密集高层建筑群内,由于建筑物群本身的布局比较封闭,加之不同建筑物的环流场存在相互干扰及影响,使得小区近地面风速几乎为零,不利于小区通风和污染物扩散。建筑物的这些影响在城市冠层内尤为明显,高度越高这种影响越弱。 相似文献
11.
Pollutant Concentrations in Street Canyons of Different Aspect Ratio with Avenues of Trees for Various Wind Directions 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
This study summarizes the effects of avenues of trees in urban street canyons on traffic pollutant dispersion. We describe various wind-tunnel experiments with different tree-avenue models in combination with variations in street-canyon aspect ratio W/H (with W the street-canyon width and H the building height) and approaching wind direction. Compared to tree-free street canyons, in general, higher pollutant concentrations are found. Avenues of trees do not suppress canyon vortices, although the air ventilation in canyons is hindered significantly. For a perpendicular wind direction, increases in wall-average and wall-maximum concentrations at the leeward canyon wall and decreases in wall-average concentrations at the windward wall are found. For oblique and perpendicular wind directions, increases at both canyon walls are obtained. The strongest effects of avenues of trees on traffic pollutant dispersion are observed for oblique wind directions for which also the largest concentrations at the canyon walls are found. Thus, the prevailing assumption that attributes the most harmful dispersion conditions to a perpendicular wind direction does not hold for street canyons with avenues of trees. Furthermore, following dimensional analysis, an estimate of the normalized wall-maximum traffic pollutant concentration in street canyons with avenues of trees is derived. 相似文献
12.
On the Impact of Trees on Dispersion Processes of Traffic Emissions in Street Canyons 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Wind-tunnel studies of dispersion processes of traffic exhaust in urban street canyons with tree planting were performed and
tracer gas concentrations using electron capture detection (ECD) and flow fields using laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) were
measured. It was found that tree planting reduces the air exchange between street canyons and the ambience. In comparison
to treeless street canyons, higher overall pollutant concentrations and lower flow velocities were measured. In particular,
for perpendicular approaching wind, markedly higher concentrations at the leeward canyon wall and slightly lower concentrations
at the windward canyon wall were observed. Furthermore, a new approach is suggested to model porous vegetative structures
such as tree crowns for small-scale wind-tunnel applications. The approach is based on creating different model tree crown
porosities by incorporating a certain amount of wadding material into a specified volume. A significant influence of the crown
porosity on pollutant concentrations was found for high degrees of porosity, however, when it falls below a certain threshold,
no further changes in pollutant concentrations were observed. 相似文献
13.
Large-Eddy Simulation of Flow and Pollutant Transport in Urban Street Canyons with Ground Heating 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：1
Xian-Xiang Li Rex E. Britter Tieh Yong Koh Leslie K. Norford Chun-Ho Liu Dara Entekhabi Dennis Y. C. Leung 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2010,137(2):187-204
Our study employed large-eddy simulation (LES) based on a one-equation subgrid-scale model to investigate the flow field and
pollutant dispersion characteristics inside urban street canyons. Unstable thermal stratification was produced by heating
the ground of the street canyon. Using the Boussinesq approximation, thermal buoyancy forces were taken into account in both
the Navier–Stokes equations and the transport equation for subgrid-scale turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). The LESs were validated
against experimental data obtained in wind-tunnel studies before the model was applied to study the detailed turbulence, temperature,
and pollutant dispersion characteristics in the street canyon of aspect ratio 1. The effects of different Richardson numbers
(Ri) were investigated. The ground heating significantly enhanced mean flow, turbulence, and pollutant flux inside the street
canyon, but weakened the shear at the roof level. The mean flow was observed to be no longer isolated from the free stream
and fresh air could be entrained into the street canyon at the roof-level leeward corner. Weighed against higher temperature,
the ground heating facilitated pollutant removal from the street canyon. 相似文献
14.
Ken-ichi Narita 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,122(2):293-320
A major problem in urban climate modelling is determining how the heat fluxes from various canyon surfaces are affected by
canyon flow. To address this problem, we developed a water evaporation method involving filter paper to study the distribution
of the convective transfer velocity in urban street canyons. In this method, filter paper is pasted onto a building model
and the evaporation rate from the paper is measured with an electric balance. The method was tested on 2D (two-dimensional)
street canyon models and 3D model arrangements. Moreover, in this technique, it is easy to restrict the flux within an arbitrary
surface in question. That is, the evaporation distribution on a surface can be studied by using several small pieces of filter
paper. In the 2D case, the wall transfer velocity was strongly dependent on the canyon aspect ratio for perpendicular wind
directions and it varied widely with height within both windward and leeward wall surfaces. For 3D cubic arrays, the relation
to canyon aspect ratio was largely different from that of the 2D canyon. And, as a case study, the variation of wind direction
was investigated for a city-like setting. The area-averaged transfer velocity was insensitive to wind direction but its local
deviation was significant. Finally, we measured the transfer velocity for a clustered block array surrounded by relatively
wide streets. The effect of spatial heterogeneity on the transfer velocity was significant. Moreover, for a fixed total building
volume, the transfer velocity was considerably larger when the building height varied than when it was uniform. Therefore,
the water evaporation method with filter paper is expected to be useful for studying the transfer velocity and ventilation
rates in urban areas with various canyon shapes. 相似文献
15.
An observational campaign was conducted in the street canyon of Zhujiang Road in Nanjing city in 2007.Hourly mean concentrations of PM10 were measured at street and roof levels.The Operational Street Pollution Model(OSPM)street canyon dispersion model was used to calculate the street concentrations and the results were compared with the measurements.The results show that there is good agreement between measured and predicted concentrations.The correlation coecient R2 values(R2 is a measure of the correlation of the predicted and measured time series of concentrations)are 0.5319,0.8044,and 0.6630 for the scatter plots of PM10 corresponding to light wind speed conditions,higher wind speed conditions,and all wind speed conditions,respectively.PM10 concentrations tend to be smaller for the higher wind speed cases and decrease rapidly with increasing wind speed.The presentations of measured and modelled concentration dependence on wind direction show fairly good agreement.PM10 concentrations measured on the windward side are relatively smaller,compared with the corresponding results for the leeward side.This study demonstrates that it is possible to use the OSPM to model PM10 dispersion rules for an urban street canyon. 相似文献
16.
Large-eddy simulations were conducted to investigate the mechanism of pollutant removal from a three-dimensional street canyon. Five block configurations with aspect ratios (building height to length) of 1, 2, 4, 8 and $\infty $ were used to create an urban-like array. A pollutant was released from a ground-level line source at the centre of the target canyon floor. For smaller aspect ratios, the relative contribution of the turbulent mass flux to net mass flux at the roof level, which was spatially averaged along the roof-level ventilation area, was closer to unity, indicating that turbulent motions mainly affected pollutant removal from the top of the canyon. As aspect ratio increased, the relative contribution became smaller, owing to strong upwind motions. However, the relative contribution again reached near unity for the infinite aspect ratio (i.e. a two-dimensional street canyon) because of lowered lateral flow convergence. At least 75 % of total emissions from the three-dimensional street canyon were attributable to turbulent motions. Pollutant removal by turbulent motions was related to the coherent structures of low-momentum fluid above the canyons. Though the coherent structure size of the low-momentum fluid differed, the positions of low-momentum fluid largely corresponded to instantaneous high concentrations of pollutant above the target canyon, irrespective of canyon geometry. 相似文献
17.
Radiative Exchange in an Urban Street Canyon 总被引：1，自引：4，他引：1
The influence of building geometry on the radiation terms ofthe surface energy balance is a principal reason for surfacetemperature differences between rural and urban areas.Methods exist to calculate the radiation balance in an urban area,but their validity across the range of urban geometries andmaterials has not been carefully considered.Here the exchange of diffuse radiation in an urban street canyon isinvestigated using a method incorporating all reflections of radiation.This exact solution is compared to two commonly used approximationsthat retain either no reflections, or just one reflection of radiation.The area-averaged net radiative flux density from the facets of the canyondecreases in magnitude monotonically as the canyon aspect ratio increases.The two approximate solutions possess unphysical differences from thismonotonic decrease for high canyon aspect ratios or low materialemissivities/high material albedos.The errors of the two approximate solutions are small for near blackbodymaterials and small canyon aspect ratios but can be an order ofmagnitude for intermediate material properties and deep street canyons.Urban street canyon models need to consider at least one reflectionof radiation and multiple reflections are desirable for full applicability. 相似文献